Ensonga Lwaki Bataata Abaatandikawo Gavumenti Zaatonda Amatabi Asatu

Ekiragiro kyassaawo gavumenti y'ensi eyo eyawulamu gavumenti, ekisobozesa ab'obuyinza okwawulamu ab'obuyinza, abakungu ba gavumenti, n'abalamuzi.

Atandikawo Okutya Amaanyi Agali mu Kiwandiike

Abasajja abaawandiika Amateeka baali babaddeko mu bufuzi bwa Bungereza. Bangi baali baaweerezaako mu nkambi za gavumenti oba mu kibiina ky'e Bukiikaddyo. Baali balabye engeri kabaka ne paalimenti gye bisobola okuyisa obubi ab'obuyinza. era baaliwo mu butaka bw'ebiteego by'enteego, gavumenti ennafu eyali tesobola kuteekamu misolo, kutuukiriza mateeka, oba okukuuma emirembe.

James Madison, eyateranga okuyitibwa Kitaawe w'amateeka, yagambanga mu [FOLT:0] Na. 51 nti “obutunzi buteekwa okukolebwa okulemesa abantu okwagala ennyo ettuttumu.” Yalowoozanga nti obutonde bw’omuntu bulina okukosebwa era nti omukulembeze yenna asobola okwonoona obutonde. Obukuumi bwokka bwali bwa kufuga ensi omuli obuyinza obwayawulwawo era buli ttabi lyalina ekigendererwa era ne engeri ez'okuziyizaamu ebifunfugibwa ebirala.

Ensibuko y’Ebikolwa bya Filosooni: Montesquieu era n’Omwoyo gw’Etteeka

Baatandikawo Amateeka nga bayizi b'ekibiina ekitangaaza. Baasoma John Locke, William Blackstone, era n'ekisinga obukulu, Baron de Montesquieu. Mu mulimu gwe gwe gwe 1748 Omwoyo gw'Amateeka[, Montesquieu yagamba nti, eddembe ery'eby'obufuzi lyetaagisa okwawulawo gavumenti, abafuzi, n'abafuzi b'eby'obuyinza bwe bigattiddwa mu muntu omu, oba mu kakiiko k'abalamuzi, teriyinza kuba na ddembe lyonna. Bannaatandikawo baawo." Baabagamba nti, baalina eddembe lino era ne baliteeka ku nsonga y'amateeka erwo.

Montesquieu yali yeekenneenya enkola ya Bungereza, naye nga yategeera bubi ebimu ku ebyo ebyagikwatako. Wadde kyali kityo, wadde nga yasigala ategeera bulungi ensonga lwaki: gavumenti ey’eddembe eteekwa okuziyiza ettabi lyonna okuwandiika, okugobera, n’okusala amateeka gaalyo.

Obunafu bw’Ebitundu eby’Okuwuliriza

Nga tewannabaawo ssemateeka wakati wa Amerika ne Amerika, eyateekebwa wansi w'enkiiko ezitabangawo, yakkiriza mu 1781. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyatandikawo olukuŋŋaana olukulu olw'abantu nga lusobola okuvaamu ab'obuyinza. Gavumenti teyinza kuwaliriza gavumenti kusasula misolo oba okugulumiza amagye. Eggwanga lyakubanga ssente zaabwe n'endagaano. Obuvumu bwa Shays Bujeementi mu 1786(866) obudumu bw'abalimi obw'omu Massachusetts. Baakitegeera nti gavumenti y'eggwanga yalina okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okumalibwa ennyo, naye era nti amaanyi gaaggwenyibwamu n'okuteewanjulwa.

Olukuŋŋaana olwali mu ssemateeka mu Philadelphia lwayitibwa lwe lwe lwonna obwali mu bitabo ebyo era ne batandika okuvvuunula ekiwandiiko ekipya ekyayitibwa Edmund Randolph, ekyateekebwawo Edmund Randolph era nga kye kyawandiikibwa Madison, ekyagamba nti wabeewo gavumenti y’eggwanga ey’amaanyi eyalina amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo.

Amatabi Gasatu: Gakola, Gafuna Amaanyi, era Gakugira

Buli ttabi lyaweebwa emirimu egy'enjawulo, naye era buli emu yaweebwa eby'okukozesa okukakasa obanga ebigirimu bituufu.

Abakulembeze b’Ettabi: Consells

Akatundu I ak'omu ssemateeka kassaawo Consert era ne kagiwa obuyinza bw'amateeka. Consell yaba ettabi erisooka era n'eyasingirayo ddala okuba ow'amaanyi. Baali basuubira nti y'ejja okuba esingayo okuba ey'oku lusegere eri abantu.

