Emisingi Egitandikawo: E nkola ey’Okukolagana mu Bufumbo

Omusingi ogw'okukeberera n'okuliwula biteekebwa mu mateeka ga Amereka nga enkola okuziyiza ettabi lyonna erya gavumenti ya Amerika okufuna obuyinza obutawerebwa. Bataata ab'okusigibwawo, nga bakozesa obufirosoofo obwa Bannabyabufuzi obwa Montesquieu awamu n'obumanyirivu bwabwe n'obukugu bwa palamenti ya Bungereza, okuziyiiya empali z'amateeka ez'ekika kya Legistative (Conferive), obufuga oba obwa 'Prent', obutongole bw'omukime'omulembeze. Buli ttabi lirina amaanyi n'obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enjawulo. Naye buli ttabi lirina eby'okukozesa eby'okuziyiza, oba okumenya amateeka agalala agatali gamu. Mu kifo ekya waggulu, Yakobo yayogera mu [FLD] No.[51][FFalga" ekigamba "KBBB" ekiba eky'okumenya ekifo eky'okukulembera ekibaawo mu ngamakhulu ngamakhulu ag'ekkumi kya American.[20]

Endowooza enkulu eri nti tewali ttabi lisobola kukola nga tewali bukulembeze oba buwanguzi. Conseil awandiika amateeka, naye Prezidenti asobola okugateeka mu nkola; Pulezidenti asala abalamuzi, naye akakiiko k'awamu kakakasiza; Kkooti Esingirayo ddala ennyonnyola amateeka, naye Consert eyinza okugakyusa oba okutegeeza enzigo z'amateeka. Enkola eno tetegekebwa kusobozesa bantu kukola bintu mu ngeri ennungi naye esobozesa eddembe okukuumibwa. Okutegeera engeri okukolagana mu bifo ebyo gye kulimu mu ntalo ez'edda n'entalo z'amateeka, kyetaagisa okutegeera engeri y'okuzzaawo oba okugonjola o demokulasebwa kwa demokrase mu Amereka.

Ekyokulabirako 1: Argenting Judicial Review – Marbury v. Madison (103)

Wadde nga toyitidde mu kabunyoolagano ak'obwannannyini n'akalondoola enkola ya bannakyewa, kkooti enkulu egoberera enkola y'ekitongole erabikawo [[FLT]bury v. Madison (103] kye kikolwa eky'okusinzeko eky'okusiibge n'okussaawo empalana olw'okuba kyateekawo omusingi gwa [. Omusango guno gwawanjula ekiwandiiko ekyagwo eky'okukebera ebifa ku kiwandiiko ne Pulezidenti: obuyinza okulanga ekiva mu mateeka.

Obukuubagano obwo bwasibuka ku Prezidenti John Adams, omubaka omutono eyasembayo okulonda abalamuzi abalonde abalonde aba Federal. Thomas Jefferson bwe yagaana okuleeta obumu ku bukulembeze buno, yaleetera William Marbury okubuyingiza mu kiwandiiko ekya State James Madison. Omukulu w'amateeka John Marshall yayolekagana n'obuzibu: singa yalagira akakiiko okubuwaayo, abakungu ba Jefferson bandibuusizza, n'anafuwaya obuyinza bwa kkooti; singa yagaana okuwulira ensonga eyo, yakkiriza nti Kkooti yali tayinza kukebera omukungu wa gavumenti.

Marshall kye yakola mu ngeri ey’amagezi kwe kulangirira nti ekitundu ky'Akakiiko k'Ekkomera aka Judiciary Act mu 1789 ekyakkiriza Marbury okutwalibwa butereevu mu kkooti enkulu kyali tekikkirizibwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Kkooti bwe yamenya etteeka eryayitibwawo gavumenti, yalaga nti yalina obuyinza okunnyonnyola tteeka ly'ensi nnene.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu Ekwata ku Kkoyiro

Ekiragiro kino kyasalawo nti etteeka erifuga mpuku z'okusala teririimu ziremesezza mirimu gya Consert oba Pulezidenti egisukka ku lukalala lwa tteeka. Eky'okusala emisango kye kisinze okuba eky'amaanyi okulaba amatabi amalala. ] Obusengeke bw'obugunjufu bw'omu nviro. Madison [[FLT]], kkooti enkulu eyinza obutasobola kusalirawowo bajulizi abali mu nsonga nga .[FLT][FLT][5]

Ekirala kikwatagana: [[Akabonero:%0] National Archives – Marbury v. Madison (103)[[KATANDIKA]

Ekyokulabirako 2: Andrew Johnson yasoma (1868)

Olukiiko olwa prezidenti olutuula mu Amerika lwaggula okuvuganya butereevu wakati w'amatabi g'abafuzi. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga Andrew Johnson, eyadda mu bigere bya Abraham Lincoln, yayomba enfunda n'enfunda ne gavumenti ya Republican Conseilment. Johnson yayisa bubi ab'obuyinza abaali mu matabi g'eggwanga agafuga gavumenti era n'alagira ddala amateeka agakwata ku ddembe lya bantu.

