Enkolagana eriwo Wakati w’Okutongoza n’Omuteende gw’Okubiri

Constitution’s Bill of Rights mu kusooka yawaliriza gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka. Enteego ey'okubiri, nga ekuuma eddembe ery'okukuuma n'okusitula emikono, yabeera ng'engabo mu ggwanga ebyasa nga bibiri nga teginnakozesebwa ku gavumenti. Kino kyakolebwa okuyitira mu njigiriza ey'okulondamu, enkola ey'okusala olukalala lw'amateeka olukalala olukwata ku mulembe gwa Bannaawula (Ssecomment Productive Claus) okusobola okuteeka eddembe eriwandikibwa gavumenti. Enkolagana wakati w'abafuzi b'enkola eyo terimu n'okukyusizaamu ebiwandiiko eby'okubiri; tekirina busonga butono nnyo obw'enkomererondoozi, naye nga n'enkaayambo, amateeka ga ssemateeka mu nsonga zonna ez'empaka, okuva ku ku kukebera ennyimba z'okwekwekereza. Okutegeera okwo ku n'enkola y'enkyukakyuka y'enjigiriza y'eyokubiri, n'enjigiriza y'ennyago, Kkolukukko, ebiko, ebiko y'envubiga

Okutegeera Omuteende ogw’Okubiri mu Nsengeka Yagwo

Ekirabo eky'okubiri eky'ebbeeyi ekyatongozebwa mu 1791, kyakkirizibwa mu nsi za Bulaaya nga kiwa ekitundu kya Bill of Rights, kigamba: “Olw'okuba kyali kyetaagisa nnyo eri eggwanga eryetongodde, eddembe ly'abantu okusitula era n'okusitula okulwanyisa emmundu tekulimenyebwa.” Okutereeza okwo kwatwalibwa ng'okukuuma eddembe eririna okugobererwa mu magye. Ebigambo “Etteeka ek'enfuga erya Militia” byatwalibwa ng'ekintu ekyandiikibwa nga eddembe erya ddyo.

Kyokka, akakiiko k'abayivu era n'akalamuzi mu kyasa ekya 20 kyagamba nti olukalala lw'abo abeenoonyeza ebyokulwanyisa, okuyigga, n'ebigendererwa ebirala ebikkirizibwa, olukalala luno olw'obulungi lwafuna obutuuti era ne lukomekkerezebwa mu kusalawo kwa Kkooti ey'Enkomerero ey'oku nti 2008 mu Heller [ku lukalala l'olusenyi. [FLT] lukuuma eddembe ly'omuntu kinnoomu okwefunira emmu emmu erina emmu, erigamba nti, Amereka oba obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okubiri bukuuma eddembe ly'okwekuuma enkunkundu mu nnyumba ya kalina okubeerako. Naye mu ku lukiiko olukulu olw'omu n'omu disitulikiti ya Columbia; era ne ku kkono, oba nga bukireetera gavumenti ez'omu kuggula okukkirizibwa mu maaso.

Omutendera ogw’Okusalirako Omusango ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri Gukola Ki?

Enjigiriza ekkirizibwa y'ekiwandiiko ekyatandikibwawo kkooti enkulu mu kyasa ekya 20. Egituula ku Kkooti ey'oku ntikko eya 20 eya Blantyleth, eyakkirizibwa mu 1868, erimu n'empandika eyitibwa STATES Proces Claus: “Nayo gavumenti yonna teyinza kuggyako muntu yenna bulamu, ddembe, oba ekintu, nga tewaaliwo ngeri ya kuteekawo mateeka.” Kkooti eyo yavvuunula nti “beeterekerizo” zizingiramu eddembe ekkulu okuva ku Bill of Rights, liba nga libawaliriza okukakasibwa okukisibwa ku gavumenti. Ennamba zonna tezirina “kukkiriza omulundi gumu gwo; Kkooti eyo yagiteekako mu nkola emu, bwe kityo nga “etongozezza ekiragiro.”