Ennyumba y'Ababaka yategekebwa okufaananako abantu ab'eggwanga eryo. Ababaka batuukiriza ebigambo bya myaka ebiri era abantu baabalonda butereevu. Kino kye kitundu ekya demokulase ekyaddawo ekyaddala ekya gavumenti empya. Olukiiko olwo lwasooka kulondebwa ba sistemu ba gavumenti (olwo olw'ebiwandiiko 17 ebiwereddwawo mu 1913), era nga nazo zaakiikiriranga gavumenti. Ababaka baawereza emyaka mukaaga nga babawa endowooza yaabwe enzivuunikidwa abantu bonna gye baalinako.

Consert era erina obuyinza okusala emisolo, okwewola ssente, okutegeka eby'obusuubuzi, okutandikawo entalo. era kiwadde obuyinza okusawo pulezidenti awamu n'abakungu abalala ba gavumenti. Abaatandikawo kampala baakakasa nti kakiiko akategese tekiyinza kukola nga tewali muntu yenna ali mu kifo kyako.

Obubonero obw'ekifo kino obukikeberebwa ku matabi amalala:

  • [[Act:0][[[Act:1] Ekiragiro ka 'C' kikkiriza Congress okukebera ebifa ku ttabi.
  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro bwe kiba kiyisibwa nga pulezidenti alondebwe ku doomu ez'omu kiti kya ssimu, ojja kukakasa [[[NKUMBO:1]
  • [[Act:0] Amaanyi g'ensawo[[[KATANDIKWA] kitegeeza nti tewali programu ey'okufuga eyinza kukola awatali kubaako ssente z'ewandike zikozesebwa.
  • [[Act:0] Okuggyawo n'okuggyawo biyinza okutegeeza prezidenti, omumyuka wa prezidenti, oba abalamuzi ab'ensi yonna, wadde nga emitindo gino gibali waggulu.

Ofiisi y’Ekitongole: Pulezidenti

Kuno kwali kuddirira kwa maanyi okuva ku Species of Confederation, ekyali kitalina kakiiko ka bakungu. Abaatandikawo kampuni baabuuza oba kampuni oyo asaanidde kubeera omu oba nedda.

Pulezidenti y'akulira amagye naye Conseil Congress yekka y'asobola okulangirira entalo. Pulezidenti asobola okutandikawo endagaano. Naye alagira olukiiko lw'ensirimu okukkirizibwa. Pulezidenti alonda abalamuzi ba gavumenti n'abakungu ba kakiiko akatuula ku kakiiko akategese. Ssemateeka ateekwa okukakakasa. Pulezidenti w'eggwanga asobola okussaawo amateeka naye Consement asobola okugasingako obumenyi obwo.

Abaatandikawo baali beeraliikirivu nti pulezidenti ayinza okufuuka kabaka.

Obubonero obw'ekifo kino obukikeberebwa ku matabi amalala:

  • [[Act:0] 'oba '[[FLT'] awa pulezidenti ebiwandiiko ku lukiiko olukulu.
  • [[NKULA] Amaanyi agayinza okulondebwa[[[KATANDIKWA:1] gakkiriza pulezidenti okuba omubaka w'ebitongole bya gavumenti ebikola ku tteeka oba ku nkola ya bannakyewa.
  • '[[NT:0] ebiragiro[ biteekwa okuleka pulezidenti okukulembera ofiisi y'ettabi, era nga y'osaanidde okukebera ebilagiro n'ebigo ebitegekedwa.
  • [[Act:0] Amaanyi agasaanyawo[[[NKULA] ge esooka okukoma ku kukebera ebiragiro by'esazeemu ekiragibwa mu lukiiko olukola emisango, nga bwe kiwandikiro pulezidenti okukendeeza ku biragiro by'ekibonerezo oba okusonyiwa ebibi by'abalaze.

Ettabi Erisalira Omusango: Kkooti Enkulu ne Kkooti Ezikola ku Bukulembeze

Akatundu III katandikawo ofiisi y'ekitongole ekikola ku by'amateeka. Abaatandikawo ofiisi y'ekika kya disitulikiti baafuula amatabi agasingayo okuba aga wansi ku buyinza ku ssente n'amaanyi, naye era ne beemalirira. Abalamuzi abafuga nga ba ddooti baweereza nga ba mpisa nnungi era ssente ze baweebwa teziyinza kukendeezebwako nga bali mu ofiisi.

Kkooti enkulu ey'empandika n'empandika ez'amaanyi nga zzaabu ne "judicatic" tebyawandiikibwa mu mateeka. Yatandikibwawo mu 1803 mu Marbury v. Madison. Bwe kityo, Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall yawandiika nti “mangi ddala, essaza ly'ekitongole ekikola ku by'amateeka okwogera ekifuga.” Kino kitegeeza nti kkooti zisobola okumenya amateeka oba ebikolwa ebimenya amateeka oba amateeka.

