Endowooza nti obufuzi bwa gavumenti bulina kukendeezebwako − nti abafuzi tebaliiko buwangwa era nti abantu tebalina ddembe n'erina okusoberwa, kwe kugamba, ekimu ku njigiriza ezisinga obukulu mu byafaayo by'eby'obufuzi. Omusingi guno tewaaliwo kiwandiiko kimu oba kaweefube omu; wabula gwajjawo okumala ebyasa bingi nga guyitira mu mpaka z'abafirosoofo, okujeemera amateeka, empaka ez'amateeka, n'okunoonyereza ku mateeka. Okutegeera ensibuko z'obufuzi obwa gavumenti eriko ekkomo, kikulu nnyo eri omuntu yenna ayagala okutegeera enkulabirira y'obuko bw'obuteempaze bw'obufuzi obwa democrase.

Ensibuko z’Eby’Essaawa by’Olukalala by’Essaawa

Dda nnyo nga tewannabaawo kigambo "gavumenti eriko ekkomo" ku kwogera kwa by'obufuzi, abantu ab'edda baagezaako okukebera obukulembeze. Mu Baibuli y'Olwebbulaniya, endowooza ey'etteeka erisingako n'erya bakabaka era yeeyolekera mu tteeka etsinga obukulu, abafuzi kwe basinziira okugoberera Torah (Deeteronomy 17:18-20). Bwe kityo, obufuzi bwa Isiraeri bwali bufugibwa amateeka ga Katonda, endowooza nti tewali mufuzi yenna yali ateekeddwa kutuukiriza tteeka oba tteeka mu mateeka.

Mu Buyonaani, amatwale ga demokulase gameeri agaasaasaanya amaanyi mu nkuŋŋaana ennene ne mu kkooti. Wadde nga tewaaliwo mitindo gya demokulase mu Asene, okusiikukira abakazi n'abaddu, zzaabu ne buwagguufuya, yasimba ensigo z'obuyinza mu by'obufuzi gye bwandigasse era ne buwakana. Aristotle, mu nteekateeka ye Pholitics , eyakwawula amateeka era n'alabula nti, awatali kukugira waakiri obuyinza obwa buli muntu, afuuka omu ku bufuzi obw'ebyobufuzi.

Rooma yawayo n'enjigiriza ya public era n'amateeka agaawulibwamu. Rome Republic yakolanga ebibiri buli mwaka okulonda abasomi, olukiiko olukulu olukiikiriranga abatuuze n'enkuŋŋaana ennene. mos mairum[ n'amateeka agaawandiikibwa, byatandika amateeka agafuga enfuga n'amateeka.

Amateeka Okutandika n’Etteeka

Okussa omukono ku Magna Carta mu Runnymede mu 1215 kitera okutwalibwa ng'ekiwandiiko ekikulu ennyo mu kukolebwa kw'ensi entonotono.

Omusingi guno() gulaga nti tewali muntu yenna, nga mw'otwalidde ne kabaka, eyandisobodde okulemesa omulala obulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu, (*.Yateekawo omusingi gwa ogwasookera ddala [ n'e] mateeka . Bwe watandibaddewo omuntu yenna, obuwagizi obwa Magna Carta mu kusooka bwakuuma obugulumivu, enneyisa yaabwo yasobola okweyambisibwa aba bulijjo ebyasa ebikumi bya bya byasatu, ne Amerika ebiwandikiro. Ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, ekiwandiiko ekyo kyaddamu okukolebwa era ne kisobozesa ebiwandiiko ebirala okuwereza ng'ekyuma eby'Oluyimba olwa Oluyonaani olwasooka. [F][5]

Ekitangaala: Eddembe ly’Obutonde n’Okwawukanya kw’Eby’Obuyinza

Mu kyasa 17 ne 18, abantu abaali bagoberera enzikiriza z’eby’obufuzi ezaagobererwa mu kuzimba gavumenti entonotono, baagaana eddembe lya Katonda ery’okwesalirawo, ery’okwesalirawo, n’ery’eddembe ly’okwesalirawo.

