Table of Contents
Ensibuko y’Okulingana mu Ndowooza z’Eby’obufuzi mu Amerika
Endowooza egamba nti abantu bonna baalingana teva ku ttuluba lya Amerika. Emirandira gyayo gyava ku bufirosoofo obw'Ekitangaala, naddala ebya John Locke, eyagoberera ennyo endowooza za Thomas Jefferson ne Bataata abalala ab'omu Nsi. Jefferson bwe yawandiika Ekirangiriro eky'Obwetwaze mu 1776, yannyonnyola omusingi gwa njawulo: "abantu bonna baatondebwa nga benkana" era nga baweereddwa n'Omutonzi waabwe alina eddembe eritayinza ku kufuna bulamu, eddembe, era n'okunoonya essanyu. Ekiwandiiko ekyo tekyali kyakulaakulaakulaakulaakulabirako bute; kyafuuka ekisinziiro eky'empisa mu kugezesa kwa Amerika. Kyokka, mu mawanga amappya gaali ga njawulo nnyo. Obuddukiro obwa bulijjo bwali mu mateeka ag'eby’enjawulo. Obuddukiro obwa bulijjo, obwannakazi tebwalina n'ebintu ebizingirwamu mu mawanga ebiva mu mawanga ebivamu.
Endagaano eyasooka: Etuuka ku Kigero eky’Okubeera Obungi
Ekiragiro kino kyawandiisa ekibiina ky'omuddu mu 1787 mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga lya Philadelphia ekiwandiiko eky'enkomeredde ekyategekebwa okuteekawo gavumenti y'ensi eyo ekoleramu. Tekirimu kigambo "okulingana". Wabula, kyalimu enteekateeka ezaakakasa era ne zikuuma enteekateeka y'obuddu. Obuddu bwa mirundi esatu obwali bufuuliddwa abantu abaddu. Beewaayo ng'obutundu busatu obw'omuntu olw'ekigendererwa eky'okussaawo omusingibwa n'okusasula omusolo. Obuddu obw'omusolo bwakkiriza okuyingiza abantu mu buddu abantu mu nsi eyo okutuusa mu 1808. Obwaddu Fugiotice Clavice kyali kyetaagisa okuddayo abaddu abaddu abo abaaddu okuddayo eri baawe. Bwamateeka abo ab'esudde obululu olw'okuva mu mateeka, naye nga tebeetaagisa kuteekawo kaweefube w'okuteekawo amateeka mu kuteekawo etteeka mu mateeka. Ek'entegeka y'enkola y'obuddu, era ne mu mwaka gwa 17911991, yalemererwa n'enkola ennene ey'enkola enfumbo.
Ebigambo Ebizza Obuggya: Okwenkanankana Okuyitira mu Mateeka
Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olw'omunda, eggwanga eryo lyatandika okukola omulimu gwalyo ogwali gusinga okuteeka mu ntegeka y'amateeka mu kifo kimu n'okwolesebwa kwa Krangiriro. Ebisooto bisatu ebisatu ebimanyiddwa nga Amereka agaddanyusibwa, byakyusa amateeka.
Ekiwandiiko eky’okusatu (1865)
Eno ye tteeka eryasooka okussaawo engeri ey'enjawulo ey'okulingana: eddembe okuva ku buddu. Wadde kiri kityo, oluvannyuma ebigambo byalyo byakozesebwa mu kusibawo obuddu n'okussaawo amateeka, ne kireetawo obusika obw'ekika ekirala.
Ekiwandiiko ekya 14 (1868)
Mu mwaka gwa 1857, Omuteesi ow'okubiri (Dreed Scott) kye kintu kimu ekikulu ennyo ekirina akakwate n'obwenkanankana. Ekiragiro kino bwe kyawa abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaatondebwa mu Amerika obusika obusika, ne kikomyawo okusalawo kwa Scourt Scott okwali kugaana obutuuze bwa Bamerika. Omuntu yenna okukkirizibwa mu ggwanga eryo okusobola okukuuma eddembe ek'enkomeredde eririna kumenyebwa gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kyawa abantu bonna abava mu ggwanga obusika obutuufu obutuufu obw'enkola ebizikwata ku mateeka ga ssemasaza ne ku mateeka 150 agaddako.