Abaatandikawo kampuni eyo baali basuubira abalamuzi okuba abagamba nti tebaliiko ludda lwe bawagira mu by'obufuzi. Baamuwa obuyinza okuwulira emisango egiba gizzewo wansi w'amateeka ga gavumenti, amateeka ga gavumenti, n'endagaano. Kkooti enkulu era ekkiriza okuyingiza emisango egisinga obungi okuva mu kkooti z'ekitongole kya gavumenti bwe giba gigattiddwako ensonga.

Obubonero obw'ekifo kino obukikeberebwa ku matabi amalala:

  • [[Akabonero:0] Okwejjukanya [[[K'AMENTI]] kusobozesa kkooti okuggyawo amateeka n'obutongole.
  • [[[:0] Okutongoza amateeka[[[AMERI]] kwe kusinziira okusalawo engeri amateeka g'empandika entegeke gye gagobererwamu.
  • Obulamu busobola okukuuma abalamuzi ne batapikirizibwa bannabyabufuzi, naye buyinza okusalirwa omusango olw'ensobi ze yakola.
  • [[Act:0]] Enkola ez'enjawulo [[[NKULULA] mu kkooti z'amateeka mu kitundu ziteekebwawo lukusa olw'okusala emisango, olw'enkyukakyuka mu ntegeka.

Enzijuvu n’Empisa Ennungi

Enteekateeka ey'okukebereza si njawukana. Kiba nga enkola eya bulijjo ey'amaanyi amafuga ensi mwe gakolera emirimu gyazo. Kino kireetawo enkolagana ey'amaanyi esobozesa gavumenti okulwawo ekikolwa kyayo. Abaatandikawo olukuŋŋaana baakitwala nti kino kye kintu ekisinziirwako so si buzibu.

Ng'ekyokulabirako:

  • Obungi bw'obuyambi obubadde bukolebwa: Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt ventooced Akakwakkulizo ka [, naye aka '-Kibiina akaafuga ennyo enkyuuka y'omusolo gwa w'omulembe gwa 1943[, akaawula ku lukalala olw'ebiro ebitono byawerengo by'omusolo gwayisa ku ku kut'awula omuteenkuka wa pulezidenti.
  • [[AK:0] Saddaaka okugaana kkooti enkulu:[[Nkulula] mu 1987, olukiiko olukulu lwagaana omukulembeze Reagan okutongoza Robert Bork mu kkooti enkulu oluvannyuma lw'okusala emisango emingi n'okukaayana.
  • Ekiragiro kino kiremesezza etteeka lya gavumenti: muNational Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (20:2]), Kkooti enkulu yawagira etteeka erikwata ku kiteeso kya Affordive Karation Act naye n'esat'akakwate etteeka erikugira obutagazisaamu mukolo gwa Medicaid.
  • [[Akakiiko k'omu''omulembe] akaatongoza omukungu: Akakiiko k'Akakiiko k'Akatudiyo akaawerera ddala okunoonyereza mu Pulezidenti Richard Nixon kwe kaavaamu mu 1974.

Ensimbi eyo esobola okuleetera amatabi ag’enjawulo okusiikuuka, naddala singa abagagattika baba balina obuyinza ku matabi ag’enjawulo.

Ekirungi Ekiri mu Kusalawo kwa Amereka

Enkola y'obujjulukuke obw'emirundi esatu bweyolekedde gavumenti okugaziya n'okumanyiira embeera z'obulamu. Era ereeseewo obukuubagano obuviirako ensi okukaayana ku mitindo gyayo egya bulijjo.

Obukuumi eri Ennimi Zokka Ezeenkana Wa

Eky'okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza kiyinza okukugira abantu nga kibabeerera ekizibu ku gavumenti yonna okufuga etteeka ek'okunyigiriza. Singa Congress ayisa etteeka ery'okunyigiriza, prezidenti ayinza okuliyisa oba kkooti ziyinza okukikuba. Singa amatabi ga bannakyewa, Consette eyinza okutema amakooti ge bawaanya ssente oba okunoonyereza. Singa kkooti zimala ekiseera kiwanvu, Consert eyinza okuwandiika amateeka oba okuleeta enkyukakyuka mu mateeka. Kino kiyinza okuwa abatuuze b'obuyinza obuwerako obuwaabi ebigere eby'okusoomooza gavumenti.

Okuvunaanibwa n'okutataangaala

Olw'okuba buli ttabi lisobola okulabirira ensi endala, gavumenti esobola okulumiriza abantu, okusala emisango, n'okusaasaanya alipoota ezikwata ku matabi.

