Ennyanjula y'olupapula lw'amateeka mu Amerika si bigambo ebiggumizibwa obutereevu mu kiwandiiko eky'amateeka. Wabula kabonero akalaga obutereevu obukulu bw'eggwanga n'okumanya eririnamu. Wabula era kakola ng'akabonero akalaga emitindo n'obukulu obw'ebiruubirirwa ebiraga Amerika ng'ebyenoonyezesa. Okumala ebyasa ebisukka mu bibiri, ebigambo byayo bibadde bisomebwako abaana b'eb'eb'eb'essomero, abakulembeze b'abalamuzi ne bye bawandiikibwa mu ndowooza zaabwe, nga bikola ng'okwate mu kumanyibwa kweyisa mu Amereka. Amaanyi ago tega mu mateeka amatuufu naye mu kwolesebwa awamu kwe gawandiikiddwawo, kweyongera okuleetera abaana b'okutuuka ku mitima gyabwe okubeera abafuzi.

Ensibuko y’Ebyo Ebiri mu Mateka

Mu kiseera kya Convention of Constitution eya 1787, ekiseera eky'okukuba enkaayana ennyo ku nkula y'enkola n'ekigendererwa kya gavumenti empya. Agumenti eyasooka, yagattibwa akakiiko ka Scount akaakulemberwa Gouverneur Morris, yali k'akabukugunja k'ebyobufuzi. Morris yaggyamu ebigendererwa bya bannabyabufuzi mu kkampeni emu, ekirango ekyaziyizanga olulimi olwa bulijjo olukkirizibwa mu biwandiiko bya mateeka. Pregagetry teyalina kigendererwa kya kusobozesa mitwe gya poliisimu kusobozesa mitwe egyaddirira okunnyonnyola [[FLT:] [empaka]. Yaddamu ekibuuzo ekyaviirako ensi okuvuusibwa enzivu mu kuzikiriza okuzibya k'obuyinza obunene?

Ekiragiro kino kiwandikawo amannya g'abantu nga gategese entegeka za gavumenti. Mu kifo kya "FULT:0] Fromfolder" ffe abantu twasalawo eky'okukyusaamu. Ebifaananyi ebyakolebwanga mu nkalala za dimokulasenti zonna zikyongera ku musingi gwa demokulase ogugamba nti obufuzi obwa nnaakalyako n'obwa Confederation bufuga. Mu kifo kya "Fourse," Morris yaggya ensibuko y'obuami mu mawanga eri abatuuze. Etterekero lya fayiro ennyinyonyi eri musingi gwa demokulasenti ekiwandikiro kyasobozesa abantu okutegeera enzikiriza ez'enkola ya demokulasenti. Ekiragiro kyawandikawo ku byafaayo bya gavumenti [FLT:] era ne kufuula enkola y'olulimi olutuufu.

" Ffe Abantu" – Kye Tulina

Mu bigambo ebisooka mu nsawo eyo, bagamba nti, Amateeka ga Bumasaza ("gasiddwa) era ga gavumenti gaatandikawo) era gawa obuyinza bwago abatuuze, si nnannyini ggwanga, si mufuzi, so si kibiina kya ggwanga. Omusingi guno gwali gwa lukalu nnyo mu 1787 era gukyasigala nga gwa mugaso nnyo leero. Ebigambo "Twebwe" tukyavvuunulwa era ne tubumanyibwa okumala ekiseera, nga bigaziyiziddwa okuva ku kubaliira ebintu byonna ebyeru ne bibaamu abantu bonna ab'eggwanga, kabe ba ggwanga kibeere ba ggwanga ki oba ki.

Okunoga kw'abatuuze era kulaga nti eggwanga lyatondebwa butondebwa. Abantu tebafuuka bantu ba gavumenti kyokka; be baagiwa. Kino kiggumiza obutuufu bw'obutwa n'obuvunaanyizibwa mu bantu. Abantu bwe baddiŋŋana Pregagery, tebajuliza bujulizi lunyiriri. Nkola ya ggwanga ereetera abantu okumenya ekifo kyabwe mu mulimu gwa gavumenti. Ekiragiro kiwandikiro ekiwa obwa bulijjo obuyinza obumenya amateeka n'obuvunaanyizibwa mu nsonga z'eby'omuweenjigiriza.