John Locke n’Ekyokulabirako ky’Enkolagana y’Abantu

John Locke’s [ Tteekas emirundi ebiri eza Gavumenti (1689) zawa obufirosoofo obutuuti obutumbula obuyinza bw'eggwanga nga kissa gavumenti ku bukkiriza. Locke yawa obukakafu nti abantu bonna balina eddembe erya bulijjo[ ery'obulamu, eddembe, n'ebintu nga [“obusobozi] n'obutebenkevu nga bibaddewo mu maaso ne bweyagaliza gavumenti yonna. Abantu bwe batandikawo ekibiina kya bya bufuzi, bawanyisa buyinza obwamala okukuuma eddembe eryo; gavumenti yonna ebamenyeseza endagaano mu n'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka era eyinza okuzikirizibwa mu mateeka. Ebirowo ebyako. [2][Foctive][5]

Montesquieu n’Okwawukanya kw’Amaanyi

Baron de Montesquieu, mu mulimu gwe gwe gwe yakola mu 1748, Omwoyo gw'Amateeka, gwalabula nti "amaanyi galina okulekera awo okufuga". Yakiraba nti mu gavumenti yonna, kyagala okuba n'obuyinza okugatta n'okukozesebwa. Ekiruubirirwa kye kwe kwawula ab'obuyinza mu matabi asatu ag'enjawulo: amateeka, entegeka, n'okusala emisango. Amatabi nga gago gonna geega yekka era nga gasobola okukebera amalala, eddembe lyalina okukuumibwa. Montesquieu yafuula ekiteeso eky'obuyinza U.S, ne James Madivineetwe kyeyanjula ku bye bwe yakubawo okunoonyereza. Amatwawunda g'obuyinza gaawulamu ga gavumenti agasinga okusobola okumanyisaamu.

Ekiyeekera mu Amerika n’Etteeka Erifuga Obukulembeze

Abasovieti ba puligaano baali bakkiriza nti Paalimenti ne Koloni byali byonoonye eddembe lyabwe ery’obuwangwa nga Mangereza. Wabula eddembe ery'okusasula obusolo obwabanga liteekeddwa ku bakungu bokka. Ensonga ezo bwe zaasattululwanga, amatwale gaalangiriranga nti baawulwawo, era ekyo kyaviirako ensonga eyo okukkirizibwa mu ggwanga lya Locken.

.U.S., ekyategekebwa mu 1787, kyali kugezaako mu bugenderevu okuteekawo gavumenti eyali ey'amaanyi ennyo okukola naye nga si ya maanyi nnyo n'okuyinza okuleeta eddembe. Abakola kkomo baazimba sistemu eya zekero n'amaawula[[[FL:1]] ettabi erimu lyasobola okuziba ebiragiro ebirala. Mu ngeri eyo, prezidenti yandisobodde okusiba amateeka agatali gamu, Constantive ne genkanankanankana ne geetongodde amateeka agamu agamu, ate ekitongole ekya didikoni ne kisobola okutegeeza nti terituutirimu kinnawo tteeka eddala, ate ettabi eryali lirina obuyinza okukyungibwa mu [[FLT:]., era n'obuyinza obwa waggulu, obwa kampula n'onzirimu ku mateeka agayinza okukebera omu ku mateeka omulala. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekitongole ekipya (F.]4 produrativet).[F][F]

Ekiwandiiko Ekikwata ku Ddembe nga Kitumbula

Era nga Amateeka bwe gaakkirizibwa, abawaayiriza baayagala okukuumibwa e ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. Ekyavaamu kye kyali Bill of Rights, --ekkumi eryasooka okulongoosebwa mu 1791. Enzikyusa zino ziraga ebifo obufuzi gye busangibwa[ okuva mu kuyingiza:

