Emirandira Emituufu egy’Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini

Okulwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu mu Amerika tekwatandikira ku kutambulira mu myaka gya 1960. emisingi gyayo gyava ku kutandika biwandiiko ebyatandikawo era ne mu nnaku ez'edda ennyo ez'eggwanga eryo.

Ekiteeso Scott (1857)

Obubaka butono nnyo mu byafaayo bya Amereka bwe butyo. Dred Scott h.. Dred Scott, omusajja eyali mu buddu, yabeeranga ne mukama we mu bifo ebyamusasulamu nga tannaddayo Missouri, akakiiko k'obuddu. Yagezaako okuwakanya nti okubeera mu ttaka lye erya bwereere kyamufuula omuntu. Omukulembeze w'amateeka Roger Tay, awandiika ku lw'abasinga obungi, yawandiisa endowooza ey'akabi. Kkooti omuntu yenna mu Afirika, kabe ng'omuddu oba nvumu, yali tayinza kutwalibwa ng'omutuuze w'omu United States, era nga talina kuyimirira mu kkooti ya ggwanga. Taney'ayongera okugamba nti, obutaalina buyinza kuziyiza mu matwale g'eggwanga. Yasso si kye yaleetera obuddu okumenyawo. [First]

Ferguson (1896)

Oluvannyuma lw'okukomyawo olukalala lw'amateeka agafuga enfuge mu Southern, amasaza gaateekawo olukalala lw'amateeka agaamanyibwa nga Jim Crow agakaka abantu okusosola mu langi. Mu 1892, Homer Plessy, omusajja ow'engaadi ennukko z'empaka, yeebasuka mu mmotoka y'abaggaali b'abadduga abazungu yokka mu Louisiana okusoomooza oluguudo lwa gavumenti, oluwandikiddwako olumu olu kkooti enkulu. Omusango gwatuuka ku kkooti enkulu, kkooti gye yakolanga olukalala lw'eggwanga wansi w'enjigiriza ya [[FLY:] era nga yenkana. Omusango Henry Bills Brown, olwawandiika abantu 7 1, nga gugamba nti olukiiko lwokka wakati w'ebifo, terubadde na bugulumivugibwa. John Marshan Harlan, mu kifo ekya waggulu, yayisawo n'abantu aba bulijjo, era n'abatunzi okumanya obulungi obulungi obulungi mu bibiina by'ebitongole ebiva mu bitundu eby'ebitongole ebisabiro.[2]

Ebigambo Ebitongozebwa: Ekisuubizo Kiwereddwa

Okusobola okutegeera emitindo gy'abantu, omuntu alina okutunuulira olukalala olw'ennamba oluba wakati wa 1865 ne 1870. Olukusaanyawo olw'ekkumi n'enkumi n'ekitundu lwavaawo. Kkooti enkulusa ya kkumi na nkumi n'ewakazi yawa obusika obwali bwenkanankana wansi w'amateeka, n'obukuumi obwabanga busaanira. Entegeka eno eya 15 yagaana okulonda eddembe ly'enjereere olw'enjawukana. Ebyo ebyakolebwa okusobola okuleetawo entegeka empya, byakkirizibwa okuleetawo entegeka empya ya tteeka eriggyamu tteeka eriggya tteeka eriggya tteeka eriggya. Kyokka, Kkootikko ya Kkooti ey'okusinga obungi yategeeza obusika obwo. [[FLT:]]] Omuntu okusukkutawa mu Nnyumba y'eggulo (187]) n'empewo) yakkiriza eddembe erya waggulu erya Kko, nga likkirizibwa ku nsonga ezikkirizibwamu. Kkootikko. Kkootik'ek'envir. mu mateeka ekyo kya Bbak'en

