Okutegeera Obumu bw’Ebiseera by’Okufuga Byonna mu Buwangwa

Ekiragiro kino kiziyiza obulyi bw'enkusuzo mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Kyokka, okugezaako okulwanirira gavumenti mu by'obufuzi tekikusobozesa kusalibwa mu kkooti za gavumenti nga tewannaba kukkirizibwa. Ekiragiro kino kyasibuka mu lukiiko olukwata olukunvu mu kukyusa kwa dipulooma kwa gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kikuuma obufuzi obwa nnamukessi ne butali bumu ne gavumenti za gavumenti. Kyokka, okugezaako kwa bantu okuleetawo obuyambi obw'enjawulo obusobozesa ebikozesebwa mu by'ensi eno okukola emirimu egitali gimu, amaanyi ga ga gramufomu ne gaaweredde, ne terikomya namu. Ekitundu kino kisobozesa ebiteesoozesebwa mu kugikolako, oba okubufugibwa ennyo gavumenti, okwebuuza obanga omukungu wa gavumenti y'emu esobola okutawanyisa oba okusobozesa omuntu yenna okuba n'okumanyibwa. Ekitundu kino kisobozesa okukebera embeera y'entebe ey'olukalala y'ewayima lw'eba nga y'ensonga, ebigo, ebiva mu nsonga, ebikyungi, ebiva mu nsonga, n'ebyo ebiva mu nsonga, ebiva mu mateeka,

Ensibuko y’Obumu bw’Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna

Ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'omusanvu eky'eggwanga (Antarth Amendment, ekyawandiikibwa mu 1795), kigamba nti “Eramyabiro Eryawula mu Amerika teritwalibwa ng'eraga olukalala lw'amateeka oba empalana, etandikira oba okusala omusango ku mulembero gwa United States okuva ku Batuuze b'eggwanga eddala oba ku Bannassaayansi mu ggwanga eddala.” Ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, Kkooti enkulu ennyonnyola ensonga eno nti gavumenti tezirina bukuumi bwa buli muntu wa kuggibwa mu lukiiko olukulu olw'abatuuze mu ggwanga lyonna. Obutuuze obwo era bugaziwandikiro ku bibiina ebirwanirira emirimu gya gavumenti. Ekgezo teriiko kadde ddala, ng'embeera y'embeera y'eyinza okugobeewa. Mu ngeri y'ensonga ey'okusalawo oba ey'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'okumenya amateeka.)

Endowooza ereetebwawo eky'okwefuga esibuka ku misingi gya gavumenti n'obufuzi bwa gavumenti. Era Amerika zisobola okufuga ensonga zaabwe nga tezenyigidde mu nsonga za gavumenti oba mu kkooti eza gavumenti. Okuleka empawu ezikwata ku gavumenti awatali kukkirizibwa ziyinza okuteeka obulamu bw'abantu mu kabi era ne kiremesa gavumenti okukola emirimu gya gavumenti. Kyokka, obukuumi buno busobola okulemesa abantu okuyonoonekera ddala singa gavumenti etabangula ebintu ebibakolako, nga wabeewo amaanyi agakyasifu, ebifisse amazzi, oba ebizimbe bya ga gaatooya. Okutegeera ensalo z'obukuumibwa bwa gavumenti kiyinza okuteeka mu kabi eri buli muntu akwatibwako eby'obugagga.

Ekifo kya gavumenti n'ekitongole kya Armtāofשthe à à Gano Arty Creat

Tekiri nti buli kyakulwanyisa ekya gavumenti kiyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu. Ekirabo eky'enjawulo kiri mu kuba nti ekitongole kino kifugibwa gavumenti oba nga kya kya muntu kinnoomu ekifugibwa gavumenti. Kkooti zikola ekigezo okulaba obanga enteekateeka ez'enjawulo ezisobola okukuuma embeera kimala. Ebintu bino bizingiramu: entikko y'eggwanga ey'okufuga ekintu kino, ekigendererwa ky'ekiwandikiro (produrations. proritary) oba ekitongole kya gavumenti ekyagattiddwa, ebbeeyambibwa ky'eggwanga, ensimbi y'omulimu n'e umwikulembedde, era oba nga ekibonerezo ku kiyinza okusabibwa okuva mu muterekero. Singa kibadde kiva mu kitongole kya gavumenti. Ate era tekirimu kitongole kya magyero oba kya gralimu ku kisomero ga mu nsi ne mu mubiri. Singa kibaamu ssente ezisinga okukolebwa, tezikozesa ssente ezisukka ku biragibwa mu kifo eky'okukkebwa. Ate era tekkeberwa mu mateeka kya gavumenti, ekyo tekirsebwa mu kifo kya waggulu naye tekikkirizibwa kubaako bukulembeze.