Ebiruubirirwa Omukaaga eby’Essanyu

Oluvannyuma lw’ekirango ekisooka, ennyanjula eno ewa ebigendererwa mukaaga eby’enjawulo amateeka bye gaateeka ku kigendererwa kyago.

Obumu Obusingawo Obulungi

Ekiruubirirwa ekisooka kyali kikwata ku bunafu obwali mu bitundu bino ebisooka ebya Programu za gavumenti ezaaleetawo okulwana okw'amaanyi era nga tezisobola kukolera wamu. "Nnyingi" kituukiridde. Abasiiga amateeka tebeetaaza bufumbo butali bukyamu naye kiba kitegeeza nti bwe wabaawo enteekateeka embi ey'okuteekawo enteekateeka eyo.

Tandika Obwenkanya

Okuyitibwa "Obwenkanya obw'ekika kya Ekiragiro" kwalaga obutamativu bungi n'embeera y'amateeka wansi wangerewo. Abalamuzi baali baagala olukusa lw'amateeka mu gavumenti olusobola okugonjoola obutakkaanya wakati w'eby'amateeka n'okussaawo amateeka agafaanagana. Ekiruubirirwa kino era kiweesa obukulu mu mpisa: obwenkanya si bba kkooti zokka, naye ku bwenkanya, era n'amateeka okugateekako emitindo gy'obwenkanya. Abakkirizi baasembezza emitindo gy'obwenkanya ku nsonga z'obwenkanya, era n'okuteeka essira ku bwenkanya mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, okuva ku bakkirizi bakkirizisa abakkirizisa abakkirizizza enzirizi.

Okulemererwa Okunyweza Obulwadde mu Maka

Shays's Furgion owa 1786-87 kye kyaviirako Convention. Eky'okuba nti gavumenti tesobola kumalawo butyoboola obwali mu bitundu bino byayanika obunafu bw'ebitundu bino. "Insurence emirembe gy'amaka" kitegeeza okukuuma emirembe n'entegeka mu nviro. Wadde ng'ebigambo bino bitera okukwataganyizibwa n'obuyinza bw'eggwanga okuziyiza obukyayi, era kitegeeza obuvunaanyizibwa okuleetawo embeera abatuuze mwe bayinza okubeera awatali kutya bukyayitidde oba ttemu.

Kola ku Bunafu Obutera Okubaawo

Obukuumi obulala obwali businga okuleetera ensi eyo okusoberwa. Amawanga ga Bulaaya, Enzinzinzi za Amerika, era n'obubenje obwali mu nsi zaayo. "Buwagizi obwa Bungereza (bweyambisa ekigambo kino ekyamaddala "bugwenyufu" kikkiriza gavumenti ya Bungereza okukuuma amagye era n'okukuuma ensi. Ekibuuzo kino kiweereddwa mu mpaka ezikwata ku by'amagye, n'enkola ez'enjawulo.

Tumbula Obulamu Obulungi

Ebigambo "Bwogeza ku nnyinyonnyola y'amateeka ereetera abantu okusoosa ennyo. Abamu bagamba nti kyongera amaanyi ga gavumenti okuteekawo enkola eziganyula abantu, okuva ku mirimu gy'enkola ez'enjawulo okutuuka ku nkola z'okuzimba. Abalala, naddala abazimbi abaanyi ennyo, bagitwala ng'enjereere ku kusasula n'okusaasaanya ssente. Ka kibeere kiwakanyisi, empanyi ezo ziwa endowooza z'ekibiina: gavumenti si y'eyambi kyokka naye y'esobola okukyusiza obulamu bw'abantu.

Tukuumire Emikisa Egituweebwa mu Muliro ne mu Bujjuvu

Ekiruubirirwa eky'okusembayo kirabikira ddala emabega n'emabega. "Seegeza emikisa gya Liberty" bw'ogikkiriza nti eddembe eriwangudde mu Nkyukakyuka liteekwa okukuumibwa era ne liyisibwa mu milembe egyandizzewo ("Olw'Okwejjukanya"). Ebigambo bino ebikulabibwa mu maaso, betaagisa omulembe guno okusobola okukuuma eddembe eriva mu mateeka eri abo abatannazaalibwa. Era bitegeeza nti eddembe terisobola kugonjoolebwa era nti kyetaagisa obukuumi.