Johnson kye yayanguyirako kwe kuba nti yamenya amateeka ga Akakwakkuliro k'Akabutoosi (1867). Ekyo kyali kyamaanyi okukkirizibwa mu lukiiko olukulu nga pulezidenti agenda okuggyamu abamu ku b'obuyinza. Johnson yagoba omuwandiike w'ekitongole kya War Edwin M. Stanton, omuwaabi wa Riphabliki eyamanyibwa nga tewali k'akkiriza. Ennyumba y'ababaka baawunzi ba baakonti eyavvumidde okulonda Johnson ku bitundu kkumi na kimu, nga bingi biraga obukyasingirwa mu ku ekyo.

Ekifo ky’Olukiiko olw’Essomero

Ssain Laakeme n'ekolawo omusango. Mu lukiiko olwo lwokka, Olukiiko olw'ensi yonna lusobola okusingisa omulabe n'okuggyawo pulezidenti. Johnson yawonawo ku kalulu akataalumizibwa – 35 akadda ku 19 nga tavunaanibwa, akamu ku mpalo ebbiri emirundi esatu esatu. Kino kyalaga nti okugaana okwo kuba kugasa kwa bufuzi, so si kutuusa bumenyi wa mateeka, era nti ekkampuli esobola okukubawula bannabyabufuzi. Ekyakolebwa era kyaviirako ne kukendeereza ku buyinza bwa prezidenkola mu myaka egiwera mingi egyaddirira.

Ekyokulabirako 3: Watergate Scandal ne United States v. Nixon[[:1] (1974])

Oboolyawo ekyokulabirako eky'enkukunala eky'omu kiseera kino eky'okukeberera n'okutagwa ku nkyukakyuka kyamanyibwa mu kiseera ekyo ekya Watergate. Pulezidenti Richard Nixon yeenyigira mu ngeri ez'enjawulo, nga mw'otwalidde n'okumenya ekitebe ekikulu eky'eggwanga mu 1972 n'okujjukirwa okwaddako. Consell bwe yanoonyereza, Nixon yagezaako okukozesa enkizo y'omukungu okugaana okuwa emboozi ze okuva eri abajulizi n'omuwaabikkulu ow'enjawulo.

Ensonga eyo yatuuka ku kkooti enkulu mu .[FLT] United States v. Nixon. Ekibinja kya Nixon kyagamba nti pulezidenti yalina enkizo ey'enkomeredde era nti mitwe gyakuumibwa. Kkooti eyo yagaanira ddala ekyo, era nti eddembe ery'omu buyinza liriwo, terikoma era liteekwa okuvaamu ebyetaago bya nkola y'amateeka. Omukulu w'amateeka ayitibwa Warren Burger yawandiika nti "ku/enjigiriza ey'ebyekuusa eby'obuyinza, oba obwetaavu bw'okubiragira obukulembedde mu kifo ekya waggulu, ekiyinza okutuusibwako enkizo ey'okutuukiriza obutuufu ey'okulabirira abalamuzi mu mbeera zonna ez'amateeka."

Ebiwandiiko Ebipya Ebikoleddwa Wano

Consell yawa obulagirizi mu kunoonyereza era n'ayisa bannassaayansi abankuutivu. Olukiiko olusaze lwassaawo ekkomo ku nkizo y'obukungu. Pulezidenti yagoberera ekiragiro kya kkooti n'afulumya kaseti ezaayoleka nti akolera ku lukumbo olusaasa. Nga talina bukwasiro bwonna, Nixon yaggyako omulimu gwe – desidenti eyasooka. Ekiragiro kino kiraga nti enkola eno eyinza okubaamu obulagirizi bw'amatabi gonna bwe gakolera mu matabi.

