Ennyanjula y'olukiiko olukulu olw'eggwanga teri mu kutandika kw'amateeka ga Amerika; k'empandika y'eggwanga ewandiikiddwako okumala ebyasa bibiri. Mu bigambo ataano mu bibiri byokka, Abatandikawo enkola z'obufirosoofo: obwenkanya, obutebenkevu mu maka, okulwanirira, obutebenkevu, n'eddembe. Wadde nga n'eddembe si kiwandiiko kya njawulo, olulimi lwayo — naddala ebigambo ebiggulawo ebiwandikiddwako nti “Twe" — be baakkirisibwako mu buli mpaka ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku abo abatwalibwa okuba ekitundu ‘ eky'obufirosoosoofu mu ggwanga, era n'ensonga lwaki kitegeeza “obutebenkevu mu Nkola ya Amerika.” Okutegeera lwaki Pregaageteryo tekyeyongera kumanyibwa kuba na ku ekyo kye kiwandikiro, ebigambo byayo ebikulu, n'omutikko, era n'omutindo gwayo.

Amakulu g’Entandika y’Ebyafaayo

Pregear yalondebwa mu mwaka gwa 1787 nga akakiiko akayitibwa Style, akaakulembera Gouverneur Morris, eyakomya ebigambo. Tekyali kitundu kya mpaka ezaasooka mu Constitution; mu kifo kyazo, zaalabika ng'engeri y'okudda mu olukalala olugenda mu kiwandiiko ekya obuyinza n'ekigendererwa kya gavumenti. Ebitundu eby'empaka za Confederation tezaalimu kubanga tezaalina buyinza. Pregit yatuukiriza kino nga gavumenti empya: abantu bennyini:

Abatandikawo enkola y'eby'obufuzi bw'ensi eno baateeka nnyo essira ku ndowooza ya John Locke ey'obufuzi obuganzi n'ey'obuwangwa bwa Montesquieu. James Madison yawandiika mu Federalist No. 45 nti gavumenti empya yeesiga abantu “eggya ku bantu” era nti“yeeweereza abantu abaateeka ebifo byabwe mu kifo eky'essanyu, okumala ekiseera ekitono, oba mu mpisa ennungi.” Ettendekero lyaggula kino: Amateeka tegaali bumu mu mawanga wabula kyali kikolwa kya “Abantu ab'omu United States. Kino kyali kikolwa eky'okuva mu Mwitondo, ekyali kitandise ne “Tweefube mu kiseera ekitono."

Olukalala lw'ebigendererwa mukaaga — okuleetawo obwenkanya mu bujjuvu, okuteekawo obwenkanya, okuteekawo enzijanjaba y'amaka, okusobozesa enzikiza okubeera entebetebe, era n'okukuuma Enkisa y'eddembe” tebyali bya buwaze. Buli kigambo kyalaga nti tekiriiko buwagizi bwa Ssente Eziraga nti Ebiwandiiko bya Kakiiko k'Enkola: obutaba na ggwanga lingi limu, obutasobola kugonjoola butaka obw'ensi, okulumbagaanya (Nga Shays’s Remocratic), era n'obutaba na amagye g'eggwanga oba enkola y'essente.

N'olwekyo, Preggery yakolebwa n'obwegendereza okwewala okumenya amatwale. Mu kifo kya ggnombe, empandika eyo yalekebwa mu mubiri gwa gavumenti. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, empandika eyo esobozesa ekirawuliro ekisigaddeyo okutaputa. Oluvannyuma omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall yawandiika mu Mcloch v. Maryland [1819], Pregageing “ye kisumuluzo eky'omuganyulo eri ekigendererwa eri abakoze." Omulimu guno guwanjulwako ku kigendererwa kya Preggey.

