Okutandika ku Lwiragiro lwa Amerika si kutandika bulungi. Wabula bigambo bino bitegeeza nti, mu kiseera kitono ng'obufunze butuukirizibwa. Ekikolwa kino kiwandiikiddwa mu ngeri ennyimpimpi, nga kino kitegeeza nti obwenkanya si mpandika ya mulembe naye nga eriwo empandika ey'amaanyi eya mu nsi. " okuteekawo Omulamuzi.[ kibeera kigendererwa kyabwo, era nga kigoberera mangu enteekateeka ey'okukolebwa. obwenkanya obwo businziira ku mateeka agafuga enkola y'ekika. Abatandikawo bakitegeera nti awatali nteekateeka ya mu mateeka, eddembe mu maka tebwandibadde na bunafu, era nti eddembe lya kiyinza kuggwaawo mu bujjuvu. Nkukkiriza okukolebwa kw'obwenkanya, era ne kukolebwa kw'amateeka, byombi tebyakolebwa mu ngeri y'ensonga enkulu era ne mu mateeka agafuga ebikolebwamu.

Ekitundu kino kyogera ku nsibuko y'okwewaayo okwo, engeri ensonga ey'obwenkanya gye yeeyolekera mu ebyo ebyaliwo mu byafaayo ne mu ngeri eby'obufirosoofo gye bikolamu, engeri gye bigobeddwamu okuyitira mu mateeka era n'enkola z'enkola ez'enjawulo, era n'engeri okugobererera obwenkanya gye kisigala nga kimanyiddwa mu Amerika. Ekisuubizo kya Pregearget tekikoma; kye kigendererwa eky'obwenkanya ekyakulaakulanyizibwa okusobola okumanyisa abantu bangi obwenkanya. Okutegeera ensibuko yaakyo n'enkyukakyuka y'enkyukakyuka y'ebintu ebibaawo mu nsi kiyamba abantu okutegeera ebyo byonna ebivuddemu era n'ebyo ebiba bikoleddwawo mu nkola eya demokrase.

Ekisuubizo eky’Omunda: “Okuteekawo Obwenkanya”

Ennyanjula etandika n'ebigambo bino ebitegeeza nti, “Ffe Abantu ba Amerika, nga tussaawo Emirembe egituukiridde, nga tuteekawo Omusango, nga tukakasa nti Omuntu akkirizibwa mu maka, tuwanyisa ebyuma ebituusibwawo, era ne tunyweza Emikisa egy'entebe Enfunawvumbo, ffe kennyini ne Posterides, tugitongoza era ne tussaawo amateeka gano mu Amereka. Ekiragiro kino [kitegeeza nti,“ Justice Ruulizi” [ kiteekeddwawo mu bugenderevu, mangu ddala nga wayiseewo ekiruubirirwa eky'okutandikawo. Ekiragiro kino kiraga nti abatandikawo enteekateeka y'amateeka bakitwala nti tekyetaagisa ku nsonga endala zonna. Awonnazo tezisobola kukuumibwa bulungi, era tebasobola kuteekawo kisuubizo. “ekigambo ekyo nakyo kirina amakulu mu birowoozo. era kirina okuba eky'ensonga ennungi, era tekiteekwa okubeerawo mu kifo eky'ensonga, mu ngeri ey'ensonga eyo eya bulijjo. , eyo teyeetaagisa akakaseeteego. . obwenkanya kyeyongera okubeeramu.

Ebyafaayo: Okuva ku Bakolobero Abaafuga Obufumbo Okutuuka ku Nkola y’Amateeka

Okusobola okutegeera ensonga lwaki obwenkanya bwali bukulu nnyo eri baatandikawo obwenkanya, omuntu alina okwetegereza ensonga ezaaviirako obwetwaze mu Amerika okujeezebwa. Ekitongole ekiyitibwa Declaration of Independence kigamba nti Kabaka George III yali “akkiriza okussaawo entegeka ya Kkooti z'otwalibwe mu ggwanga” bwe yagaana okuteekawo kkooti ezifuga nga bakuuma abakungu ba Bungereza obutasalirwa musango, era nga beefiiriza abalamuzi okusala omusango. Ebyo byaleka akabonero akaasigala nga ka maanyi: gavumenti empya yalina okwewala emisango egyesamba obukyamu egyali gikkusiddwa mu mateeka.