Ebisaanyizo Ebifuga obutonde: Enkolagana ey'Amaanyi ey'Edda

Singa wabaawo ekitongole ekikikolera mu ntegeka oba ekimu ku bya bufuzi, era nga kikuumibwa, naye nga kikuumibwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti ya North Carolina Supreme Court ekkiriza nti gavumenti Ports Authority tey'awn'ekola olw'okuba emirimu gyayo gyafuga gavumenti. Mu ngeri y'emu, ekitongole kya Tennessee Mussee Buw (TV) kye ky'eggwanga ekirina obutebenkenkevu bwa gavumenti, wadde nga gavumenti teyetongodde ewa bukuumi. Ku mumpitondo ya gavumenti, enteekateeka z'amazzi, ne ku kyamaguzi, amasannyalaze, ne ku ssemassaawa emu ekozesebwa nga teziganya ebitongole bya gavumenti, ne bwe bikozesebwa mu buddukiro bw'omulembelembezo, ne bwe kiba nga mu kkooti y'amasannya agateennyonyi ebitongole ebigaba biwagibwa mu ggwanga.

Obuzibu mu Nsi Efugibwa gavumenti

Ekiragiro kino tekirina buyinza kufuga gavumenti. Kyokka, amateeka agafuga ekitongole kino tegasobola kukyusa kibiina kya gavumenti mu buyinza bwa gavumenti. N'olwekyo, abantu bayinza okuteeka empandika zaabwe mu ntegeka zaabwe nga batayagala kutuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa bwabwe, oba okumenya amateeka agakwata ku by'okugula. Kyokka, gavumenti tegakola nga yateesiteebwa mu ngeri ya kyamalwawo okusobola okuziyiza empaka okumenya amateeka ageetaagibwawo. Amateeka ago gayinza okusobozesa abantu okuteeka empanvu mu n'obuteeko oba okumenya amateeka ga bannaakyewa. Kyokka, enkola ya gavumenti tegoolekawo enkola ng'okukifuga mu ngeri y'okwerinda ebiteewandikibwa. Etteeka lino lirina okulekawo olukalala wakati w'obukuumi bw'embeera y'eby'ensi (ebyewamageewaawo) oba okugobererwa mu ngeri ey'okumenya amateeka agatalimu. Ebiteego bye by'egobeteego tegateeba mu mateeka ebigo.

Ekirabo mu Bufuzi Obusinga Obufuzi mu Misango egy’Ebirimu

Wadde nga waliwo obukuumi bwa nkalakkalira, emirundi mingi abo abasala ebweru bakkirizibwa okuvunaana amagi agakozesebwa mu ggwanga mu mbeera ezimu. Okutegeera omuwendo ogwo nnene nnyo eri abakungu ba gavumenti abaagala okuvunaana ebibiina bya gavumenti.

Eggwanga Liri mu Kifo Ekitiibwa

Ate era gavumenti nnyingi ziyinza okutongoza kyeyagalire nga ziyisa etteeka erigaana gavumenti okulwanyisa obusobozi bwa gavumenti. Gavumenti nnyingi ziwa olukusa olukusa olumu olukusa lw'ebitongole bya gavumenti olwa kansa, nga ziwa ebisago ebiwerako, nga ziteekebwako obusaze obw'ebirungo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekirango kya California Tort Apenties Acts Act (GUUU. Akakwango ka 810 ka 'te' kakkiriza okukwewawawawawawa ebitongole bya gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde ne gavumenti ewandikibwa amasasiro agava mu mbeera ez'akabi ez'ebintu bya gavumenti. Kyokka, abanyabizibizitowa bano batera okukweka obufunda obutono nga babuusa bwabwe obunene tebasinziira ku ku ku ku ku kusalawo oba ku nkola ya bannala enziro mu gavumenti gye bakolera. Singa gavumenti eteeka ekitongole ekitongole ekikola entebe ekikola mu buyinza "buunity" kiyinza okukoozimba olulimi. Ekiragiro ekigo ekyo kiyinza okukkeberebwa.