“ Ffe abantu ba Amerika, nga tunoonya okuleetawo obwenkanya, okuteekawo obwenkanya, okusobozesa amaka okubaamu eby'okwerinda, okutumbula ettuttumu lya bulijjo, era n'okunyweza Entebenkezo zaffe, tugitongoza era ne tussaawo etteeka lino erifuga Amerika.” [

Obubaka Obusinga Obukulu n’Engeri Gye Bukutte ku Kiseera Kyaffe

“ Ffe Abantu”

Tewali bigambo mu bulamu bwa bya bufuzi mu Amereka eby'omugaso okusinga “Twe bantu.” Kye kisibukako obukuutivu ku bufuzi bwa bannabyabufuzi: nti ab'obuyinza bonna ba gavumenti baava eri abatuuze, so si eri kabaka oba abakungu ab'ewala. Naye era batwalibwa nga “Abantu” bawakanyizibwa nnyo mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Ekiragiro kino tekitwaliramu bakazi, Abafirika abaakozesebwa obuddu, oba bannamerika ab'omu Amerika abaatwalibwa okuba abaddu — kyokka olulimi lwa Pregegegeridge lwatandikawo omutindo gwa mpisa n'ofiirizo ekibiina ekiyinza okuteeka mu kifo ky'abantu abangi.

Abagoba, abawandiisi, n'abo abalwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu bonna baagamba nti “Ffe Abantu” tuli kisuubizo ekigenda okutuukirizibwa. Frederick Douglas, mu bigambo bye ebirimu 1852 nti,“ Omuddu kye ki eky'okuna mu mwezi gwa Jjulaayi?” Baalangirira nti Amateeka gaali “gwalimu eddembe ery’ekitiibwa” kubanga tegaayogera ku ggwanga — era bwe kityo, gayinza okumanyibwa nga gazingiramu abantu bonna.

“ Okusobola okukola obumu obwa nnamaddala”

Ebigambo “Ekibiina ky'Olukiiko Olukola Amawulire Amalungi ennyo” biraga nti Union so si ya mu 1787 yali tetuukiridde — era teriyinza kuba yatuukirira. Abaatandikawo endagaano eyo baakozesa ebigambo“ nga batuukiriza obulungi obwakalu, so si nga mu bujjuvu. Ekigambo kino kye kimu kyaleetera eggwanga okuluubiriranga okubeera n'enkyukakyuka esingako obulungi. Waatomenti y'eggwanga, Reconstanton, New Deal, n'eddembe ly'abantu byonna bye byaka byaka byaka byalyo mu kufuula Union okuba etuukiridde.

Mu kwogera kw'ekika kino, “Ekibiina kya United States ekituukiridde ennyo okusobola okubuna n'okufuga omusango. Barack Obama baayogera ebigambo bino ku langi mu 2008. Kkooti Supper yayogera ebigambo ebyo mu misango egizingiramu enkola ya gavumenti, nga United States v. Lopez [19595] ne National Federation of Independent Business v. Selius2], okunnyonnyola ekifo eky'obuyinza bw'ensimbi. Ennyinnyonnyola ekibalungo kya “UNIUNIZO ezisinga obutuukiridde.

“ Okuweesa Eddembe Ekitiibwa"

Liberty mu Pregagery si ddembe ery'enkomeredde naye eddembe eryalagirwa amateeka era ne liweebwa “twekka ate n'okulabirirwa.” Olulimi luno olulabibwa mu maaso lufuga mu mulembe ogumu okusobola okukuuma n'okugaziya eddembe eri eri ab'omu Amereka ab'omu biseera eby'omu maaso. Etteeka erya Pregagery likozeseddwa mu kuteekawo ebigezo by'enkyukakyuka, nga mw'otwalidde Brown v. Akakiiko ak'Es'Essomero k'Es'Es'ekirango [[FLT:] (1954]) ne [3][20]] (20). Mu ebyo ebyasembayo, Kkoosegirogirowo kya Anthony Kenne Kireaso kya k'oze ku nsonga eyo ey'okugamba nti enzireentuuko y'okwerinda abantu okumanyisaamu.

Ate era, “okwewandiisa ku Mikisa egy'Eddembe” kye kifo ekikontana n'enteekateeka z'eggwanga ez'obukuumi. Obusosoze wakati w'eddembe n'obukuumi bubadde omutwe gw'ensonga enkulu mu byafaayo bya Amerika, okuva ku Alien ne Sedition Acts okutuuka ku Patriot Act. Empandika y'obudde temalako kizibu ekyo; ewa enteekateeka okukinnyonnyola.