  • [[AKMENTI:0] Mpulirangano teyinza kuteekawo ddiini oba okugaana eddembe lyayo ery’okwogera, ery’okukuba mu mpapula z'ekiwandiike, ery’okukuba ebitabo, ery’okukuŋŋaana awamu, oba ery’okusaba.
  • [[Act:0] Omutemwa ogwateese okuteebwa gukukuuma n'okukwata ebyokulwanyisa.[[AKMENTI:1]
  • [[Act:0] Mpukusa ogw'obugazi:[ Kino kiyamba omuntu obutanoonyereza oba obutakwatibwa kawumpuli; kyetaagisa ebisaanyizo ebituukiriza omulimu nga osinziira ku nsonga.
  • [[AKMENTI:0]] Omutemwa ogw'enfissi:[[[AKMENT:1] gukakasa omulimu ogugwanira, okukuumibwa, n'okukuumibwa obutatuukibwako kabi.
  • [[AK'AMULALA] Omutemwa ogw'empandika epembedde:[[AK'AWULA]] [[Akabonero:1] Kasobozesa omuntu okuwa ebbaasa, okusasula endukusa, era n'okubonerezebwa okw'amaanyi era okw'ekiragiro.

Bill of Rights yakyusa endowooza y'enjawukana mu gavumenti entonotono, n'eteekako enziragiro ezikkirizibwa. Ebyasa bwe bizze biyitawo, kkooti enkulu ekozesezza amateeka okusattulula amateeka agat'enkobyokka, okuva ku bukessi okutuuka ku bujulizi obw'ebyo byewandiise. Bill of Rights etugamba nti gavumenti tezirina bukakafu bwa kuleetawo gavumenti ez'enjawulo naye era zitujjukiza n'ebyo ebizikwata ku bitundu gavumenti gye ziyinza okulemererwa okutuukamu. ( Okusoma Bill of Rights ).

Ebizibu Ebyandibaddewo mu Kyasa 19: Okukulaakulana mu Makolero n’Ekyokulabirako

Ekyasa eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'omwenda kyaleetawo enjawulo mu by'enfuna, ne kiviirako gavumenti okussaawo entegeka mu ngeri esobozesa okugootaanya emirimu gy'abaana okukozesebwa n'okukozesebwa kw'abantu bokka.Emikaayano gino emirundi mingi gyaleetawo okusoomooza ku bakkiriziga awatali kusosola mu by'enfuna era n'obufuzi.

Ekibiina ekiziyiza okuggyawo gavumenti kyawakanya butereevu gavumenti okukolagana n'obuddu. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika (1857) yalaga engeri kkooti gye zandisobodde okuggya ku bufuge emitindo gya gavumenti nga ziwagira eddembe ly'abaddu ery'envuma ku ddembe ly'abantu abali mu buddu. Ssematalo w'ekituuze n'okuzzaawo enzivumbo (13, 14 oba 15) byagezezzaako okukomya omulimu gwa gavumenti mu kukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu eritabalibwamu erikolebwako gavumenti.

Mu kiseera kye kimu, ekibiina ky'abakazi eky'okussa obuwambe kyalwanirira okugaziya obwetwaze, nga kigamba nti gavumenti y'abatuuze tekkirizibwa mu mateeka singa tebaamu bantu abasukka mu kimu kya kubiri eky'abantu.Buzibu buno bulaga nti gavumenti tezirina biruubirirwa bitali bimu naye era tezirina kutwalibwa ng'enkyukakyuka buli kiseera, wabula zirina okusaasaanyizibwa mu bibiina ebippya.

Empaka z’Ekyasa 20: Ebizibu n’Eddembe

Mu kyasa ekya 20, waaliwo ssematalo abiri, okwennyamira okw’amaanyi, n’Entalo z’Ekimugunyu, ebyaviirako gavumenti okweyongera mu buyinza, eby’enfuna, n’ebintu ebirala ebikozesebwa mu kukuuma eggwanga.