Ekibinja kya Kizimbe Ekikola ku Ddembe ly'Eddembe ne ku Kumenya Amateeka

Mu kyasa ekya 20 waaliwo okweyongerayongera mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu okwakyusa etteeka lya Amerika. NaACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund wansi w'obukulembeze bwa Thirfall Marshall, yakola enteekateeka mu bugenderevu okuggyawo ensala y'enkalo. Kaweefube gwabwe yakomekkereza mikisa emingi egyatuuka ku nkola ya Kkooti Ekulu ennyo eya Jim Crow.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Omusango ogusinga okumanyibwa mu byafaayo bya Amerika gwegwo ogu Brown v. Boodi ey'Essomero lya Topeka. Omusango gwakuba oludda olw'ensonga ttaano ez'enjawulo ezisoomooza enjawukana mu langi mu masomero ga gavumenti. Mu kusala omusango gwannazo okusatu okwawandiikibwa Kearl Warren, kkooti enkulu yawandisizza [[FLT:] Plugn. Ferguson[[FLT:]], nga yagamba nti "Essomero z'enjigiriza teri mu butonde. Kkooti ya sayansi okusobozesa abaana okumanyibwa obusokebwa obusokezi mu Afirika. [FLT:] Brown.[FFFFF:5]] Teyalinawo mu mateeka ag'omu mateeka; teyeesigaliddewo mu mateeka; teyesense mu mateeka gamu gavumenti endala. Kko ekyo kyayawukagira mu n'enkulabisi mu n'enkola y'enkulabisi eya Bulaawuka. Era, ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole

Gayle (1956): Empaka ya Legacy of the Montgomery Bus Boycott

Rosa Parks ’ yagaana okuleka bbaasi kudda mu kifo kye nga Ddesemba 1, 1955, yaleetawo okusoomooza okw'omu mateeka okwakomya okusoosa bbaasi mu Montgomery tekwali Brown v. Board naye omusango ogwayitibwa [[FL:] Browder v. Gayle.

Virginia (1967): Eddembe ly’okuyingira obufumbo

Wadde [[NKULA: 0] yagamba abaana okuva mu bufumbo , n'asaba ebifunvu mu ssomero, [[FLT] Virginia n'akwataganya n'omukazi ow'enjawulo. Mu 1958, Richard Long, omusajja omuzungu, ne Mildred Jeter, abafumbiriddwa mu Washington, D.C., okugoba Virginia & # &817; Balaakula mu Bugolokofu. Bwe baakwatibwa mu Virginia, baakwatibwa era ne basibibwa mu musango. Omulamuzi yasiba ekibonerezo kyabwe ku mbeera gye bava mu mateeka ne bataddayo emyaka 25. Omusango ogwatuuka ku kkooti ey'oku lusegere, ogwaviirako obufumbo obw'enjawulo. Earrennernerner, yawandiika ku "Dirrents, oba obutafumbirwa, oba ku muntu omu ku ggwanga eri mu kifo ekimu mu mateeka agamu.[5]

Obwesigwa n’Okwawula Eggwanga ku Mulimu

Kaweefube oyo yaleetawo amateeka abiri: kaadi y'Eddembe ly'abantu mu 1964 ne akalaga eddembe ly'obuntu mu 1965. Amateeka gaago gaagooyawooyawo nnyo era ne galagira kkooti enkulu okunnyonnyola n'okuwagira obukwasiddwa bwago. Kkooti ’ bye yasala mu kiseera kino byanyweza nnyo gavumenti mu kukakanya aw'obwannannyini ku mulimu, mu bizimbe, ne mu bifo awasula abantu bonna we bakolera.

Ekintu ekyali mu Atlanta Motel n’omunaana gw’Amerika (1964)

Ku mukolo ogw'okuyisa olukalala mu kitongole kya gavumenti mu 1964, kyagaana obusosoze mu mayumba ga gavumenti, nga wooteeri, ne emizannyo. Nnannyini Ssember of Atlanta Motel, yawakanya etteeka eryali ligamba nti Consert yali asobezza obuyinza bwayo ng'afuga bizineesi eza gavumenti. Yayisa bubi ab'omu Atlanta Motel n'es. United States[FLL] [1], kkooti enkulu yawagira omutwe omutwe II nga enkola ekkulu ey'okukirwanirira obukkulembedde mu kibiina ky'eggwanga. Kkooti eyo yalaga nti okusosola mu bifo ebya lukale mu bantu mu Africanvu. Ekiragiro kino kyagamba nti okusaasaanya Clauslaus Conssionsion ercess orreased okulwana n'okusosola n'ennaak'ensonga za Cirreculculture Tration mu 1964. Kkookkkkkkkk'ewamukkkk'ego yawandikidde mu ngeri y'enkomera ku n'