Okuddayo mu Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Leero, ennyanjula ekozesebwa mu kusalirawo emisango ku buli nsonga enkulu eya kampuni. Olw'okuba eyoleka bulungi ekigendererwa kya gavumenti — obwenkanya, obukkakkamu, obutebenkevu, eddembe, eddembe — esinziira ku kusalirawo amateeka ne nkola za gavumenti. Bwe kitandika okuleetawo obutakasaanya ku by'obulamu, oba okusaasaanya ssente, kiba kibuuza: kino kiyamba okuleetawo emirembe mu bantu bonna? Kireetawo eddembe mu bwenkanya?

Ennyanjula era erina kinene kye yakola mu misango gy'omu kkooti ey'oku ntikko. mu kulonda ekifo ekya Homeland Security v. Regents of University of California (2020), kkooti yatwala obulambe bwa Trump mu kulonda DCACA. Wadde nga obwalina enzijjuvu kwesigamizibwa ku kkodenti y'obukuumi bw'eggwanga, era nga ne kampuni zire okubuuza obanga gavumenti y'ewanjudde ddala okumanyisa abantu."

Ekikongojjero kya Preggeedge kisangibwa ne mu kkooti. Kitera okukozesebwa mu bigambo bya political, mu mbeera ebeera ku ndagiriro z'obugattirizi, era n'obubonero obw'okwesamba. Ebigambo “Ffe Abantu” tulabika ku bizimbe ne ku mikolo egikolebwa ku butonde. National Constitution’s Pregdage nga ky'ekyuma ekikyusa endowooza y'abantu [ kisobozesa abakozesa okukebera buli kigambo mu bugazi, nga kiraga engeri Pregegeing gye kikyayigirizibwa era n'okutegeerwa nga ekiwandiiko ekikyaliwo.

Enkozesa y’Enjigiriza n’Eby’Obubi

Ekitabo kino kiyitibwa Early of Conseget. Ekiragiro kino kiyamba abaana okutegeera amakulu gaakyo, era ne kibayamba okutegeera ebikikwatako. Ekikongooze ky'ebiwandiiko ebisooka mu bitongole bya Amerika, kinyweza obweyamo obukolebwa mu ggwanga mu kutandika kw'enjigiriza mu ebyo ebiyigirizibwa mu “Fources, ebyakozesebwa obukadde n'obukadde bw'abayizi. Okujuliza ebigambo bino nga bigenda mu maaso g'ebitongole oba mu masomero kinyweza obweyamo obukolebwa mu ggwanga.

Mu mikolo egikolebwa ku nfuna y'obutonde, abatuuze abappya batera okusabibwa okugisoma oba okusomebwa omulamuzi.

Gavumenti ez'omu kitundu oluusi ziyigiriza nti “okusoosa omuwendo gwa” ku Lunaku lwa Constitution (September 17). ebibaawo bino bigatta wamu abantu ab’emyaka egy'enjawulo okukakasa ebiruubirirwa by'eggwanga.Mu kiseera eky'ebutali bumu, enkola ya Pregatte ewa abantu ensonga ezitatera kulabika: ab’enzikiriza ennongoofu n'abakuukuutivu basobola okufuna olulimi olukakasa endowooza yaabwe ku Amerika.

Okunnyonnyola mu Ngeri ey’Okusalirako Omusango n’Obuyinza bw’Omusosoze

Wadde nga Pregge towadde bantu buyinza oba eddembe, kkooti zibadde zikozesa ekigambo ekyo okumala ebbanga ddene ng'ekiwa obulagirizi obunnyonnyola amakulu g'ensonga. Chholm v. Georgia [1793] (1793), kkooti enkulu yajuliza olukalala lw'amateeka okusobola okuwagira endowooza nti abantu be baalina okussaawo amateeka, so si gavumenti. Omulamuzi James Wilson yawandiika: “Etteeka liba nga libategeeza nti tteeka lyatongozebwa era ne litandikibwawo abantu mu Amerika. Abantu, olwo be baalyoka bafuga eggwanga lya Isiraeri."