Ekiragiro kino kyatandika mu 1897 nga Cicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroup Co. v. City of Chicago (empewo eyo yokka gye yandiyitidde mu 1960, nga egattawo obukuumi ng'eddembe ery'okwogera ([[FLT:]2]]] Gitlow v. New York, 1925]), eddembe ery'eby'okuteeka mu empapula bya mashini ([[FLT:]].[FLT][FL:], 1931], obuwanjuzi obufuga ng'obubonero mu kifo ekya waggulu ku ku kubuulirira ([FL:]6]].[4], obukulembe mu ngeri eyo, obwa waggulu, obwa waggulu bwavanyuke][4], era ne ku ku ekyo ekiwandikiro kyonna, byamu.[4]

Omutemu ogw’okubiri nga tegunnaba kugobererwa: Eggwanga Lirina Emusingi kwe Lisinziira

Nga tannatandikibwawo, olukusa olw'okubiri lwali lutwalibwa ng'olukoba olukugira gavumenti. Kkooti ey'oku ntikko ya Supper yatwala olukumi mu mwaka gwa 1876 mu lukiiko olw'e United States v. Cruikshank era kyalaga bulungi nti olukusa olw'okubiri “terurina katasinga kukugira buyinza bwa gavumenti.” Omusango gwajjawo okuva ku ku kussemu w'eggwanga mu Louisiana, abazungu gye baagobamu era ne batta abantu b'omu Bulabuddu. Kkooti yagaana okuyisa mumenti ey'okubiri ey'okuteekira ekiwandikiro, ne kiviirako abantu b'obuddumbi okulekera ddala obutundutundu obwa bulijjo obwali mu ggwanga.

Mu ngeri y'emu, mu Preserser v.Illinois (11886), kkooti yawagira etteeka erya Illinois erigaana entegeka za bannabyabufuzi. Lyasalawo nti okusumulula okwokubiri tekukugira buyinza bwa gavumenti. Ebyo bye byasalawo byanyweza endowooza nti eddembe ery'okukwata amagye liba liteekeddwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti, so si mateeka agafuga ekiwandikiro. Nkukkiriza gavumenti okussaawo amateeka afuga emmu kukwata ku bbangi ne ku nkola y'ebyuma.

Ekkubo eridda mu kudda mu kusengeka: [[Akawayiro:0]Heller[[:1] era [[KITONDERWA]] ne [[AK'AWULA:2]MCD [[[KITONDERWA]]

[[AGUMENTI]] DISIKI YA Columbia v. Heller[[=KY'OKUMENTI] (2008)

Enkyukakyuka yajjawo mu 2008. Mu Driforman of Columbia v. Helter, kkooti enkulu yakuba Washington, D.C. nnamba ey'omu ngalo. Ekyuma kyawaanya nti olukusa olw'okubiri kikuuma omuntu okuba n'ensolo okwefunira obutwale mu nnyumba. okusalawo 5 ne 40,000 mu maka ge. Omulamuzi Antonin Scalia, yeesigama ku nnyinyonnyonnyola y'empanyonyonyonyonyonyo eri wakati w'empandiikibwa olunyiriri n'ebyafaayo bya Amenment. Kkooti eyo yalaga bulungi nti eddembe eryaddako terimu oba tteeka lyonna eririna kantu. Wabula, kye lyasalawo kyagooleka obutuufu obw'okuwandiika ekitabo kino.

Kyokka, olw'okuba Washington, D.C., kitundu kya gavumenti, okusalawo tekwakwata ku gavumenti n'abantu.

[[Act:0]McDonald v]

Mu McDonald v. Ekibuga ekya Chicago, kkooti enkulu yanenya kkooti y'omu Chicago egaana okubaamu emmundu era n'ebasaba okugiwandiisa mu buwandiike obutakkirizibwa. Ab'ensonga baabagamba nti olukusa olw'okubiri luteekwa kugattibwa ku ttuluba lya 140 Amerekation’s SSEECTC. Mu kusalawo okulala 5/4, Kkooti yakkiriza.

Endowooza eyo ey'okuba nti waaliwo abantu bangi, eyawandiikibwa Omulamuzi Samuel Alito, yali egamba nti eddembe ery'okwekuuma n'okusitula emikono erina okukozesebwa “kyeyoleka bulungi eri eggwanga eryo.” Kkooti yagattamu olukalala olw'okubiri mu nteekateeka ya Century Claus, era n'eteekamu enkola y'emu mu kukebera eddembe ly'abantu abalala abali mu ntegeka z'eggwanga lino: oba nga eddembe erya ddyo “ryasimbye nnyo mu byafaayo by'eggwanga lino n'obulombolombo bw'eggwanga lino.” Kkooti yawaamu amateeka, n'amateeka g'eggwanga eryasooka okulaga nti eddembe ery'okwefuga wekka ge gaategese.