Ebifa ku mboozi endala: [[Akawayiro]Oyez – United States v. Nixon (1974)[[AK'AGUZI]

Ekyokulabirako 4: Act of Afford Care and Judicial Review – [[NT:0]NFIB v. Sebelius[[FLT] (202])

Ekiragiro bwe kyayisa akakwate Pathient Protection and Affordcable Care Act (ACA) mu 2010, kyakiikirira okugaziwa kw'obuyinza bw'eggwanga ku by'obujjanjabi. Ekiragiro kyayisa ekiragiro nga buli omu mu Amereka ayagala abantu abasinga obungi okugula insuwalensi oba okusasula ekibonerezo. Abaziyiza baawakanya enkola nti Consementation Consective tewaalina buyinza bwa mu by'enkola Classione okuwaliriza abantu okusuubula obusuubuzi. . [FLT]]

Kkooti enkulu yawa ekiragiro nga kya kusalawo 5-4, ekyakolera ku kiragiro naye nga tekifugibwa Bumanda Claus. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, Omulamuzi Omukulu John Roberts yawandiika nti ekiragiro kyandibadde kikkirizibwa okusalibwawo nga wa musolo wansi w'obuyinza bwa karye era ne kkooti era ne kisala akaweredde gavumenti obutawa ssente okuva mu gavumenti ezigaana okutongoza ssente ezizikwata ku ngeri y'okusasula ssente za gavumenti.

Omuddo gw’Abaana

Omusango guno gulaga engeri kkooti enkulu gye ekeberamu Conseil (nga yeekenneenya amateeka) n'ettabi lya bakulu (nga eteeka ekiwandiiko ky'amateeka n'engeri essaawa y'obujjanjabi gye bwagobwamu. Era kiraga nti Kkooti tegoberera mateeka ga nvumbo oba okuggyawo amateeka; esobola okunywerera ku tteeka ku nsonga ez'enjawulo okusinga eryo eryakolebwa Congress, mu ngeri eyo ne kikyusa enkola yaalyo. ACA yawonawo, naye ekifo kyaggyibwawo abakkirizi b'amateeka so si ba yunisita oba prezidenti.

Ekyokulabirako 5: Okutaataaganya Prezidenti Vetoes ne Congress

Amaanyi gaveto y'emu ku ngeri esingayo obulungi omukulembeze w'eggwanga gy'akeberamu Kongress. Akatundu I, Ekitundu 7 ku lukalala lwa mateeka kiwa Pulezidenti ennaku kkumi okussa omukono ku mutemwa oba okuguteekako ebbanga. Singa kizuulibwa, olukusa lugenda mu kizimbe kya congress, ekiyinza okusukka mu kya tto nga kirimu emitwe ebiri mu mikutu ebiri.

Ekyokulabirako ekimanyiddwa ennyo ekyaliwo mu 2015 Prezidenti Barack Obama .T.S 2085, etteeka eryandizzeemu okubaako ekitundu eky'omukitundu ekya Affordicuble Care Act. Consell department errectory bwe yagezaako okukomyawo envumbo za voto, naye ennyumba n'egwa ku byetaaseetaagibwa bya mirundi ebiri (okulonda kwali 241-186).

Ebirala Ebirabika Obulungi

Emabegako mu byafaayo bya Amerika, Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson yaddirawo akakiiko akatta banka ey'okubiri mu Amerika mu 1832. Yalagira banka ey'okubiri mu mwaka gwa 1832 okukebera enkola y'eby'enfuna. Gye buvuddeko awo, Prezidenti Donald Trump yafulumya ensalo ya bipartisan ewera okuzibawa obuyambi bw'amagye mu Saudi Arabiya olw'okutta okw'ekika kya Kahogi, era nga Congresssskorce kye yalemererwa okutongoza. Buli mulundi, kyeyawo kiraga nti, veto si mukolo gwa bya byamaguzi naye ekitongole ekibeera mu ggwanga ekikkirizibwa okuddamu okuwagibwa omukulembeze w'eggwanga mu kiseera ekyo era n'ekikontana n'obuwampulizi.

Ekyokulabirako 6: Emirimu egy’Okulwanyisa Olutalo n’Engeri ez’Okulwanamu

[[NKUMENT:0] Ekisobozo eky'Eby'okulwana mu 1973 [yali mukulembeze wa Nixon's voto] kye ky'okwageezaako kya Congress okufuna obuyinza bwe yalina okuyisa mu ntalo oluvannyuma lw'entalo ez'omu Korea ne Vietnam. Omukulembeze w'eggye alina okutegeeza Conseilvery mu ssaawa 48 okusobola okuyisa amagye mu lutalo era n'okugagoba mu nnaku 60 okuggyako nga Consert ekkiriza okwongera amaanyi. Ekiragiro kino kikebera butereevu ku maanyi ga Prezida mu bukulu nga y'omukulu w'obuyinza.