Okugatta ku ekyo, kaweefube ono yagwa butaka okusobola okuteekawo obwenkanya mu bitundu byonna. Gavumenti y'eggwanga terina busobozi bwa kugonjoola butaka wakati w'amawanga, okukakanyanya, oba okukuuma eddembe erikolebwa eri buli omu eriwambye gavumenti. Shays Regivertion (1786-1787).[1] Obukyayi bw'abalimi ab'amabanja mu Massachusetts abaali beekobaanye ebbanja agatali ga bwenkanya n'ensi nga basambajja obusoloozi obwa bulijjo. Wabula, kyalagibwa nnyo mu ngeri nnyingi nti, okujeemera gavumenti kwakendeezebwa gavumenti y'eggwanga.

Engeri Ebintu Gye Biyinza Okubaawo ku Balina Ebitegeerekeka

Abaatandikawo enkola eno bannasayansi ab'Okutegeera obulungi ensonga baagezaako okuwakanya endowooza z'abafirosoofo abaawandiika ennyo ku bwenkanya, eddembe ly'enzaalwa, n'endagaano mu bantu. John Locke’s Speed Treased Development of Gavumenti[[[[FL:1] (1689]) baawakanya nti abantu balina eddembe ery'ensikira ery'obulamu, eddembe n'ebintu, era nti gavumenti zitegekeddwa okukuuma eddembe eryo. Omusango, kubanga Locce, kyali kitegeeza nti amateeka galina okuba nga tegasosola, nga gaamanyibwa nga gaanyewo, era nga gakakasibwa mu mikono gya gavumenti ez'enjawulo. Montesquousceous’omu ku ntegeka y'amateeka agamu ku ngeri y'obweru, era n'enkola y'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'enkola y'emu mu ku ku nsonga z'amateeka. Ekiragiro ekigo ekyo kisobozesa okumanyibwa amatabi g'obuyinza okugooleka amatwagira amatwagira amagggye gonna ag'obuyinza oku

Obwenkanya ng’Ekiruubirirwa eky’Okubeerako: Okwawukanirawo kw’Amaanyi n’Eby’Obufuzi

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo okulonda ab'obuyinza mu kkooti z'amateeka era ne kisobozesa abalamuzi okuba n'empisa ennungi era n'okusasula ssente ezibaweebwe olw'okukuuma ab'obuyinza obutabaako kabi konna. Ekiragiro III kisalawo ofiisi z'amateeka, nga zigoberera kkooti z'amateeka ez'omu nfuga era ne kkooti endala ezitwalibwa okuba entono. Abalamuzi balondebwa okusobola okuweza obulamu bwabwe era ssente ze baweebwa teziyinza kukendeera.

Obukulembeze era butuukiriza ekiragiro nga buteekawo amateeka mangi nnyo. Ate era, gavumenti zirina obuyinza bungi okuteekawo amateeka ku nsonga z'omu kitundu. Wabula kaweefube ono n'amateeka ga gavumenti gaasinga okuba aga waggulu.=a kaweefube akugira eddembe ly'entegeka okumenya eddembe erya bulijjo. Bill of Rights, gyegattiddwa mu 1791, ewa b'obuyinza obwa gavumenti, ate oluvannyuma olukalala lw'amateeka ga 1448 (1868) ne gawa enzivuunika amateeka eri mu nsi. Enkola eno enzivuunvu ya demokrase era n'enzijaamu esobola okugonjoola ensonga n'okusasula omusango: ebiyinza okuba nga “eby'obukwasisa obwa demokulasenti obwa demokulasenti obwa demokulase. Ate mu kiragiro kino tekiragibwa mu nkola ya kkooti z'obutongole ezikola mu nsi emu, naye tefugibwa ab'enkiiko za kkooti ennyimbi ennyini.

Engeri Amawanga gye Gasalawo Obwenkanya

Amateeka tegakoma ku kuba na misingi mizibu; galimu enkola ennywevu mu kuyisa obwenkanya.

