Endowooza ey'okugabanyawo gavumenti gavumenti, yatandikawo ebyasa bingi, era n'eba nga y'ekola ku nkyukakyuka mu ntegeka za demokulase. Okuva ku bajeemu abaawaliriza Kabaka John okusiiga olukalala oluyitibwa Magna Carta mu 1215 okutuuka ku mpaka ezikwata ku kweyingiza oba okulaba obulango, okufuba okuwaliriza gavumenti n'okukuuma eddembe ly'omuntu kinnoomu, ekyali omutwe gwa byafaayo. Ekitundu kino kinoonyereza ku biwandiiko ebikulu, abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku ndowooza ez'enjawulo, enkyukakyuka, n'enkola z'enkola ezaaleetawo okukeberezebwa n'okukkakkakka mu mateeka, n'ensonga z'abantu ezifuga demokulase.

Emisingi gya Magna Carta: Omusingi Ogusobozesa Omuntu Okuba n’Eddembe

Endagaano eyakolebwa mu lukalala lwa demokulase mu Jjuuni 1215, teyakolebwako nga kabaka atayagala lukulwe naye yali ya mirembe gisoboka wakati wa kabaka eyabanga ayawukana n'abajeemu. Wadde kyali kityo, emisingi gyayo gyamanyibwa ne ku kigero ekyo. Ekyasinga okusazesebwa nti kabaka teyali wa waggulu ku mateeka(8) ga demokulase mu kiseera eky'obufuzi obwa nnamaddala. Claus 39 ne 40 ku buli lukiiko olusooka lwa kampani eyawa ono yayisa ekiragiro kya Clausskaas'okuba nti tewali muntu wa ddembe ayinza kusibibwa, kugobebwa, kutwalibwa mu buwaŋŋanguse, oba kutwalibwa buwaŋŋanguse okuggyako nga bavuzibwe bavuzibwe oba olw'amateeka g'ensi. Kino kyasimba ensigo ez'enkola eyava mu mu kiseera ekyo.

Wadde nga Kabaka John yalwawo okugaana ekiwandiiko ekyo era Papa n'agisazaamu, Magna Carta yaweebwa essomero emirundi egiwerako mu kiseera ky'obufunze era n'afuuka ekisinziirwako mu mateeka g'Ekingereza. Obukodyo bwagyeyongera ne ku biwandiiko ebirala nga Leavner of Leaderns of Learn (1628) ne Bill of Rights (1689), nga bino ebirala byewandiise mu lukiiko lwa paalumenti. Amaka ago ag'akabonero gaawandiikako era gaawandiika ebyago ga Amereka Amerika agaateekawo olukalala olw'ensonga zaabwe eziwakanya Bungereza. Leero, kopi ennya ez'edda zikyaliwo, era emisingi gyazo emirala egiva mu mateeka ga gavumenti giteekwa okugattibwa mu nsi yonna. [FLD:]

Claus Eyalina Etteeka Ery’Amateeka

  • Claus 39: Tewali muntu alikwatibwa, kusibibwa, oba kugobebwa okuggyako nga bavubuka banne bamusalidde omusango oba nga bateekeddwawo amateeka g’ensi.
  • Claus 40: Tewali muntu gwe tujja kutunda, tewali n’omu gwe tuyinza kwegaana oba okulwawo okutunda munne.
  • Claus 12: Obusolo oba ebikompola (emisolo) byaweebwanga okusinziira ku magezi aga bulijjo agaaweebwanga mu ttwale, era nga gaasooka kusalibwa nga basinziira ku bukkiriza.
  • Claus 61: Olugero oluyingira mu mateeka olukkiriza akakiiko akakola abakungu 25 okufuga kabaka(ebbanga ery’enjawulo erikwata ku buyinza.)

Engeri Ebintu Gye Biyinza Okubaawo ng’Alina Ebitegeevu

Mu kyasa eky’ekkumi n’omusanvu n’eky’ekkumi n’etaano n’eky’ekkumi n’omunaana waaliwo enkyukakyuka ey’amaanyi eyakolebwa mu bantu eyali egezesa eddembe lya bakabaka Katonda lye yalina era nga n’obufirosoofo obugobererwa mu demokulase.