Obubonero obulala obwalongoosa ekifo kya Pregear. Jacobson v. Massachusetts (1905), kkooti yawagira amateeka agagaana okugawulibwawo oludda era ne kiraga nti “obulungi obwa bulijjo” obwateekebwa mu Pregaget bulekawo entegeka ez'okufuga obulungi. United States v. Curters-Wright Export Corp. [196], Justice Sutherland yawat yawanjulako obujulizi nti gavumenti y'ebirimu n'ebirimu mu bya bannaggwanga. Abakuukuuti abamu bagamba nti Pregation bawa w'ebutego annyonnyola enkola ey'okusala kw'empalo ya gconvvu.[Forcentis][Ft:3] [F.]

Wadde nga kikozesebwa emirundi mingi, ennyanjula tekkirizibwa kugirwa yokka. Nga bwe kyalagibwa mu Jacobson, “okutandika tekuyinza kukozesebwa, okuteekawo amaanyi agataweebwa.” Kyokka, amaanyi gaayo tegayinza kuwgirwa. Omulamuzi oba omuwi wa mateeka bw'atendereza nti “Twe bantu” oba nti “tusinga okuba nkolagana etuukiridde,” bagoberera amateeka g'omu Amerika.

Okutandika ng’Amaanyi Agagatta awamu mu Kiseera eky’Enjawulo

Mu myaka egyakayita, abantu b'omu Amerika beeyongedde okugabana. Obwesige mu bitongole by'ensi gye bikola era n'okukaayana kweyongedde. Kyokka, okusoosa kwa impugukirwa kwasigala kungi. Okusinziira ku Kitongole Pew Research Center, abantu abasinga obungi mu Amereka basobola okuzuula “Ffe abantu” ng'ebigambo ebisooka mu Mateeka era n'okukkiririza ddala ebiruubirirwa byago.

Amaanyi ga Pregedge geeyolekera mu ngeri gye gagatta awamu abantu, tegassaawo nkola za nukuulu; gassaawo ebiruubirirwa abantu bonna mu Amereka bye bawagira: obwenkanya, emirembe, okwerwanako, eddembe.

Ate era, ebigambo ebiyitibwa Pregear by'enkola ey'omulembe oguddako (egamba nti (ffe ffe kennyini n'Enkomerero yaffe) bikubiriza abantu okulowooza ennyo ku ebyo ebiyinza okuvaamu amangu ago, omukugu mu ggwanga abuuza abantu b'omu Amereka okulowooza ku busika bwe bajja okulekera emirembe egijja mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Obuvunaanyizibwa obwo obuva mu mu mulembe guno bukulu nnyo okuleetawo okukaayana ku nkyukakyuka y'embeera y'obudde, eggwanga n'obuyigirize.

fundikira

Okutandika ku Mateeka ga Amerika si bigambo bya byafaayo ebiwa amakulu ag'ekigendererwa mu nsi. okuva mu kufuba okuzza mu kifo kyazo Ebitundu eby'Okugatta amadiini mu bifo ebya bulijjo, ebigo, n'ebifo ebya lukale, empagi ez'enjawulo, empandiika y'olulimi olugattiddwamu okusobola okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku Amerika. Ebigambo byayo ebikulu — “Twe bantu,” tusinga okuba n'obutuukirivu,” “okutuukiriza emikisa gy'Ow'Obweganzi” — biyitiddwawo abagoba, abakulembeze b'ebitongole, n'abantu abawandiikiina eddembe ly'okukkiririzaamu, n'okukaka abantu bonna okuteekawo endowooza z'abantu.

Ng'abantu b'omu Amerika beeyongera okubuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kye bali, obwenkanya, n'okuba abantu, ensawo tewaba byangu kuddamu byangu, naye era ewa ebinyonyi byennyini ebisinziirwako. mu kiseera eky'enjawukana, Pregedge etujjukiza nti tukyali “Abantu” — era nti omulimu gwaffe kwe kufuba okubeera n’obujjuvu mu Maanyi g'ensi yonna.