Griggs okugyenya n'obuwanguzi obwa Diocrative Co. (1971): Empawu ez'enjawulo

Wadde Kino kyayogera ku kusosola okw'amaanyi okw'omu Atlanta era ne kiwandiisa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo, Griggs v. Kampuni ey'omu Budden Power yakwata ku busosoze.[FLT] era yateekateeka enkola ey'obusosoze. Omuntu okusobola okukulembera ebizingirwa mu matendekero mu masomero agamu n'ebyasooka n'okuyita mu nkola eya bulijjo mu by'amagezi gamu. Ebika bya Amerika bya Amerika byagamba nti tebyawulamu. Kkootikko, Kkootikko, mu ndowooza ey'aw'okunoonyereza okwa Kko awatali kussawootibwa kwa Keempera, eyoleka endowooza ey'okugifuula obukulembezo. Kko Kkokko kino kibeera mu ngeri y'ebitongole ekigamba nti:[F] era ne mu bifo by'ebitongole eby'ebitongole eby'eby'ebimu ebiva mu mateeka ebiva mu

Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)

Oluvannyuma 'BrowN v'.' Akawayiro, essomero lingi terikkirizibwa. Ekiragiro Charlotte-Mucklenburg sistem kye kyatongodde. Kkooti ya disitulikiti yategeka okubba ng'ekijja okusobozesa empalana wakati w'enkula y'enjawukana. . Charlotte-Mucklenburg Board of Education[[[[FLLT:3]], kkooti enkulu ewagira okukozesebwa kwa bbaasi, obusokerosokezi bw'ebibala, n'ebyawe ebirala okuggyawo enkola ya tebikwata ku nkola ya bulijjo. [5] Kkootikko:] Kkomero ekkulu "Buggerger kye kimu ku ebyo ebikolebwa mu ku ekyo ebiva mu devvunuase. Okusalawo kwa Kkoodiasaawo &171; okukyusaawula ku by'empala erkukyudiyo.[5][5]

Obusambattuko bw’Ekyokulabirako n’Ekiwandiiko Ekikyusakyusa Endowooza z’Abantu

Ng'eggwanga lyayingira emyaka gya kumi na nkumi emabega era nga n'emyaka gya 21, kkooti enkulu essaawa ennyo essa ettulumu ̱ enzivuunula oba enzivuunula y'amateeka. Kkooti eyo yatandika okubuusabuusa nti eddembe ly'obuntu lirina okukkirizibwa, okulonda obukwafu n'obujjanjabi obulala obuva mu langi endala. Mu kiseera kye kimu, yagaziya eddembe ly'abantu mu bitundu nga LGBTQ+ agent ne ku bulema. Kino kireetawo olukiiko lw'amateeka olwawumbikira ku nsonga ezibalukana ezikwata ku kwenkanankanankanankana. Okunoonyerezayongerayongerayongera mu nsonga ezikwata ku kkooti y'empaka n'obw'enjawulo. [FLT:]

Shelby County v. Langer (2013): Okukendeeza ku Kkubo ly'Eddembe

Kusalawo kungi okw'omu kiseera kino okwagwa ku musingi mu bwangu ng'okukyusa amateeka agafuga obusobozi nga [[FL:0] Shoumer. Mu 1965, Court Rights Act kyalimu enkola eyeetaagisa eb'amawanga agamu era n'ebifo eby'enjawulo okusobola okufuna enzikiriza mu ggwanga okukkirizibwa mu mateeka. Mu kusalawo 5-4, Kkooti enkulu yasala olukalala olwo, nga yeesigama ku kumanya okwava ku bulombolombo obwa bulijjo era nga emenya emisingi gya gavumenti. Omulamuzi omukulu John Roberts yawandiika nti ekikolwa kino kyali kikozeeko okusobola okuwangula ebiwandiiko by'okutuuka ku mu mulembe ogusooka okusobola okutuuka ku kutuuka ku ku kutuuka ku nsonga z'okulonda. [Foff4] Kino kireennyonnyonnyonnyonnyole mu mateeka gaanyezza bulungi enziro wakati w'enkola y'obuvugizi bwa gavumenti z'eggwanga lya Amerika, nga ne mu ngeri enzivuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvuvu mu ngeri endala. [194]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Okugatta abantu