Okutandika ng’Ekibonero Ekigatta awamu mu Biseera eby’Enkyukakyuka

Mu byafaayo byonna ebya Amerika, ennyanjula y'ebadde ekifo eky'obutebenkezo mu biseera eby'okuzitoowa kw'eggwanga. Mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w'eggwanga, Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg yajjuuukirira ku mitwe egikwata ku bufunze, eddembe, n'okwewaayo erigobererwa. Ebigambo "Ffe Abantu" twafuna mangu ekiseera nga ewandiikibwawo ebiwandiiko nga abantu abeewaddeyo eri eddembe ery'okwegobererwa. Mu kyasa ekya 20, kaweefube okusuubira ebisuubizo eby'obwenkanya n'obutebenkenkevu, abantu bonna okubunaafunamu. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Emirundi ku ebyo bye yayogera ku biwandiiko ebizimbi, nga bayita eggwanga okusobola okutuukiriza amakulu gaago.

Nga Ssebutemba 11, 2001 bwe wayiseewo obulumbaganyi, ennyanjula yajulizibwa mu ndagiriro za gavumenti ne mu mikolo okusobola okukakasa nti ensi yonna eri bumu era nti esobola okweyimirizaawo. Abakungu ba gavumenti n’abantu bonna baakyukira olulimi lwabwe ne balyoka bategeeza abantu nti bamaliridde okukuuma eddembe n'okukuuma eggwanga. Kino kiraga nti ebyawandiikibwa ebisooka eby'okutandikawo omulimu bikola ng'ekyawandiikibwa eky'ensi eno, nga birina olunyiriri olumu olusobola okugatta abantu ba Amerika mu bitundu eby'eby’obufuzi eby'enjawulo mu biseera eby’obuzibu.

Ennyanjula mu Buyigirize ne mu Bikolwa

Ennyanjula nkulu nnyo mu by'enjigiriza z'abantu mu Amereka. Okuva ku ntandikwa y'obuyigirize. Abayizi bayigirizibwa okukwata n'okuddiŋŋana, nga bagoberera obulagizi bwa Allegiance. Akalombolombo kano kayamba abaana okumanya amateeka ga mateeka era n'okuwulira nti bali mu ggwanga. Ebiruubirirwa mukaaga biyamba nnyo mu kunnyonnyola ebigendererwa bya gavumenti. Abayigiriza bakozesa ennyanjula eyo okusobola okutandikawo emboozi ezikwata ku bibawo, nga babuuza abayizi engeri amateeka agakola ku nsonga za bulijjo gye gakwataganamu n'ebyo ebikolebwa ku nsi oba engeri gye gayinza obutatuukirizaamu ebiruubirirwa bya gavumenti.

Nga bwe kiyita mu kibiina, ennyanjula y'erabikira mu mikolo gy'obukungu, ebirayiro ebyakolebwanga mu ngeri enfunze, era ne mu bitabo bya gavumenti. Omuntu omuppya alayira ku lukunkumuli lw'amateeka era n'ebikolo bingi ebikolebwa ku butonde bizingiramu okusoma ku Pregdage. Era biddibwawo ku kutongoza akakiiko ka prezidenti, ssemarerenti-ssion, ne ku ebyo ebikolebwako. Ekiragiro kino kinyweza obutundu obunene obwal'eggwanga. Ekiragiro kya United States Cintutizeshictureship and Imgigation Services biwandimu ebiwandibwa abatuuze abappya.

Embeera y'omu mateeka: Terisibako lwa bwenkanya naye yeeyama

Mu mateeka, Pregearry yeesigamizibwa ku nnyimirira ya njawulo. Kkooti enkulu eyogera nti Ebbanga lya Macage teriwa buyinza bwonna oba eddembe lyonna. Kitwalibwa nti tekisobola kufuga oba nti obwannannyini. Yokaana Marshall yakiyita nti Pregail terisobola kutuukiriza kigendererwa okusinziira ku lulimi lwayo lwokka. Oluvannyuma bye kisalawo [ Macardbury v.[[FLT][FLD][FLD] [[FLT]] [1] [1] [183]] [-03]), Kino kyaggumiza nti ebigambo ebikolebwa mu ngeri esukka mu bitundu ebyo tebiwandiiko byamenyeka.