Okutwala Enkiiko ng’Olwali Okuteebwa mu Kizimbe eky’Enkomerero mu Kkomera ery’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennya

Congress esobola okugabula olukunkumuli lw'eby'obufuzi singa etteeka eryo liba liteekeddwa ku buyinza okukwasisa Amereka ak'okubiri (um'a., nga kikakasa obukuumi obw'engeri eyo oba enkola esaanira). Kino kituukirawo mu ngeri ey'enjawulo singa olukusa olukalala lutegeeza nti enteekateeka ya gavumenti eyinza okumenya amateeka. [[FFF:][0] singa omuwendo gwa bantu gukoma ku buweereza mu nnyumba ya wansi mu nnyumba, ekikkirizibwa mu ngeri y'emu nga wawulibwawo obuvunaanyizibwa obwa bulijjo wansi wa 42.C. 1983 kiyinza okureeteebwawo empandika singa ebbeesite oba ekitongole ekyeyambibwa kituukiriza ebbeeyi, singa ekiragibwa mu ngeri enfu, oba nga mu Nkulembero ya waggulu, ekitongole ekibadde kigibadde kikozesezza ekiraze mu ngeri ey'enjawulo.[5][5] Singa kigwana, oba nga kigwana ky'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'amaanyi mu Nkuumi ey'omuyagala, ekyo ekibadde kiyinza okumenyamenyesebwa mu kifo eky'okukimu

Enjigiriza ez’Okufuna Obuweerero: Ebiwandiiko Ebigamba nti Ekitabo Ekya Kuzimba Kijja Kuganyula

Mu mpalo [[NT:0] Ex Parte Young, 209 U.S. 123 (08), omukungu ayinza okusasuza omukungu wa gavumenti mu buyinza bwe yateekawo okulagira okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Kino tekikkiriza kukolebwa kw'ensi mu muterekero wa gavumenti naye bwe kisobozesa omuntu okutereka ebikolebwa mu mu ggwanika ly'ensi oba mu kugoba ebikolebwamu, olukiiko olwo luyinza okulagira omukungu wa gavumenti oba omuyinja w'eggwanga okulekerawo enkola ey'okuleka omulimu ogumenyebwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Singa omukungu akolera ku masannyalaze abadde afulumya ebikolebwa mu mu luzzi olufuluma lwo, abatuuze bayinza okulekawo omukungu awereza oba omukungu aleme okukomya omulimu ogwa bulijjo. Kyuma ekyo tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka.

Enjawulo Embi n’Ebirala Ebitono

Enteekateeka y'okwefuga ewa gavumenti gavumenti era ewagidde okusaasaanya enkola 11 U.S.C. 106, eyinza okugootaanya amabanja g'eby'obukungu aw'alina ebbanja. Ate era, Federal Tort Anitiess Act (FTCA) ebiwawawa obuwangwa eri gavumenti, si ggwanga, naye gavumenti ey'amaanyi ewa obwa kkassi ewaanya ebintu ebikolebwa ewandulwa mu gavumenti. Mu mawanga agamu, singa omu ku nsimbi ayingira mu “omulimu gwa gavumenti, ” ekiteeyambisibwa mu kifo ky'okugobererwa. Kyokka, eby'okugobererwa tebikkirizibwa mu matwale mangi, amawanga agamu gakkiriza okukeberezebwa okutawa abafuze mu kifo ky'omulimu. Spenceffsssssssssss awww'amateeka g'amateeka geetaaga okukebera omu.

Ebintu Ebiyamba Abo Abagenda Okugenda mu Kisibo

Plaintiffs ne Attorney

Ku bikwata ku bantu ab'omu lukiiko olw'eggwanga, ekiteeberezebwa okusooka kwe kumanya ani alina oba ani akolera ku kolera eyo. Bwe kiba nga kya kiwato, ekyetwayo, obutakwatibwa tekiriwo, era essomero erikkirizibwa mu kkooti y'eggwanga teriyinza kweyongera mu nkola ya gavumenti. Singa enkola eyo ekkirizibwa, ekitongole kino kiteekwa okulonda ani aliwo olukalala olulina kye lw'ennamba nga "" akatundu akatrt ky'asuubiza okukola, akakwate, oba akakwate Ex Parte Young[[FLT:]] Ekiwandiiko ekinoonya obuyambi. Akireetera n'okubufunamu obuyambi. Akawayiro kano era kateekwa okujjuza ebisengeke mu kkooti mu kifo kya gavumenti, ng'ebigambo ebimu ebiwandiikibwa mu kkooti. Ng'ebyo ebijulizibwa ebiwandiikibwa mu kkooti ya New York, ebikyungibwa obutuufu okumenya amateeka.