'MLT' okusalawo ku bikwata ku kussaawo enfuga oba okugunjawo. Omutemwa ogw'okubiri gwatandika bulungi ku bufuzi Cruikshank era era ne kweyasembera okutegeeza [ ku nsonga ekwata ku ku kuyingizibwa. KKOMEREZO] K'etteeka eririwo ku gavumenti ne gavumenti ez'omu kitundu, ekitegeeza amateeka agafuga bbaalimu gayinza okusobolwamu ebyokulwanyisa ebiriwo oba okuwera okubaamu ebyokulwanyisa ebiri mu bifo ebitwalibwa mu bifo ebitali bimu.[8]

Obukodyo obw’Okulonda: Engeri gye Bukolamu

Tekyewalirwawo kulonda kiryoke kibeere nga kibaddeko omusingi gwa kyo. Kkooti esinga obukulu eteekwa okusinziirwako ku kiragiro ekya ddyo nga kigoberera “obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri. Ekituufu kiri nti omuntu asobola okufuna eddembe erya nnamaddala. oba ‘ okusookera ddala ku nkalala lwa Amereka olw'ensonga.'Okukyusaamu okw'okubiri, kkooti mu McDonald[[ Yakozesa ekigezo eky'empandika ebbiri: okusooka, sooka kwekenneenya obanga olukalala lulina musingi gwa Amereka.

, okugattibwako kikulu wansi wa Sset Process Claus kitegeeza nti gavumenti zigattiddwa ku mutindo gwa mateeka gwe gumu ogukwata ku gavumenti. Naye omutindo gwazo gusobola okujjawo guba gwa ddala. McDonald[, kkooti entono zifubye okunnyonnyola “okutegeka okwo ku ku mulundi ogw'okubiri, era nga kukkirizibwa ku tteeka ki? Kkooti enkulu ewadde obulagirizi mu New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pristol Association. [[FLT:] 202], ekyatandikawo ekigezo ekippya kiteekwa okuba nga kikwatagana n'ebiragiro eby'ebyafaayo eby'okumenyala amateeka mu Amerika.

Embeera Eriwo ey’Okukyongeza n’Ebizibu Ebigirimu

Biki Ebigattiddwamu?

Mu [[NKULA] MCD [[FON]], ekifuga enkola ey'okukuuma emmundu mu maka gy'abantu bennyini gigattibwamu. Kkooti tennaba kugattamu mu bujjuvu budde ku kutwala bbangirizi ebweru wa waka, ate ensonga ey'okukwata ebyokulwanyisa terina kye yayogerako mu [[FOLT:] Bru3] naye ekkirizibwa mu mateeka ga New York, era n'ensonga ey'okugatta ku nsonga ey'okugatta ebitongole eby'okubiri tek'okugigoodrrrr'okugibwa. Singa okunoonyereza okwo tekukolebwa, ensonga enkulu ebaamu ensonga ez'okubiri. [FF]

Biki Ebitagattibwako?

Tekiri nti buli nsonga ekwata ku Kukyusa okw'okubiri egonjooleddwa. Ssaze tewasalizza obanga Omutemwa ogw'okubiri gukuumye eddembe ery'okufuna emmundu nga guyitira mu bantu abatali ba nukuta, oba oba oba nga eddembe essaawa ziyinza okuwerebwa ku byakulwanyisa ebimu (nga bya kulwanyisa oba obutala bwa maanyi oba obutalo). Ebibuuzo bino bisigala bigguddwawo, era kkooti entono zigabanyizibwamu. Okugattako ekyo, okugezesa okw'ebyafaayo ku mateeka [[FLY:0] Bruen[FLY][:1] kukwata ku mateeka gamu n'amasaza, naye engeri okugezesaamu okwo gye kukwatagana n'obulombolombo obwa bulijjo gye busobola okusangibwa. Abakugunjula ebibuuzo ebimu bagamba nti okunoonyereza ku mateeka mu byafaayo bikolebwa nga tegattiddwawo, ate ebirala ebigo mu kiseera eky'okukyusaamu (19791) bye bituukana ku by'enkola ya drG.[7]