Mu kiseera kya Ssematalo I, gavumenti y'Amerika yayisa Omusango Espione (1917) n'ekya Sedition Act (18), nga eggulawo obutakkaanya era nga eviirako okusibibwa mu kkomera abawakanya nga Eugene V. Debs. Kkooti enkulu mu Schenkck v. United States [19] [19]] Yanyweza amateeka gano, n'atandikawo ekigezo "Okw'okuteekako obukodyo n'okuleeta enkobyokka mu . Ssematalo II yalaba okutaputa kwa Amereka okw'Abajapani wansi w'obuvugizi nga bawandikiddwa obugulumivu mu Drango 906] era n'otya nga kiyinza okuggumiza mu nkola eyagobeewanjulwa mu [FFok2:] ku nsonga.[3]

The New Deal Era yaleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'enkalakkalira mu bitundu ebya kattu. Ssaze yasooka n'esattulula New Deac programu nga esukkawo ku kya Commerce Claus, naye oluvannyuma lwa "court-packing" akajjanja k'okuteeka mu nkola, kyagaziya obuyinza bw'eggwanga. Ogw'omwaka 1960, gavumenti y'ebadde evunaanyizibwa ku mbeera y'abantu, okugobererwa kw'eddembe ly'abantu, n'okuddukanya emirimu gya bya nfuna obuwaze obwa nfuna nga bukyayi n'ebyenfuna. Kyokka, Kko alipoota y'eddembe erya Civil Rights yalaga nti gavumenti eriko obutundutundu obutono tetegeeza nti gavumenti egiremu ekkomo: enteekateeka y'okugoba amateeka n'okulonda obutongole.

Mu myaka egyakayita 9 oba 11 egiyise, okukuba obukuubagano ku kukuuma amagye, n'okukwata obujulizi obwa bulijjo kizuukizza ebibuuzo ebikulu ebikwata ku nkomerero z'obuyinza bwa prezidenti n'enkukanya wakati w'obutebenkevu n'eddembe. Patriot Act, ne NSA metametam metam metam, byonna biviiriddeko okukkirizibwa n'okukakasa amateeka okunoonyereza ku nkola y'eby'obuyinza obwa bannakyewa.

Endowooza Abantu gye Balina ku Gavumenti Embi

Leero, omusingi gwa gavumenti entono gukyawakanyizibwa nnyo. Abamu bagamba nti gavumenti, n'ebibiina byayo eby'amaanyi, n'enkola za gavumenti ez'amaanyi, n'enkola za bannaakyemalira ezitategekebwa, birina kye bitegeeza.Nonewo, abamu bagamba nti okusoomooza okuliwo mu kiseera kino, gamba ng'enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z'obudde, endwadde, n'enkola ya Internet ey'amaanyi ereetayinza kuteekebwawo mu bizimbe eby'obwa 18 ebigereke.

Wadde kiri kityo, enzivuunula y'ekiragiro ebaddewo mu byafaayo ekyaliwo: amaanyi amangi ennyo goonoona, era n'enkola z'ebitongole nga ebikozesebwa, (majirikiti agaawulibwawo, amatwale, entegeka, entegeka, n'ebiwandiiko, era nga bye bisinga okubalirira eddembe erina okusobola okwekutulamu obubi ku bannakyewa. Enkola z'ekika kya kino zikola ku ntegeka za gavumenti mu lulimi era zigoberera butereevu endowooza n'obukwanguzi bw'abawagizi baayo. Mu kiseera kye kimu, abakkiririza ku ddembe lya bantu n'obwenkanya, basuubira gavumenti okubeera empaka y'empaka y'obukuumi obutuufu era n'empandikiro.

Okwogera mu ngeri eguddeko: Tegeka n'akattuko

Ebyafaayo ebikwata ku gavumenti enjereere si bye byamanyibwa nti zikulaakulana buli kiseera okutuuka ku ddembe ery'amaanyi. Buzibu bwa maanyi nnyo obubaawo wakati w'obukalu era n'okunyigirizibwa. Buli mulembe gulina okuzzibwawo era n'okulwanirira ebiruubirirwa by'obufuzi, okuyiga okuva ku miwangulo n'obunafu obwabangawo mu biseera ebyayita. Ekiragiro Magna Carta, Ennyimirira y'okuzimbulukuka, enkola y'Abamerika, n'okutaasaasaasa okw'ebyasa, byonna bisonga ku musingi gwe gusinga okuwanirira eddembe ly'abantu.