John Locke n’Eddembe ly’Obutonde

Mu Treaties of Gavumenti[[FULT:1] (1689), John Locke yagamba nti abantu bonna bazaalibwa nga balina eddembe ery'envuma, ery'okukola enneyisa oba ery'ebintu. Yawaayitiriza nti gavumenti esobola okukuuma eddembe lino; gavumenti bw'etandika okuzikiriza, abantu balina eddembe eriritwala okulyiwa. Endowooza za Thomas Jefferson mu Kraclation of Independence era n'ekyusa amateeka ga Amereka. Endowooza ye ku ndagaano y'okukolagana mu nfunamu n'abantu okugattikanya eddembe lyabwe okwanganga ennongooso.[1]w'okuba nti abatuuze bakkirizibwa okubuuzibwa ku n'enkola yaabwe ey'okukyusaamu mu n'obufuzi.[5]

Montesquieu n’Okwawukanya kw’Amaanyi

Baron de Montesquieu, mu Omwoyo gw'Amateeka [1748], gwagamba nti omuntu yenna oba ekibiina ekimu okuwa obulagirizi kireetawo okujooga. Yakubawo ekiteegezo eky'okugabanya gavumenti okuba amatabi asatu: ebitongole ebikola ku bukulembeze, n'okusala emisango, buli emu esobola okulaba agamu amalala. Endowooza eno egobererwa butereevu Abamandagika ne basigala nga bagoberera enkola ya demokulase.Montesquieudiyo era yagyezza nnyo obukulu bw'amateeka agalaga obulombolombo n'embeera y'eggwanga.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau ne Will

Rousseau's [[NKULU:0] Ekiwandiiko eky'ensonga (1762]) kyawa endowooza nti obufuzi obwa nnannyini businziira ku kigendererwa ky'abantu bonna. Yawawaanya nti abantu b'omu butonde okusobola okufuna eddembe mu gavumenti erimu okulaga nti "gaganzi." Wadde nga endowooza za Rousseau zinnyonnyonnyoddwa mu mateeka ga demokulase ne mu nkola ya demokulase, essira lye lyasittaza obufuzi obwa bulijjo ne demokulase. Endowooza ye egamba nti amateeka gateekwa okuba nga gakola ku bantu bonna wansi w'eddembe ly'amateeka era nga ganywesezza omusingi gwa demokulase.

Embeera ya Amerika ey’Ekyewaggula: Ekyokulabirako Ekippya eky’Obufuzi

Olukukusanyanya lw'Amerika (1775-1783) lwe lwasooka okukozesebwa ku kukolebwa kw'eggwanga eriggya. Ekiwandiiko ekigamba nti obwetwaze bwalwo (1776) kyasaba Locke'okubawa obwannakyewa obwa bulijjo era ne kigamba nti gavumenti zisobola okuzuula “obufuzi obw'obwenkanya okuva ku bukkiriza abafuzi okufugibwa. Ebiwandiiko ebyaddako ebiwandiikibwa mu Confederation byanafuwa nnyo ne kiba nga kyaviirako okuwandiisibwa kwa gavumenti y'eggwanga mu 17878.8-a ekiwandiiko ekyatandikawo gavumenti ey'ekitongole ekya gavumenti ey'ekika ekya gavumenti ey'ekika ekya gavumenti ey'enjawulo naye nga kiriko ektono.

Enteekateeka y'okukeberebwa n'okuliteekamu ekkomo yakolebwa okuziyiza ettabi lyonna obutafuga. Pulezidenti asobola okuteekawo amateeka, Congress asobola okubuuka pulezidenti, era Kkooti Supreme eyinza okusaanyawo amateeka nga ag'obutateekawo gavumenti. Amaanyi agaateekebwa mu Matricbury v. Madison (1803]. Bill of Rights (1791) yagattako obukuumi obw'enkwaso ku gavumenti nga mw'otwalidde n'ennigi, n'ennyanjuba, n'entegeka ez'enzikiriza, entegeka, n'enkuŋŋaana, n'obuwagguzi, obube, obuttujjuzi, n'obukambwe.