Ebiwandiiko 15 (1870)
Wadde nga k'etandizzeeko kkaseti, gavumenti zaayongera okukaka obululu obwali businziira ku langi, langi, oba obuddu obwali bubaddewo emabega okusobola okukima abantu, tezaakakasa nti buli muntu alina kulondebwa; gavumenti zeeyongera okukakaatika omusolo, okunoonyereza ku kusoma, n'ebiragiro ebyasalibwa jjajja omusajja okusazaamu olukusa ennukuta z'abaddukiro.
Okunnyonnyola Okusingayo Obutono Okwali mu Kkooti Ey’Okulingana ne Claus
Ebyo kkooti enkulu by’esalawo biraga nti abantu basobola okutegeera kye kitegeeza okuba n’obwenkanankana.
Ferguson (1896) ne Enjigiriza Eyenkanankana Naye Naye Eyawukana
Mu [[NKULA:0] Plattery v. Ferguson, kkooti enkulu ewagidde etteeka eryali ligaana abatuuze b'eggaali z'omukka okwawula empanvu mu langi ez'enjawulo, nga bagamba nti okugattika obuwere obwa 14 mu nteeko kyali kya kukakasa nti obunene bw'eby'obufuzi bulina kulingana, so si kulingana mu bantu. Kkooti eyo yassaawo enjigiriza egamba nti okufufuggana obusosoze obw'ekika kya Clauslaus ebeerenga kyenkanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankana. Ekiragiro kino kyateekawo ekiwandiiko ekimala emyaka egisukka mu 50.
Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – Okukyusa okwawukana naye nga kyenkanankana
[Frown v. . .Kkukulu kwalina ekiseera ekimala mu mateeka ga Amereka. Mu kusalawo okwalimu kwako ku nsonga eno, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti okusosola mu langi mu masomero ga bantu kwalina kutuukirira. Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren yawandiika nti "Ebkolero eby'enjigiriza tebyakolebwa na buteelingani" era nti okuteekawo olukalala lwa ba Baddugavu ekyaleetera abaana okuyisibwa obubi mu by'enjigiriza ne mu ngeri gye baakulaakulanamu. Kkooti eyo yakkusifu y'enjjulukufu Plattery[FLD] era n'eraga nti okukugira okw'ekitongole ekikyetaawula tekyetaagisa kukolagana na bantu. Ekiragiro ekyo tekwanjula ekiragiro mu bwangu okumanyiiraira mu bwangu naye ne kiyitibwa "kukkiriza kukulaakulana mu bugenderevu," ebigambo ebibadde mu ku ekyo ekigobeezesembera mu ku ku ekyo.
Long Virginia (1967) – Addist Addiction of Anti - Miscgeneation Laws
Mu [[NT:0]] mu v. Virginia, kkooti enkulu ewagidde amateeka agawera obufumbo obw'enjawulo. Kkooti yagamba nti obufumbo bulina okusattululwa ennyo era nti okulondebwa okw'eggwanga kulina okufiibwako "ekika ekya waggulu ennyo." okusalawo okwo tekwali kulaga nti Ekirabo eky'okusosola abantu mu langi mu bufumbo, nga kikakasa nti eddembe ery'okuwasa omuntu ow'eggwanga eddala lirina eddembe lya kukuumibwa nkola eya Clausle ne Eclose Provicial Claus.
Abayizi ku Bitundu by’Essaawa mu Harvard (2023) – Ekikolwa eky’Okuziyiza Obunafu bw’Abalala
Mu kusalawo okwakayita okwalimu okusoomoozebwa okw'amaanyi, kkooti enkulu yakomekkereza bulungi eky'okutunuulira empalana mu matendekero. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti enteekateeka za Harvard n'ez'okukiwayirako tezikkiriza kukola kaweefube nga bakozesa ekika kya Claus eky'okusiikiriza ekiwayirwako ekiva ku langi. Ekiragiro kino kyaguyirikako amakumi g'emyaka nga mw'otwalidde Grajutter v. Bollinger [2003], era nga kilongoosezza endowooza ez'obuyigirize obwa waggulu.
Ebiwangulwa mu Kiwandiiko Ekikola ku Ddembe ly’Eddembe
Ekiragiro ekyo kyasemba akakiiko akaateekawo amateeka agagobererwa abantu okugonjoola obusosoze mu mateeka.