Ebiwandiiko Ebikakasa nti Enkolagana y’Abantu n’Abalala Teyonooneka

Ebisobozo ebisooka kkumi ebitegekebwa nga Bill of Rights, byagattibwa nga bitwalibwa mu nkola esonga ku Anti-Federalist nga bitegeeza nti Amateeka amapya tegalina bukuumi bwa nnamaddala ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Bingi ku ebyo ebiba bitegekebwa ku bikwata ku bwenkanya. Entenga entegeka ey'okubiri ekuuma okunoonyereza n'okukwatibwa ekangabwa. Omutemeerero ogw'okubiri gukakasa nti abalamuzi ab'emirundi etaano bavunaanibwa omusango ogw'amaanyi, era nti tewali muntu n'omu ajja “kunyaga bulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu, nga tewali mateeka galina.” Ate muteeyisa mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya, ekiteesatu kikakasa nti omutementi y'ensonga ey'amaanyi, ewalibwa abajulirwa mu bajulirwa, n'okuteesa okugaba mu n'okugabana obutuufu.

Ekiragiro kino kifuga empandika z'amateeka nga kiba[ nga kimaliddeko omulimu ogw'okuteekawo amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa gavumenti okugoberera enkola ez'obwenkanya nga tezinnaggyako muntu obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu, okuwulira, n'okusalawo okutasosola mu mateeka ga Amerika. Empandika zino zombi zibaamu okukaayana, era zikuuma eddembe erina okuteebwawo okuva ku gavumenti, ne bwe kiba nti enkola eno etegekebwawo nnungi. Ebiteeteeka mu nkola byombi birimu ebiragiro ebyo byombi bisobola okuggya omuntu eddembe ery'okwemalirira, era n'ebiwandiiko bya Kkosebwa mu ngeri esobozesa omuntu okuggya eddembe ery'okuzaala. obwenkanya obwa bulijjo bwe businziira ku nkola eno, obukolebwa mu ngeri ekolebwamu ku nkola ey'okutuukiriza ekuusa.

Obukuumi Obwenkanankana mu Ntegeka y’Okukkaanya ey’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennamu

Olutalo olwakifuula ekyana eky'okukyusaamu mu Amereka olw'ennamba olwasooka, kyakyusa enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti ne gavumenti. Ebiwandiiko byayo ebifuga ... bigamba: “Tewali gavumenti eyinza okugaana omuntu yenna mu buyinza bwayo okukuuma amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kyagendererwa okusobola okufunira abantu b'omu Afirika abaakamala okusumululwa, naye kyafuuka kiragira ddala nti tekikkirizibwa kukwata ggwanga lyonna. Kkooti esingayo okusobola okuziyiza obusosoze obw'eggwanga (Bn v. Board of Education, 1954], obusosoze mu bwegattiŋŋana obugatta (esososoosa obwava mu [FL:]]]V [FON]], era n'enkola endala ezitakkirizibwa mu ngeri endala ez'enjawulo.

Ago ge gamu ku mateeka agaakozesebwa mu kulonda obwenkanya. Galimu essira eryandikubirizza amateeka okuba nga gagobererwa awatali nsonga ntuufu.

Ekifo kya Kkooti Ekulu mu Kukozesa Obwenkanya

Obuyinza obw'okulambulako mu kusalaza amateeka nga tebwogerwako butereevu mu mateeka, wabula bwateekebwawo kkooti enkulu mu [FL:0] Marbury v. Madison (1803). Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yagamba nti, kitegeeza “makulu eri ssaza n'omulimu gwa kitongole kya kkooti okwogera ekyo kye kiri." Amaanyi gafuula judicary omukuumi w'amateeka era n'okusobozesa Pregajeejerdenti okutuukiriza obwenkanya. Mu ngeri eyo, kkooti esobola okumenya amateeka agamenya amateeka agateeyisa mu nkola emitindo egigwana ku mateeka, obukuumi, oba emisingi emirala egigoberera amateeka agagobeega.

Mu byasa ebisukka mu bibiri, Kkooti enkulu yameggana n'ensonga z'obwenkanya mu nsonga nnyingi. Kkooti eno ekuumye eddembe ly'obwannamumu. Ewabuliyo yaziyiza gavumenti okutandikawo eddiini, tessaawo mateeka agaawulamu abantu olw'eggwanga oba olw'ekikula, era n'egaziya n'eddembe eribaawulamu abamenyi b'amateeka. Naye era kkooti eno era yasalawo ebyekuusaaza obuddu mu dect scourt [.] [Sandford[[FLM:1] [18] [18], era n'ewagidde okulongooka obusookesa okw'eggwanga mu .[FLT] Enjvu mu kkooti zombi ezikola enjvu. Ebyabuvu mu byafaayo bya Kkootifulumenti y'eby'ebyewamu, kye k'ewandikirootoose okunnyonnyola ensonga ezikwata ku bwenkanya.