Okunoonyereza ku Mateeka n’Obutonde

Ebyakolebwanga ku Mateeka g’Eby’Obuwangwa

Ekiragiro kino kikyusa entegeka y'amateeka. nga tennaba kutandika, ebiwandikiro bisobola okuwera 'n' okuwera 'buvunnasi'., ebiwerako ne kiba nti amateeka ago gakyusiza ddala ssert Conferences .Chicago gakola. Oluvannyuma lw'okuwerezebwa [[] McDonald[[FLT]]], okuwerako okuwerako okuwerako, amateeka galina okugagoberezebwa okusobola okugoberera etteeka ery'okubiri nga litegeeza nti kkooti z'awunziko. Ek'ennamba ezo era zikkiriza okufulumya akaweebwewo ak'omulimu. Ebibalwa mu ngeri eyo obungi, obungi ku bwo obungi bw'enkola ebiba bibadde byetaazesembedde olw'okuva mu n'okuva mu n'okuva mu kifo eky'okuyingiza mu n'okuva mu kifo eky'okuteekawo ekitongole ekitongole ekibaliraagibwa.

Mu kiseera kye kimu, okugattibwa kw'enkola zonna ez'enjawulo tekusobodde kumalawo nkyukakyuka zonna ezikolebwa mu gavumenti. Era gavumenti zirina amaanyi ag'amaanyi okusigira emmundu, kasita amateeka tegamenya mateeka nga tegamenyawo Amereka ogw'okubiri. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti ziyinza okuwera abanyazi okuggyamu emmundu, okusala emmundu mu masomero ne mu bizimbe, era n'okukebera ebizimbe bya gavumenti.

Okukuba Enjawukana mu by’Omu Mateeka n’Emisango Egigenda Ebaawo

Okutongozaamu Amateeka ag'Okubiri kuleetedde okuwakana mu mateeka kungi.

  • Mutindo ki ogw'okwejjukanya ogukolebwa ku kusoomooza okw'okubiri? Kkooti eri Bruen egaana “okunoonyereza okwa "n'etegeeza nti enkomeredde". Mu kifo ky'okugoberera enkola y'ebyafaayo, egoberera enkola ey'okunoonyereza okwa bulijjo. Abakugunjabulula bagamba nti tekisoboka era nti ebivaamu tebiyinza kukyuka. Abawagizi baayo bagamba nti kizza obuggya amakulu g'ekiwandiiko eky'okubiri.
  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro kye kisalawo nga kiwa obukakafu mu kkooti entono. Eggwanga nnyingi zireesezza ebiwandiiko ku bantu nga batwala emmundu mu bifo ebya bulijjo.]
  • Kiyinza okukwetaagisa okukebera mu byafaayo obanga ebyokulwanyisa ng'ebyo byategekebwa mu byafaayo.
  • Ate kiri kitya ku ‘ bifo eby'obuntu ’? Kkooti eri mu yawa amagezi nti okuwera ebifo eby'empitirivu mu bikolo ne mu bifo ebya kkooti, oba mu bifo eby'okulambulamu ebikolebwamu ebikolebwa abatiini, si kibi, naye nti kkooti entono zizibuwalirwa okunnyonnyola ekipimo ky'ekika ekyo.

Emisango egya waggulu girindiridde mu kkooti entono era giyinza okutuuka ku kkooti esinga obukulu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okuwera California kwe yakugira ebyokulwanyisa n'okuteeka mu buyinza magazini, etteeka erippya erikwekebwa mu New York, n'amateeka g'ensi agagaana abantu okuba n'ebyokulwanyisa mu maka okukugira ebiragiro eby'okukugira emisango. Emirimu gijja kwongera okunnyonnyola ensalo z'enkola eya programmenti eya program Amendment.

Ebyafaayo ku Bizimbe by’Obutonde

Okuteekebwawo kw'Emitemere ey'Okubiri tekukwata ku mateeka kyokka naye era kugasa mu ngeri ey'amaanyi. Kuwadde abantu obuyinza okusoomooza amateeka agakugira ennyo emmundu, naye era kukendedde obuyinza bw'amawanga okugonjoolera ddala empalana mu by'ettemu okuyitira mu mateeka. Abawagizi b'enkwaso z'enkwaso z'envuma okugattikako batwalibwa ng'obukuumi obwetaagisa okuva eri eddembe ly'omuntu kinnoomu, ate abawagizi b'emmundu bawakanya nti kiremesa okukugira obutebenkevu.

Okugoba obuwagizi era kukyusa enkola ezikwata ku kukuuma abakwasi b'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Bruen, kkooti ya New York yafeebya ‘ ensonga enkulu eyakozesebwa okugaana abawagizi bangi okufuna olukusa. N'ekivuddemu, abantu bangi batwala emmundu mu mateeka mu lujjudde, ezikyusa engeri obukujjukujju n'obutebenkevu mu bantu gye bakolaganamu. Ebiva ku muwendo gwa poli, obukujjuzi bwa poliisi, n'engeri abantu gye batwalamu byekenneeso ne byeyongera okukebeesa.