Obunywevu olw’Okulwawo Okubuulira

Enkola eno yakolebwa nga ya sipiidi. Badameralism, devior, n'okunoonyereza mu kkooti z'amateeka byonna bireetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi. Kino oluusi kisobezza abakyusizaamu, naye era ne kiziyiza amateeka amabi. Gavumenti ya Amerika yawonawo mu ntalo, okwennyamira, obutabanguko, n'obuswavu olw'okuba ebbeeyi n'enkukaaso zireseeyo era n'enkola ez'okwesamba.

Okusoomooza Okuliwo mu Kiseera Kino ng’Obwawukanya Obuyinza

Abatandikawo empandika empya boolekagana n'okupikirizibwa okuppya mu kyasa kino ekya 21. Okukulaakulana kw'obufuzi kuleetedde abawagizi obutategeera mitendera egiva ku matabi. Ebitongole ebirina obuyinza ku nkola y'amateeka (okusalamu empandika n'okussawo mu nkola y'enkola). Abawaabuzi bagamba nti amateeka ago galina okugobererwa mu kussaawo enkola y'okutemagana.

Okusoomooza okulala kwe kuba nti abakulembeze ba gavumenti bawa obuyinza bungi obulaga nti tewabaddewo bukkiriza buwagizi ku nsonga ezikwata ku butebenkevu mu ggwanga, entalo, oba embeera z'obulamu. Kkooti enkulu oluusi eddizza, nga bwe kyali mu abavubuka ab'entono sheefu & lamp; Tube. V. Sawyer (1952) ekyagaana Prezidenti Truman okunya obusibeesa obuba bwa b'ebyuma mu kiseera kya yiraanyi mu Korea. Naye ensalo zasigala nga zenyikirizza.

Ekiragiro kino kiremesezza enkola eno okubaamu obuwere. Prezidenti ne Congress bwe biba biva mu biwayi bya njawulo, ebiva mu nkyukakyuka zitera okuvaamu. Abamu basabye abalamuzi okukyusiza ennyiriri, oba enkola ez'ekika ekyangu okuzikyusa. Abaatandikawo enkola eyo baba basuubira nti enkola y'okuleetawo obutategeeragana. Naye era baali bakakafu nti amatabi gajja kuzuula engeri y'okufugaamu.

Ensonga Lwaki E sisitemu Egumiikiriza

Enkola ya bankankano zino ewezezza emyaka egisukka 230. Enkola eyo ekyuseko emirundi 27 naye tekyuse. Abaatandikawo gavumenti eyasobola okuteekawo gavumenti ey'amaanyi esobola okukuuma eddembe. Okwawula obufuzi obw'amaanyi mu bitundu by'ensi ebitali bimu okwetooloola ensi yonna kivuddemu ekyokulabirako.

Okutegeera enkola eno kikulu nnyo eri buli mutuuze yenna. Kinnyonnyola ensonga lwaki entalo z'eby'obufuzi zirwanibwa mu mabbali agatali gamu: mu Congress, mu bizimbe , ne mu kkooti. Abaatandikawo enkola eno tebaakola kyuma kituukiridde. Beeyambisizza enteekateeka ya gavumenti ey'okwefuga bokka eyeesigamye ku kuba nti abantu balina okubeera obulindaala. Nga James Madison bwe yawandiika mu Faderalist No. 51, “abantu be bokka abakkirizibwa mu buyinza obwa waggulu. Amatabi asatu ge gasobola okukulembera abantu mu ngeri ey'amagezi era n'okuziyiza okuyisibwa obubi.

Okusoma Okwo Ekwongera n’E Ensibuko

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA][[AWULA]] Ekiragiro ekya Amerika[[KATANDIKWA][[KITABO]][AKATANDIKA:3] – National Tterekero ly'ebintu ebya bulijjo (empandika zonna n'enyinnyonnyola).
  • [[AGUMENTI][[AK'AWULA]][:1] Deckor ne relation mu Nnyumba [[KIKKALA]][[AKATABO]][AK'AWULA] – Ekiragiro kino kiwandika ebyafaayo ebya ssemateeka ag'eggwanga).
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA][[AMENTI]] Kkooti Enkulu n'Ettabi erikola ku kibonerezo[[KIKYAMU][[KITAMBO]] – KKOOTI Esinga Obukulu ey'omu Amerika (ennyinnyonnyola y'ekifo kya jusi).
  • [[AGUMENTI:0][[AK'AMUTANDIKA] NAMBA.[[FULT:2][[FLT]] – alumiton.lag.law.yale.edu (Empandika ez'enjawulo ezikozesebwa mu kukozesa amaanyi agatali gamu).

Ebiwandiiko ebyo biraga bulungi engeri amateeka gye gaatandikamu, amateeka gye gaakolamu, n’engeri amatabi ago esatu gye gakolamu leero.