Nga bw'obeera nga bw'obeera obadde omwagala, Virginia bwe yateekawo eddembe erina okugattulula obufumbo obw'enjawulo, bergefell v. Hodges yateekawo eddembe erikkirizibwa okufumbiriganwa mu ngeri y'emu. Omusango gwaleetawo okusoomooza okuwera okuwera okuwera okugattulula obufumbo obw'omu n'ekika kyamu. Mu ku kusalawo okw'enjawulo okw'enjawulo, oluva mu 5-4, Kkootiskootiskootis'okufuga kw'ekkumi n'emitwe emirungi kikwetaagisa enzizo zonna ez'abantu ababiri ab'ebifaananyi okukkirizibwa mu birala mu bitundu ebirala. Ate era ne mu ngeri y'okulambulaamu amateeka agatali gamu.[5]

Fulton n’ekitundu ky’ekibuga Philadelphia (2021)

Obusosoze wakati w'eddembe ly'eddiini n'okusosoosagana bwajjawo mu Fulton v. Ekibuga ky'e Philadelphia[[FL:1]]. Ekibuga ky'e Philadelphia kyalekerawo okwogera ku baana ab'enyolekebwa mu Bitongole by'eddiini eby'Ekikaafiiri (CS) oluvannyuma lw'okuzuula nti CSS teyinza kukakasa abafumbo n'abafumbo ng'abazadde. CSS tekiyinza kutuukiriza ekyo. CSS super songs'abafut'abazadde bakkiriziganya, nga bawakanya nti ̱ enkola eyagootagibwawo mu kibuga , nga tekkirizibwa olw'ensonga ezimu. Kkootikko kyasalawo ekya waggulu kyafuga ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekifuzi enzikirimu, nga kigaana okukizza obutuufu mu nsonga ezimu.[5][5][5][F][F] Kinovuukk'ensonga enkulu .E] Kinokkkkk

Abayizi mu Fair Adgicts n’omu Harvard (2023): Enkomerero y’Okubaako ky’Okolawo

Harvard era ne kkooti enkulu yawagidde okukozesebwa kw'enjawukana mu ngeri emu. [FLT:] mu [FLT] ebiteereddewo ebiwandiikiddwa Fair Admassicts v. Harvard era ne munnazo akwata ku Yunivasite y'omu North Carolina, Kkooti ebadde efuzeeko olukalala. Mu kusalawo 6-3 okw'enjigiriza, abasinga obungi baawakanya enteekateeka ez'enkola eza Clausleece Calaus. Omulamuzi omukulu Roberts yawandiika nti "kuggyawo okusosola langi kitegeeza okukusukkira kwonna," era nti okukkirizibwa mu n'ebiwandiiko eby'enkyukakyuka ebikolebwa mu n'enkyukakyuka ez'enjawulo mu n'enkyukakyuka ezizze mu n'enkyukakyuka. [kusobozesa okulaaw'enkyukakyuka mu n'okukkeenyinyinyinyirizibwa mu n'okukyuka mu ngeri eziragiddwa mu bugazi ennyo okumanyibwa.[5] Kino kiko.[5] Kino kyo kyo kyo kyo kyo kyo kyo kyo

Akakwate k’Eddembe lya Bannaggwanga

Okufuuka obwetwaze ku ddembe ly'abantu mu Amereka si kye kintu ekiba kikulaakulanye. Kkooti enkulu oluusi eyoleka obwenkanya, nga mu Brown v. Kkoodi era era [[FLT]] n'] n'omulala [mu mulembe guno ogumu] bwe buzibu, .[FLT] Ekiragiro kibadde kiremeseeseeseteesa eky'okwenkanankana, nga mu [[FLT:] ate mu ngeri y'ensonga enkulu] n'ensonga endala, ekiwandikiro kibadde ekiremesezza ensonga ez'eby'eby'eby'obufuzi, nga bwe kiba nga mu ate mu nsonga enkulu emu ey'omulembe omu; era nga n'ensonga enkulu eya bulijjo, ekirazesesese mu nsonga enkulu mu ggwanga eri mu ggwanga eri mu ggwanga.[FLT].[FFLT:7] 7.7] 77]. Enkola y'ensonga enkulu ennyonnyola y'ensonga enkulu eyinza okuzinnyonnyola