Wadde kiri kityo, ennyanjula ebadde ekozesebwa abalamuzi era n'empandika endala ez'ekika kya graudiyo. Eyamba mu kutegeera amakulu g'ennyiriri ezitali zimu. United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.[FL:1] [193] (6), Omulamuzi George Sutherland yawanuza ebigambo ebiwandiikibwa mu kuwagira endowooza ennungi ennyo ekwata ku buyinza bwa prezidenteronent, ng'awakanya nti obufuzi obwa waggulu buva eri "T" era nti obusobozi ng'obwo busingirwa mu b'obusobozi obuva eri "Tweebwe." ate nga okubukozesa ng'okwo kukontana, balaga ennyinnyonnyola y'empewo mu kkooti.

Okwetooloola Ensi Yonna

Ebiva mu kutandika kw'ebiruubirirwa bino bisingako ensalo za Amerika. Amawanga mangi, naddala ago agaava mu bufuzi bwa bannaakyemalira, geewola olulimi lwayo n'enkola yaagyo. Ekiragiro kya Buyindi, Ireland ne South Africa byonna birimu amatandika agagamba nti "Ffe Abantu" era n'ebiruubirirwa ebifaananako ebyo eby'obwenkanya, eddembe n'obutebenkevu. Ekiwandiiko eky'ensi yonna ekikola ku ddembe ly'obuntu kitandikira ku bigambo "Wadde nga kimanyibwa ekitiibwa ekiva mu butonde..." naye okutandikira ku ngeri y'okutandikira ku kigendererwa kyayo kiraga enkola y'emu.

Mu biseera eby'enkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi, abatujju bagambye nti gavumenti zivunaanyizibwa mu bantu. Ebigambo "Ffe Abantu" twerabye obubonero, mu nnyimba z'ebiwandiiko by'ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte. Enkyukakyuka eno ewa obukakafu nti emitindo gy'eby'obufuzi egyalabibwa mu 1787 gisikiriza buli nsi.

Ebirungi Ebiri mu Kutandikawo Omuzannyo

Wadde nga Pregear esigala nga kabonero ka maanyi, ebigendererwa byayo eby'ebkusifu bigezesebwa buli kiseera olw'embeera z'eby'obufuzi n'ez'abantu. Ebibuuzo nga kusosola okw'eby'enfuna, obutali bwenkanya mu langi, okugoba abasosoze mu ntegeka za demokulase, n'okutiini ku nkola za demokulase, bireetawo okubuusabuusa obuvunaanyizibwa bw'eggwanga obw'okuteekawo obwenkanya obwaddaaki n'okudda mu "Obwenkanyavu obwa bulijjo". Enkaayago ku nkola y'obutunzivuzi z'obutuuze bw'obutuuze bw'eggwanga ziwakanya obusosoze.

Kyokka, olw'okuba enkaayana zino zitera okudda ku lulimi Olumasamasa, bukakafu obulaga nti zikyali za mugaso. Ziwa ebigambo ebikozesebwa okunnyonnyola ekigendererwa ky'eggwanga. Omuntu bw'awakanya gavumenti nti teyeetaaga mirembe mu maka oba nti "Nkakasa nti ewagirwa eddembe," eggwanga livunaanyizibwa ku bisuubizo byalyo ebyakatandika. Bwe kityo, ensibuko terikoma ku kwenyumiriza ggwanga eryo, naye era ebeera emitindo egisinziirwako. Kisoomooza bannamerika okwebuuza: Tutuuse ku kwolesebwa okwo okuteekeddwa mu tteeka lino limu?

fundikira

Okutandika ku Lwiragiro lwa Amerika kukyali kabonero akalaga obuwagizi n'okwenyumiriza mu ggwanga." Ebigambo byayo ebyateekebwawo mu kiseera eky'okubuusabuusa n'okweyisa mu ngeri eyo" byeyongera okumatira kubanga byeyogera bituukagana n'ebiruubirirwa ebya bulijjo: obwenkanya, emirembe, obutebenkevu, obutebenkevu, eddembe. Akabonero ke kabonero akagattamu abantu b'omu Amerika ab'ebigereke bye kimu ku biruubirirwa bino. Ng'omutindo, amawanga gayitibwa eggwanga okusobola okulongoosebwa. Okujjukanya tegalina ngeri ya byayita ebyayita edda naye keeyambisibwa mu biseera eby'omu maaso, era kijjukiza abo bonna abasoma nti obuyinza bw'obufuzi buli mu mikono gyokka, era nti gavumenti eyo esobola okuweereza abantu aba bulijjo. Mu kugijjukira, ab'ensi bajjukira n'ebyafaayo ebisinga obungi eby’omulimu.