Magazi ga Federalist Papers agaawandiikibwa Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay, gaayamba mu kulwanirira enzimba z'amateeka. Federal No. 10 'Federal''' yagamba nti olukalala lwa gavumenti luyinza okusobozesa obutemereze obwa demokulase okufuga obulungi demokulase, so nga bwe kiteeteeka mu ttwale lya Federation No. 51 kyalaga engeri okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza gye kuyinza okulemesa ettuttuka. Okusoma ebiwandiiko byonna eby'empandika za demokulasenti

Ebintu Ebikulu Ebiri mu Kyakulabirako ku Lukalala lw’Essanduuko y’Obufumbo mu Amerika

  • Okwawulamu amaanyi mu matabi asatu ag'omukozesa
  • Olukiiko lw'ebikaawe (Ennyumba ne Ssenkunala) lunoonyereza ku bintu ebitali bimu
  • Obusosoze n’okweyawulayawulamu gavumenti z’amawanga
  • Okukebera mu kusala emisango kisobozesa kkooti okumenya amateeka agatakkirizibwa
  • Entegeka ey’okukyusa amateeka ekyetaagisa okukola ennyo okusobola okukyusa amateeka agasookerwako

Ddiini Okujeema n’Okutandika kw’Eddembe ly’Obuntu

Mumutendera ogwakolebwa mu Bufalansa (1789-1799) gwatandika ng'ekigendererwa eky'okuggyawo eddembe eryali n'entebe ennume ery'obufumbo obwa nnannyini n'enkizo ez'enjawulo. Ekirangiriro eky'Eddembe ly'Eddembe ly'omuntu n'eky'Omutuuze, kyatandika mu Agusito 1789, nga kyalangirira nti "abantu bazaalibwa era nti be bokka ab'eddembe era nti benkanankanankanankana mu ddembe lya n'entegeka."

Ekirangiriro kyawa bukakafu ku ddembe ery'okwogera, ery'okukuba empapula z'amawulire, n'ery'eddiini, awamu n'okusuubira nti abatalina musango n'obukuumi okuva ku kukwatibwa. Emisingi gino gyaviirako kaweefube ow'enkyukakyuka mu Bulaaya ne Latin America. Kyokka, waayita ekiseera kitono nnyo enkyukakyuka n'evaawo n'eba nga n'enkyukakyuka mu Bufuzi bwa Aluguwa mu kiseera kya Robespierre, nga kyoleka akabi ak'obufuzi bwa demokulase. Ekiwandiiko kya Napoleon kyalaga engeri emitindo gya demokulase gye gyandiyimiriziddwa ennyo. Wadde nga wazzewo enkyukakyuka zino, obwetaanyisi w'obufuzi obwa demokulase era oluvannyuma lwonke, wabaddewo enk Regirectiveration of the Lokalery of the Lowell Triccus of the Lowell mu 1948.

Obuguwa n’Ebikolwa: Okufuba Nnyo

Emyaka egyasooka egy'enkyukakyuka mu by'enkyukakyuka gyalina obutategeeragana wakati w'Abagirondins abaali bassa essira ku mateeka oba ku butebenkevu obutonotono, ne ku ba Jacobins, abaalwanirira obuyinza mu nsi yonna. Akakiiko ka Jacobin akakola ku butebenkevu bwa gavumenti kaasibawo eddembe lya bantu bangi mu linnya ery'okulwanirira obwewagguzi, nga kiraga nti ne gavumenti eziganzi ziyinza okufuuka ez'enkuka awatali kukugira nkola.

Ekyasa 19: Okugaziya Enkolagana Yaffe ne Yakuwa

Ekyasa 19 kyali kiseera eky’okwegattirawo kwa demokulase awamu n’amateeka agakugira ennyo obuyinza mu Bulaaya ne mu Amerika.

Mu United Kingdom, olukalala lw'Ebikolwa by'Enkyukakyuka (1862, 1867, 1884) gye baakoma okugaziya obuyinza ku bantu abasingawo. Ekibiina kya Tcharstic bwe kyasaba abasajja okusiiga obusimu n'abateeba mu nsi yonna. Okumalibwawo kw'obuddu mu bitundu byonna ebya Bungereza (1833) ne United States (1865) kwalaga okukugira okw'amaanyi era n'amateeka okukugira abantu kinnoomu. Obw'omulembe ogwa 13, 14, n'ogw'ogwa 15 'Lw'etteeka lyavaako obuddu, ne liba nga libawagidde obuddu obw'omu mateeka, era okusobola okukuumibwa wansi w'amateeka, era n'okukuba kalulu walala okusobola okusobola okuwangula abantu okumala ekyasa ekyasooka.