Omulimu Ogutannaggibwawo: Obwenkanya mu Amereka ey’Omu Kiseera Kino

Wadde nga mu mateeka tegakolamu ntegeka era nga wabaddewo etteeka okuteekawo amateeka, okuteekawo obwenkanya tekikyakoma. Era okusobola okuleetawo obwenkanya, waliwo obuzibu wakati w'okusibibwa mu bantu okusobola okusalirwa olukunkumuli lw'eby'enfuna n'okusosola mu by'enfuna. N'olwekyo, abantu bangi mu Amerika okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu ebyo, kyetaagisa okutereezaamu mu mateeka era n'okunyweza obwenkanya obwali obwawandiikibwa ku ntandikwa y'Amateeka.

Obwenkanya Bukyuka

Mu Amerika, abantu aba langi enjereere batwalibwa mu makomera ne mu mawanga amatono ennyo. Abaddugavu n'abasosoze batwalibwa mu makomera ga mirundi nga ttaano. Omuwendo gwa bannaggwanga baasibibwa mu ddwaliro erisingako obunene olw'okukwata ebiragalalagala, okusalira ab'enkola enzijanjaba, okusalira ab'enkomeredde ssente, n'okuteeka ku nsale y'ensawo ya ssente mu busamba tteeka ery'obwenkanya. Abalwi bannaakyewa ne bamenti za mateeka basabye okukomyawo nkyukakyuka mu kutuukiriza obutundu obuteetwali, era ne bamalirizza ssente eziva ku bannabyawuliziganya abanyaawezza ebika, ebibalwa mu nkola ez'okubbaaza emikutu egibajjuula, n'okusasula emiweeti egy'emisango, era n'okusasula emitendera egiva ku nsonga z'oleka obwavuvuvuvu n'obutemu.

Okufuba okw'ekibipartisa kutuuka ku nkola y'emu eya Frost Step Act (2088) kutuuse ku ddaala eritonotono nga kussawo amateeka aga gavumenti n'okugazisa programu z'okusalirawo abo abamenyese. Naye okukyusiza mu nkola y'amateeka okw'empandika tekusinziira ku ngeri y'enjawulo. Okunoonya obwenkanya kyetaagisa okunoonyereza buli kiseera obanga omumenyi w'amateeka ayisa abantu bonna mu ngeri esaanira, ka kibe nti bagagga, ba langi ki oba ba ggwanga ki. Ekiruubirirwa kya Pregegeest tekisobola kutuukirizibwa singa ekitundu kya bantu abangi kitunuulira enkola eno nga bwe kikolako nga bwe kituukiriza obubonero obutuufu.

Obwenkanya bw’Eby’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obugagga n’Ebiseera by’Okufuna

Omusango tegukoma ku b'entongole ekola ku by'enfuna, naye era guzingiramu obwenkanya mu Amerika, ate era n'ensonga endala eyagobererwa zigamba nti “abantu bonna balina okuba nga batuukirivu. Ate era nga buli omu alina okukakasa nti buli mutuuze alina omukisa ogw'okutuuka ku buwanguzi mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya. Kyokka, mu Amerika, enjawulo eri wakati w'emyaka 50 ku milembe egyayita n'eggw'abaavu y'ebali mu nsi ezisingawo enkula. Amaka mangi galwala okuziganya amayumba, amabanja g'ekisawo, n'abayizi ate ng'obukunzivu bugabanyi bw'ebintu.

obwenkanya butwaliramu okufuna obuyigirize obulungi, okukola ku by'obulamu, n'emirimu egikozesebwa ku mirimu egisaanira. Bizingiramu obukuumi eri abo abawola ssente, abasosola mu mirimu gye bakola. Endowooza era n'okusala emisango mu langi nga basala emisango mu langi, ebiva mu mawanga aganene tebikkirizibwa okusobozesa abazungu okugaggawala. Enkola y'eby'eby'enfuna eva ku mulembebwa, empewo ey'obuwangwa, okweyongera kw'obunene bw'emisolo, obubeendwadde obutono, obukyazi obw'obulamu bw'ensi yonna, n'amayumba agaawuna okugattika obugo. Wadde nga tewaliyo ku kifo kya gavumenti okuzibya bunnaawo, omusingi nti abantu ab'obwenkanya bawagidde buli muntu omukisa mu byafaayo by'Amerika.