Akakwate ka Kkooti Ek’Eddembe ly’Omukaaga 1964
Mu 1964, akakwakkulizo ka Civil Rights akaalagira ddala etteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu mu Amerika. omutwe II gwagaana okusosola mu bizimbe ebya lukale (mayumba, ebisulo, n'ebifo). Ekiragiro VI kyagaana okusosola abakazi nga baweebwa ssente. Omutwe VII gwagaana okusosola abaddusi olw'eggwanga, langi, eddiini, okwetaba, oba eggwanga. Obusosoze mu by'okwetaba bwakolebwa okusobola okukomya ebbaasa amateeka ago, naye gwafuuka kya maanyi nnyo eri abakazi okufuna ebiwandiiko eby'enkola eya bulijjo.
Atteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu eryayisibwa mu 1965
Oluvannyuma lw'okuziyiza okunkola olukusa eddembe ly'okukuba akalulu mu Selma, Alabama, Congress yayisa akakwakkulizo akalaga nti obumenyi bukkirizibwa okuwandiika n'okuwandiika mu 1965. Etteeka lino lyakkiriza okukkirizibwa mu mateeka g'okulonda, era lyalagira n'ebifo ebimu okufuna enzikiriza mu ggwanga okusobola okukkirizibwa mu mateeka g'okulonda nga tegannakyusa amateeka (nga gannakuba mu nnukuta). Kkooti ya Bankalansi ya Sayalimu ne k'abalagizza ku bukwasi. Kyokka, kkooti esinga obukulu bw'ewandikiro yakkirizibwa mu Shelby County v. Rhomer (2013) kyeyava mu mateeka agakwata ku ku ku kulonda nkola y'okukuba akawumbizi.
Enteekateeka y’Okusulamu mu 1968
Ekitongole Fair Hosworation Act, ekyayisibwa nga Martin Luther King Jr. okutemula olukwe, kigaana obusosoze mu kutunda, okupangisa, n'okusasula ennyumba ezisibuka ku langi, eddiini, enneewa, obuwangwa, obukaba, obuwangwa, obulema, ekintu ekikulu ennyo ekiyamba okukendeeza ku nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu bbuyinza okubaamu obuva mungi bw'amayumba ne mu Amerika.
Okugaziya Obusobozi Okuyitira mu Mitemu Egiddirira
Ekiwandiiko eky’enkola ey’obwenkanankana tekyakoma ku kuzzaawo nkyukakyuka.
Ekiwandiiko eky’ekkumi n’eceaabiri (1920)
Oluvannyuma lw'okumeggana n'enkola y'abakazi okumala amakumi g'emyaka, Emperamentesaawo ey'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'essatu yagaana okutongoza eddembe ly'okukuba obululu olw'okwetaba.
Ekiwandiiko Amakumi abiri n’ekitundu (1964)
Ekiweezo kino kyava ku kulonda mu mawanga abiri mulamba. Okusasula emisolo egyakolebwanga mu maserengeta g'obukiikaddyo kyakozesebwa okugoba bannaggwanga abalangira aba langi n'abavota abaavu. Okutereka obuwanguzi mu kukwata alipoota ey'okulonda, wadde nga kyali kikwata ku kulonda kwa gavumenti kwokka; okulambula okwakolebwako mu kkooti esingawo mu bukiikaddiriŋŋana mu Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions
Ekiwandiiko 20 eky'okuwerebwa kw'amateeka (1971)
Nga baddamu ensonga egamba nti singa abantu abaweza emyaka 18 baayitibwa okulwana mu Vietnam, bandisobodde okukuba akalulu, Amereka ga Amakumi abiri mu Ssakisi gaakendeeza emyaka gy’okulonda ne gatuuka ku 18.
Okukontana kw’Abantu ab’Engeri Embi
Ensibuko y’amateeka ey’obwenkanankana nkyasimbye amakanda mu bukuubagano bw'amateeka n'eby’obufuzi.
Okuba n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu n’Ekiruubirirwa eky’Okuzaala
Kkooti enkulu ya ' bw'esalawo eky'okuggyamu enzivvu. Jackson’s Health Organization (202) egoberedde Roe v. Wade] era n'esazesezza amateeka agafuga entegeka okuggyamu embuto. Ekiragiro kino kyatandikawo amateeka agafuga etteeka era ne kikuuma eddembe lya gavumenti okuggyamu embuto, ate amalala ne gagakugira ddala. Ekibuuzo eky'omu mateeka ku nsonga oba Ekkukyusa Kkolerwa ku DDIIN'e Emirimu kikuuma obutuufu obw'okwegatta. Mu ngeri eyo, okusososokebwa n'okwewala obuteekusifu, okusalibwa okw'obujja obutuufu okw'obujjanjabi kisigalamu.