Mu Amereka ow'omu Latine, ebibiina eby'okwennyigira mu ntalo ebyakubirizibwa ne bannalukalala mu Amereka ne Bufalansa byaviirako okutandikawo teyokulase tepikuliimu ziwandiikike wadde nga bangi baameggana n'enkola za bannakyemalira. Mu Bulaaya, okubeewaggula kwa 1848 kwasaasaanyiza okukaluumira amateeka, eddembe ly'abantu, n'okwemalirira mu ggwanga, okusiga ensigo ez'okufuuka enkolagana eya demokulase mu nsi nga Bufalansa, Bugirimaani, ne Italy.

Ebibiina by'abakozi n'eby'abantu bannakyewa byatandikawo obwetaavu obwetaavu bw'eby'enfuna n'entebe z'abantu, nga bigaziya ebiruubirirwa bya gavumenti nga bisobola okubaamu obukuumi eri obuyinza bwa kampuni era. Abateebereze nga John Stuart Mill, mu ku Liberty[ (1859] [1859]], baalaga ddala akabi akayinza okuviirako omuntu okukoma ku ku kukugira akabi ku buli muntu, era nga kino kye kiyinza okuleetera okutaasa abalala okubuusibwa okukaanya ku nsonga ezikwata ku gavumenti.

Ekyasa 20: Entegeka z’Ensi Yonna Ezikkiriza Demokulase

Ekyasa ekya 20 kyalaba okweyongera kwa demokulase obutabangawo awamu n'entalo eza bannaakyemalira ez'amaanyi. Ssematalo I bwe yaggwa, obwetwaze bwa Austro-Hung, Bugirimaani, Ottoman, ne Russia bwagootaanyewo era ne mu ggwanga eriggya. Ekiwaawe ky'Amawanga wadde nga kyalina obunafu, kyasooka kugezaako okussaawo entikko z'obufuzi obw'ensi yonna okusobola okuleetawo emirembe.

Eky'obufuzi bwa gavumenti, obwawula eby'ebbula ly'obwannakyemalira n'okutandikawo obwa nnamba mu kufuga okw'ensi yonna, byaviirako gavumenti okuyisa obubi ennyo eddembe ly'abantu, era ne biteekawo gavumenti eza demokulase ezaawaliriza eddembe ly'eby'enfuna ng'eyongera okugaziya eddembe ly'abantu. Olutalo olw'okutta abantu n'olw'olutalo olwokubiri kyakamya ensi okutegeera nti obufuzi bw'omu maka tebwalina kuba nga butuukiridde ddala era nti eddembe ly’obuntu liteekwa okukuumibwa mu nsi yonna.

Ekibiina ky'Amawanga Amagatte kyatandikibwawo mu 1945 nga kirimu ekiwandiiko ekyateekebwawo etteeka eryateekebwawo etteeka eryali likubiriza okuteekawo "eddembe ly'obuntu n'eddembe ery'ennimi eri bonna". Ekiwandiiko Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) ekyatongozebwa mu 1948, kyassaawo olukalala olw'enkalala olw'eby'obufuzi, olw'eby'eby'enfuna, olw'obuwangwa, olw'obuwangwa, n'eby'obuwangwa. Wadde nga tewali lukkiriza, kyafuuka omusingi gwa mateeka ga ntegeka ab'eddembe ly'abantu mu nsi yonna, nga kikubiriza amateeka g'eggwanga n'enkago. Okwetegereza ebyawandiikibwa byonna ebya UDHR[FLT].

Okukkusa n’Ebyabufuzi Ebippya

Mu kiseera eky'ekyasa era kyamanyika mangu nti Asiya, Afirika, ne Caribbean bifuuse biwayi bya demokulase. Amawanga mangi geetongodde mu by'obufuzi wadde nga waaliwo obutakkaanya mu by'obufuzi, okugattulirawo abaserikale n'ebitundu by'empaka emu ebyaddirira. Enkyukakyuka ya Buyindi mu nkola ya demokulase mu 1947, era ne ssemateeka awalala w'amateeka era ne ssemateeka akakasa eddembe ly'enkalakkalira lya demokrase.[1] Yateekawo ekyokulabirako ekya maanyi ekisobola okumanyibwa ne ga demokulase wabwerusa wabweru.