Ebibiina Ebikola ku by’Esalemu n’Okugaziya Entegeka

Mu byafaayo byonna ebya Amerika, ebibiina by'eggwanga biwagidde okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byabyo. Ekibiina ky'okumalawo okuzibya amateeka, ekibiina ky'abakazi, okukozesebwa kw'abakozi, entegeka y'obwannakyewa, entegeka y'obuntu, entegeka y'eddembe ez'empaka ez'enkalakkalira, n'enkola ez'okusala emisango mu langi n'okukyusa kw'obuwangwa, byonna byawaliriza nti obwenkanya bukwasibwe eriba ku abo abatabaddeko obwenkanya. Ebibiina bino bikozesezza olulimi olw'amateeka, okulangirira obwetwaze, ne ku Amerekawo (Dy Decration of Independetion, ne Amerekation) ebikolawo nga 14th Develoption of .

Kaadi y'Eddembe lya Civil Rights eya 1964 ne Voing Rights Act ey'omwaka 1965, bye bintu ebikulu ebyakolebwa ebiremereddwa okutongoza olukunkumuli lw'eggwanga n'okulonda. Enkola ya Kkooti enkulu mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] Obufumbo obwatongozebwa mu ggwanga lyonna, obukakasa nti eddembe ery'okufumbiriganwa lirina okukkirizibwa. Leero, kaweefube nga black Livent ne kaweefube okusoosa eddembe erya nnanti y'obuntu obukya bulijjo. Predget'okukomyawo ku “Olsebwa kwa musango mu byafaayo , tekikkirizibwa mu byafaayo; kiri erina kukolera mu mu mulembe ogugamba era ne mu kutuukiriza ekyo.

Okwongerako: Okuluubirira Obumu Obusingayo Obulungi

Ekiragiro kino kiwa enjogera nga “okuteekawo Omusango” lipande eri wakati w'abantu ne gavumenti yaabwe(a) esuubiza nti entegeka y'eby'obufuzi n'ey'eby'obufuzi ejja kuba ya bwenkanya, tesosola era ekuuma eddembe lya buli muntu. Okuva ku bafirosoofo Abategese abaakyusa amateeka ga gavumenti okwawulwawo okutuuka ku nkola y'amateeka agaawulwawo okutuuka ku k'embalizo, okuva ku Bill of Rights okutuusa ku ttwale lya Intelligement, United States etaddewo ekigo ekisinziirwako eky'obwenkanya. Kyokka, omulimu tegukoma ku buli mulundi omuppya guleeta kusoomooza okugezesa obuvunaanyizibwa bw'eggwanga erigoberera emisingi gyayo.

Okuteekawo obwenkanya kyetaagisa okubeera obulindaala buli kiseera, okubeera n'obutuuze obw'enkalakkalira, n'okubeera abeetegefu okwaŋŋanga amazima agakwata ku mbeera z'ensi eno ezitategeerekeka. Twetaaga okumanya ekitiibwa kya buli muntu era n'okukakasa nti amateeka gakolera wamu ebirungi so si eby'ab'amaanyi. Nga bwe kitujjukiza, ekigendererwa tekikoma ku kuba bufunze, naye bujjuvu [ obunywevu obunywevu obusingawo.]

Abo abaagala okwekenneenya ebiri mu biwandiiko ebyasookera ddala n'ennyiriri eziriraanyewo mu byafaayo, National Tterekerol be bawa ennukuta ez'ennono n'ennyanjula. Abakugu mu by'amateeka era ne bantu basobola okubuuza [[ Constitution Center [[FL:5] mu ngeri gye kiyinza okukozesebwa mu bintu eby'omulembe. Ekiwandiiko eky'enkola eya [FLT:] ebijulirwa mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'ekitongole ennyonnyola obulungi Ebiwandiiko eby'omu mateeka ebizingirwamu, ebinnyonnyola bulungi mu [[FLT][F][5] era ne mu ngeri y'ensonga ez'ekitongole eby'enjawulo. [FENKULALALA]