LGBTQ+ Rights
Mu [[NKK:0] obeeko o] ob'. Hoddell (2015), kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti obufumbo obw'ekika kya nnamba bukkirizibwa ku sistemu y'emu n'ekikola nga Climate Classies. Gye buvuddeko awo, mu [[[FL:2]]Bostock v.Clayton Counts[F:] [2020]), Kkooti y'emu ennyonnyola nti obufumbo obwa Kiteeso si si ya kika kya nnamba okuwanirira abakosebwa obwa bulijjo okusinziira ku ngeri ey'okwegatta oba ekikulabira eky'ekikula. Kyokka, obusosoze bungi bulaga nti abantu batwalibwa mu mayumba, ne mu kkomero ez'enjawulo, era n'eby'eddiini byeyongera okuziyitibwa mu LBT+T, nga ebiba ebibalwa mu ngeri y'okulingana ne mu ngeri erabibwamu: [FFF][3][5][5]]
Enjawulo mu Bufuzi bw’Obumenyi bw’Amateeka
Ekikolwa eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'okusatu eky'okubonerezebwa okusobola okuleetera obusosoze mu langi okusibibwa mu nsi yonna. Olutalo olw'empaka ez'ekika ekimu, okusalibwa ekibonerezo ekitonotono, era n'okusalibwamu obusosoze mu langi, biviiriddeko abaddugavu n'Abasipeyini okusibibwa mu bungi obw'enkuka n'obungi bw'enkusumbi.
Ekikolwa eky’Okuyigiriza n’Eby’Okuyigiriza
Nga bwe kyogeddwako emabega, okusalawo kwa kooti ey'oku ntikkero enkulu 2023 ku kusalawo kwako ku ngeri gye kuyinza okugobererwamu obuyigirize obwa waggulu. Ebitundu ebimu bireeseewo okuwera programu ez'enjawulo, ez'enjawulo, ez'okugatta (DEI). Enkaayana zeeyongera kukwata ku ki ekiyinza okugattika eb'enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'enjawukana mu mawanga, era oba nga enkola z'enjawukana mu langi zikkirizibwa mu mateeka.
Okulonda Eddembe n’Okusalawo Okusigala nga Mugolokofu
Oluvannyuma Shelby County v. Harmer (2013), eggwanga nnyingi zayisa amateeka agatandikiriza nnamba ya koota, okusala obuvvuzi mu kiseera kya kasawo, n'okusangulamu pulopulogulamu eza bulijjo. Abaziyiza bawakanya enkola zino era baleetera abalonde batono aba bulijjo okulonda n'okumenya amateeka agatali gamu. Ekitebe kya Kko olwo n'eby'okulondamu okulondamu okulonda nga tekukasangi. Era n'enkola endala ziwanditaddeko ekkubonero ku kabi eri wakati w'obuteerezi obwa bulijjo n'obusosoze obw'enjvumbo obusinga obungi. John Voting Reving Active Active Active Active Act, ekisobozesa okuzzaawo enzikirimu ku nsonga ez'okulonda ez'enjheresa.
fundikira
Ekiragiro kino kikyusa enzivuunula y'amateeka agakwata ku kwenkana mu Amerika. Okuva ku lulimi olwa waggulu olwa Declaration okutuuka ku kuddawo olukulu olw'okukyusa, okuva ku kuwangula kw'entalo ezikolebwa ku kitongole ekikola ku ntegeka z'eddembe eza Kibiina ekikola ku by'okulonda, eddembe ery'okuzaala, n'ensonga ez'eggwanga, amakulu g'okwenkanankanankana geeyongera okunnyonnyolwa n'okumanyibwa. Olugendo olwo lwe lw'amateeka, naye lwe lwolulyo lwolulyo lw'abantu olugobedde, era lweruwandisizza obulamu mu bisuubizo byalwo. Okutegeera omusingi guno si kye kintu ekikulu mu ku abo bonna abaagala okuzzaawo abantu abangi. Olugendo olwo terusobozesa bantu kugyenkanankanankanankanankana na ku nkomerero, ate ne ku ssuula oluddako lugamba oluddako.
Okusobola okwongera okusoma, kebera mu National Archives[ ku by'ebiwandiiko ebikulu, [ project mu kkooti enkulu] ebifunze, [[[FLT:]American Liberations Union[ Kino kitegeka nti ebiva mu biwandiiko eby'edda, ne [ Ekitebe eky'ebrantho mu ku nsonga ezikkiriza okukebera obusaze obw'okutongozaamu.