Olutalo olw’Ebukiika Ddyo n’Okulwanirira Enkolagana Ennungi

Mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w'Ekimugunyu, Amereka ne Soviet Union byombi byeyama okulwanirira eddembe ate nga biwagira obufuzi obwannakyemalira. Ekibiina ky'eddembe ly'abantu mu United States (1950sä1960s) kyawaliriza gavumenti okukaka ekitongole ekifuga enjawukana ku mulembe ogwa waggulu, ekyakomekkereza mu Kitego kya Civil Rights Act (1964) ne Voting Rights Act (1965). Ku mulundi guno, ebibiina ebiwakanya eddembe ly'obwa nnamba ez'obuntu mu Buvanjuba bwa Bulaaya, gamba nga Unidaraty in Poland ne Charter 77 mu Czechoslovaquia, byawaliriza gavumenti z'obukommososoze obwa nnakyewa zisseemu enkano za gavumenti z'enkola ku ddembe ly'abantu.

Ekyasa eky’Aka 21: Okusoomooza n’Okuddamu Okuyolekagana Nakwo

Gavumenti zireeseewo enjawulo mu ngeri enneekusifu, gamba ng'okulabula abantu ku bintu, okwekenneenyeza ebibakwatako, okwekweka ku balala, n'okubonyaabonya abo ababa bayisiddwa obubi.

Ebibiina ebikola ku buwagizi bwa demokulase era ebikola ku nkola ya populitiki bisoomooza enkola za demokulase mu nsi nnyingi, okuva mu Hungary ne Poland okutuuka ku Amerika ne Brazil. Abakulembeze batabaganye n'abalamuzi abeekulembedde, ebikuba empapula z'amawulire, n'okulonda okukuuma obugolokofu.

Tekinologiya omupya era asobozesa abantu okunenyezebwa olw'ebintu bye baba bategese: mpuliziganya eza gavumenti, okulonda, n'okuyita abantu ku b'obuyinza obutongole obubafuga, bibasobozesa okulabirira obutereevu.

Ebya Ddaala ne Gavumenti

  • Ebyo Edward Snowden bye yayogera mu 2013 ebikwata ku nkola za kaweefube ow'okukebera ebizimbe mu nsi yonna byaleetawo enkaayana n'enkyukakyuka ezimu mu nkyukakyuka.
  • Ekitongole ky'eby'obufuzi mu Bulaaya Union's General Data Protection Regum (GDPR) kyateekawo obukuumi bwa maanyi nnyo singa wabaawo okuzuula ebintu ebya bulijjo, ne kiziyiza okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kwa gavumenti n'okukuŋŋaanyizibwa kwa kampuni.
  • Tekinologiya akozesa eby’okuwandiika ebiba byetaaga okugobererwa awatali kukugirwa kwonna, naye gavumenti era ereetera abantu okuteeka obuwangwa bwabwe mu bifo ebirala.

Okukuba Obululu n’Okutandika kw’Eddembe ly’Obufuzi bwa Demokulase

  • Okukyusa amateeka mu Hungary ne Poland kiviiriddeko obuyinza okukendeeza ku ddembe ly’okusala emisango, era ne ku mikutu gy’empuliziganya okukugira.
  • Mu Amerika, okuziyizibwa kw’ekitongole ekikola ku by’obwenkanya n’obutasosola kigezesezza embeera y’abantu.
  • Entambula ez'oku makya n'ey'okuvuganya mu ddumbi lya Hong Kong ziraga nti abantu babeera bulindaala.

Olugendo Olugenda mu Maaso:

Endowooza nti gavumenti eriko ekkomo efuuka nkyukakyuka, era eyoleka emitindo n'ebiruubirirwa by'abantu ebikyukakyuka. Okuva ku bapaapa mu Runnymede okutuuka ku bannakyewa ba sayansi ab'omu kiseera kino, okufuba okusobola okukakasa nti obuyinza buwa abantu obulagirizi mu kifo ky'okubafuga kweyongera mu maaso.

Nga tutunuulira ebiseera eby'omu maaso, tekinologiya ow'enkalakkalira, enkyukakyuka z'embeera y'obudde, n'okusoomooza okutali kumu okw'ensi yonna, kijja kutwetaagisa endowooza empya ku ngeri y'okufugamu obuyinza(byombi) oba engeri y'okufugamu abantu kinnoomu. emisingi egyateekebwawo mu byasa munaana gisigalamu obulagirizi obusingirayo ddala obulungi: nti tewali muntu n'omu ali waggulu ku mateeka, nti okukkiriza obufuzi kye kisinziirwako kyesigamye ku buyinza, era nti buli muntu alina ekitiibwa n'ennanyimirira yennyini gavumenti gye teyinza kujeemera mu bwenkanya.