Era, kakensa omulala kwe kulaba obanga ebikozesebwa mu giraasi eyo biba kutwala ebintu nga tewali kiguzi wansi w'Omutemerezo ogw'okutaano. Singa amateeka ga gavumenti oba enteekateeka za kyuma biyimirizanga ddala nnanyini ku ky'okukozesa ettaka lyonna eri obulungi, okusalira omusango kuyinza okuzikirizibwa eri gavumenti nga so si si muwaagizi, kubanga okugoba emmotoka nga yennyini kwe kuba nga tekuteeseteeseteese. [Ekiwandiiko kya] Ekleziary Lutheran Church v. Cossembly of Los Angeles, U.US. 304.1987]

Abamanyirizi n'Abalabirizi

Abakwasi b'enteekateeka z'eby'amateeka n'abafuzi ba gavumenti bateekwa okuteegera obulungi ekyetaagisa okusobola okutuukiriza obulungi obuweereza bwabwe. Obusobozi obw'okwefuga obw'amaanyi busobola okuleka abatuuze obutafuna bizibu bya maanyi, okusuula abantu mu nteeko. Kyokka, okuteeka mu kasawo ak'eby'obufuzi mu ngeri ey'enjawulo kiyinza okulemesa abantu okufuna ssente ez'enjawulo. Gavumenti nnyingi zikozesebwa nga ziteekawo kasasiti emu enzikko, naye nga teziriiko bye zirebera ddala.

Bamaneja b'ebibiina ebifuga enkola eno bateekwa okumanya nti okukuumibwa kwa gavumenti obutabaako musango gwa kukyefuga mu bugenderevu oba okukola ebikyamu nga tebali ku mulimu. HAfer v. Melo, 502 U.S. 21 (1991), Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti abakungu ba gavumenti abakolera wansi w'amateeka aga langi ez'omukika basobola okukkirizibwa okutaasa ebisale bye baliko mu bitundu byayo wansi w'ekitundu kino. Bwe kityo, maneja w'obuyinza ku kitongole ky'eggwanga mu bugenderevu amenya eddembe ly'omuteetteeka mu mateeka awatali bulagirizi bwa gavumenti. Okutendekebwa okw'amateeka n'obukulembeze mu mateeka kuyinza okuba nga kwa maanyi.

Abalamuzi n’Abeekenneenya Ebikwata ku Mateeka

Okugatta wakati w'amateeka ageefuga n'agafuga enneyisa yaalyo ne kikolamu zzaabu, ne kyeyongerayo. Ebisalibwawo ebyakamala mu kkooti z'ekitundu ebyakamala birongoose singa entegeka ya gavumenti ziba “vuunipencence” eri ebigendererwa bya Enteevu mu kufuga. [[FL:0] Frew] v.[FLT],[[FLT]]], ebiragiro ebirengo bya U. [40], 431.2004]), Kkooti ekakasa nti amateeka agakkiriza abakungu ba gavumenti wansi w'obuyinza obufuga mu bitundu ebimu, enjigiriza ziyinza okugobererwa. Abakulembedde mu mateeka banna mateeka banna mateeka okujjulula ebiba ebibakwata ku nsonga enfu, ate nga mu ngeri endala, mu kkooti enkulu mu kkooti enfuumukkula y'enkola ya gavumenti, bayinza okumanyisaamu ennyirikiti ez'enkola enfu ennyo.

Okunoonyereza ku Misaalaba: Okuwangula Obulyi bw’Ebizibu

Ensonga 1: Omuti gw’Amazzi Gayokya

Mu Flint v. Michigan [yalina erinnya , abatuuze b'e Flint, Michigan, abaweredde ba gavumenti olw'obuzibu bw'amazzi, nga basala obutassa kitiibwa mu nnyanja ey'ennamba ey'oku sistemu ey'ennono n'eky'okukyusakyusa 1450]. Ekitongole kya Michigan ekifuga enviromenti ey'environmentmentmental Secule [ekitongole kya 'ekitongole kya Leta'ekitongole'ekitongole kya Leta ekikola nti obuteesiteesi kyaziko ne kikkiriza abakungu okuzikkiriza ebiwandikiro ebimu okuzingirwamu naye nga bakkirizza ekiwandikiro oba ebiva mu ssente okukiteeka mu nkola y'ekitongole ekyo mu kifo eky'ekikolwa ekya bulijjo. Ekitongole ekyo kiraga engeri ezeegobeeyambibwa obutuufu bw'envuziganya gye biziyizamu okutaawula ebisalebwa (g.g., transpenter trationsssssssss