Ebyafaayo n’Engeri Gye Tebyagobererwamu

K'osaanidde okukijjukira nti Kkooti enkulu yandisobodde okuyingiza olukalala lw'amateeka okuyitira mu ngeri eyawukana ku eyo." kwe kugamba nti: Ekiragiro kino, tekirina mateeka ga kusiba oba okugakuuma eri abatuuze mu Amerika,” kwe kwalina okusooka okuteeka mu lukalala lw'amateeka agabawanyisizza eddembe ly'envuma mu mawanga. Mu Nnyumba ey'okusukkiriramu [[FLM:] (1873], Kkooti erimu esobola okukomya etteeka erinaagiteeka mu mateeka oba okusibamu obuddukiro obwa buli bumu ku batuuze mu Amerika,” kwe kugamba nti, okuteekako ekkomo eriko omusingi eriko omusingibwa mu ntegeka y'entegeka y'amateeka. Singa Kkootikko [FLD [FOLD][FF]'ekt] erina enyinza okuba n'ennyaamu oba okuzzaamu n'ennyaamu, Kkootikkoseembezeseseti Clausset, Kkooseekko Kkoseekuk

Ebiri mu byafaayo ebizzewo mu kifo ky'obuwangwa olw'okuba bikwata ku ntegeka ez'enjawulo. Mu mpandika eya SCIRAS, entegeka ya Claus, egoberera eddembe erya ddyo eriri mu buyinza obwa "'obukalu]. Mu mpandika eya bulijjo, mu mpandika eya Immunion Claus, obwa ddyo buyinza okuba nga bugazi, nga bwe busobola okukuuma buli “eddembe” ery'eggwanga. Kyokka, Kkooti teyalaga nti eririna kwagala kuvuunikiza [[FL:0] Ennyumba ey'okulaayiriza oba ey'okugoberera enkikaagaso , bwe kityo enteekateeka esigala nga yeyisa ekiragiro.

Olugero: Obwenzi

Okukolagana wakati w'okugattaamu n'okukyusaamu okw'okubiri, kusibuka ku mateeka okumanyibwa. Okuva ku ddembe eryali likozesebwa ku gavumenti yokka, olukuuti z'eryaokubiri lugattiddwamu nga lukkiriza eddembe erisaze ku buli ggwanga. Enzikkiriza nti ebintu byajjawo byokka, enkola y'eggwanga enzikkiriza enkola eno ey'okukyusaamu mu mateeka ga Amerika. Era ereeseewo enkakaanya ez'amaanyi wakati w'amawanga ne gavumenti. Kyokka, enteekateeka eyo eyinza okukyusibwako. Buli musango bwe guba nga gulina olukalala lw'amateeka ga gavumenti, kkooti esingayo erongoosezza ekko ekko, era n'ebbanja erya waggulu ligezesa ekkakafu ku bikwata ku ddembe ly'eby'ebyafaayo n'amateeka.

Ng'eby'amateeka bigenda bikyukakyuka, ekintu kimu kyeyoleka bulungi: Okulondebwa ku Kkubo ery'Okubiri kufudde ekitundu eky’amateeka ga Amerika ag'omu buli lunaku.Ka kibe nga kiyisiddwa mu kizimbe kya Congress, amagootaago g'eggwanga, oba kkooti enkulu, okukaayana ku ngeri ey'okugakyusa okw'okubiri, kijja kubeerawo okumala emyaka mingi.

Kino kitegeka nti buli kigambo ekikolebwako kiwandikiro oba mutwe gwa kompyuta bisobola okukyusibwako.[[Akawayiro aka '-' oba '-'' tekannaco '[='''' - 'Kiwandikiro'] Kino kiwandikiro oba mutwe gwa kompyuta

  • [[Akawayiro:0]OLw School – Enkola ey'Okulonda (Wex)[[Akabonero:1]]
  • [[Akawayiro:0]Oyez – disitulikiti ey'omu Columbia v. Heller[[FULT:1]
  • [[Act:0]Oyez – McDonald v. City of Chicago[[=KY'OKUMALI]
  • [[Act:0] Service Okunoonyereza – Emisingi egy'Okubiri n'okutongozaamu[[AK'AK'AWULA]