Kasasi 2: Emirambo Egifuuliddwa Ebintu Ebimala

Mu California, oluvannyuma lw'omuliro ogukosebwa Pacific Gas & Lyster (PG&E) ebyuma, Platiffs sued PG&E mu kkooti y'eggwanga. PG& E kyetongole eky'okwetongoza obwa nnakyemalira so si nsonga. Kyokka, okugoba obutwalirizi obwa nnannyini tekwali nsonga ya maanyi. Kyokka, okusattulula kwali kwa gavumenti ya California era ne kugaana okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku bukuumi. CPUCPU kye kitongole kya gavumenti era ne kigamba nti ekitongole kya CPUCC wansi w'olukiiko olukulu olw'oku Khalifoniya kiragira ddala enkola ya gavumenti. Kino kiggumiza obuzibu bw'okutwala abafuzi mu ku buwagizi mu ku buwagizi, ne bwe kiba nga kyamalwo ekitongole ekiwandikiro eky'okukirirwa.

Enkyukakyuka n’Okufaayo ku Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa enzivvuunuzi ey'amaanyi agafuga oba eyunga ku gavumenti okuteekawo ebintu ebiyinza okutwalibwa ng'eby'okulwanyisa bya gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuntu afuga abantu mu kitundu ky'eggwanga okugula amaanyi agafuga abatuuze kiyinza okuba nga kirina obuyinza obukolera awamu n'obukuumi obufuga gavumenti. Okugatta ku ekyo, ekiragiro kya Internet eky'okutema amataba kireetawo obwa nteeso. Singa omulimu gwa gavumenti guba gulina okufiirwa omulimu gwa baguzi, abaguzi bayinza okufiirwa omulimu gw'okugula, naye abakuumi ba gavumenti bayinza okugamba nti omulimu gw'obukuumi gulina kye guva eri abantu abo gulinkyungi. Ekiragiro kya '[FFFOL:0]

Era kusibukamu enkola ey'okuleetawo engeri endala ey'okuleetawo Ex Parte Young Okusoomooza enjigiriza ey'ekika kya gavumenti nti esobola okugootaanya ebiwandiiko oba enkola ezimenya empandika za Claus ow'obusuubuzi. SYTINOMELLE FUUL , 517 U.S. 44966]), kkooti yawandikikamu ekibiina ekiyinza okukifuga mu ttwale lya Claus Claus, naye essasuza abakungu ba gavumenti okukiggyamu obuyambi mu ku buteesiteesi. Florida[FULT][FULT] era n'okusoomooza obuva mu masannyalaze gaafu ga ga gaafunze, tezisobola kufuga mu ngeri eyo mu kifo eky'okuyingiza mu kutegeka ebifulumya ebifulumya bya Phoodmy Ceymat.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kikyusa engeri gye kifugamu embeera y'okwerinda mu Amerika. Bwe kiba nti okusala omusango kusobola okukulungula ekitundu eky'ekitongole ekyo, era nga kisinziira ku nkaka ya gavumenti, okuba nti ekitongole kiwandikiddwa, okubeerawo kwa kaweefube oba okukyusiza ekiwandikiro. Obuweweerwamu bulina okukiyamba. Abakungu ba gavumenti okusobola okukebera amateeka, era abamenyi b'amateeka balina okumanyibwa mu ngeri enjjulukuka, era nga mu ngeri entegekebwawo obutegekebwawo, era nga mu ngeri gye baayungibwamu, ne mu ngeri gye baayungibwamu, mu Parte Young ne mu kutwalamu Claus Esce. Estionstions. Drime quequequencerice as , ate nga mu kifo eky'okumanyibwa ennyo mu n'okumanyibwa kwa bannakyeenya, kijja ku kumanyibwa bulungi mu ngeri y'okumanyisaawo, ey'okumanyisaamu, ey'okumanyisa obulungi, ey'

Okusobola okweyongera okusoma ku misingi egikwata ku by'amateeka, kebera Cornell Legal Information Institute ku bikwata ku kukuuma obwetwaze, EPA ewa obulagirizi obukwata ku bukuumi obwa nnakyemalira ku nkuumi wansi w'amateeka ageeddewo[, ne ku butongole [[FLT:]Confectoral] Confectorive Apporation propulection Office