Mu nkola ekiteeso kino, abakulembeze b'ebitongole byombi bawaayiriza nti kimenya amateeka ga bannaakyemalira era nti emirundi mingi kikozesebwa abasirikale awatali kukkirizibwa mu ntegeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Prezidenti Barack Obama'ayingira mu bya ggye mu Libyack Oma mu kiseera ekisukka ennaku 60 nga tewali lukusa olw'okuva mu mateeka. Oluvannyuma kkooti ya gavumenti yasalawo nti gavumenti temenye Ekiwandiiko kya amagye olw'okuba emirimu tegyalimu "butunzi" – nnyinyonnyonnyola y'amateeka.

Obutakkaanya Obweyongera

Wadde ng’amatabi ga gavumenti n'ag’abalamuzi tebatera kuwakanya bannabyabufuzi, enteekateeka eyinza okubaamu enjawukana mu nkola.

Ekyokulabirako 7: Okusalawo kwa Bill Clinton (1998-1999)

Pulezidenti Bill Clinton yagaana okugaanira ddala olw'enkolagana gye yalina ne White Housennnn Monica Lewinsky ate oluvannyuma ne bagaana emisango. Omuntu ow'omunda era afugibwa ba Republica, yalonda Clinton mu mwaka gwa December 1998 okujeereza Clinton ku bitundu bibiri: okujeema mu maaso g'abalamuzi abanene n'okusala emisango. Kino kyalaga amaanyi g'ennyumba okuleeta emisango ku mukulembeze w'eggwanga okuvunaana pulezidenti atudde ku nsonga ezivunaanibwa.

Kkooti y'enkiiko entongole ya Ssenat yakoma mu 1999 nga teriiko musango. Kkooti 50 zaakuba akalulu ku bamenyi b'amateeka era 50 ne zigaana – ne kiba nti 67 ze zaali zeetaagisa. Ekyavaamu kyakakasa nti enkola eyo ey'okuyisa empaka y'ebyobufuzi ya ddala ng'ey'omu mateeka. Era kyalaga nti Olukiiko olukulu olw'eby'obufuzi, ng'omukuumi w'ebikulu, kye kikebera ku nnyumba ya gavumenti ng'erina obujulizi obutuufu. Clinton yava ku ofiisi y'ebweko nga y'ebitongole ebikkirizibwa okuzza obutuufu.

Ekyokulabirako 8: Kkooti esinga obukulu – Trump v. Hawaii (2017)

Ekiragiro ekifuga abakungu ba gavumenti kikkiriza Prezidenti okuluŋŋamya emirimu gya gavumenti nga tewakyali mateeka mapya, naye nga balina okulambula okusala omusango. Mu 2017, Prezidenti Donald Trump yafulumya Olukalala olw'abafuzi mu 13769, olutera okuyitibwa "travel edrect," okukugira okukkirizibwa okuva mu nsi eziwerako ez'obukiika n'obunene. Amasaze gaalagira kugaana ekiragiro ekyo nga basinziira ku nsonga nti kimenye ekiragiro kya Clauslease nga basinziira ku ddiini.

Gavumenti yakyusa engeri ekiragiro gye kyategekebwamu emirundi egisukka mu gikumi era omusango gwatuuka ku kkooti enkulu emirundi mingi. [FLT]Trump v. Hawaii[ [2018]. Kkooti yawagira enkyusa empya ey'okuwera kw'entambula, nga etegeeza obuyinza obw'omukulu ku bukkuseera n'obukuumi bw'eggwanga. Kyokka, ekikolwa ekyo kyalaga nti abakungu bannaawe b'amateeka basobola okuyimirira era ne baddamu obubukyusa ebibakwata ku nkola yaalyo okusobola okutuukiriza emitindo gyayo egy'omu Mateeka. Era kyalaga nti enzijirizo teri n'enkomeredde mu bujjuvu; gavumenti eyinza okuwangula singa eyogera ku nsonga ezikwata ku kkooti.

Ekirala: [[Akabonero:0] Endowooza ya kkooti – Trump v. Hawaii (NAKU. 17-965)[[[KY'OKUMENTI]

Mafundikira: Ennaku Ennyo n’Empisa Ennungi

Ebyokulabirako bino ebyafaayo ku bulamu bw'Amerika biraga nti enkola ey'okukebera oba okugolola ebigezo si ndowooza buteebereza mu kitabo.

Enkola eno si ya butali butuukirivu. Pulezidenti oluusi esukka obuyinza bwe balina; mbala ezimu Consell alemesezza ani kufuga mu kifo ekisukka ku busobozi bwe; abalamuzi batera okulwawo okubaako kye bakola. Wadde kiri kityo, enteekateeka y'amateeka ekoze enteekateeka okutereeza ebintu. Empimpita, ettuttumu, enzijuvu, era n'okukakasa nti wabaddewo ekirwawo, byonna bikola ng'obukuumi obuziyiza obuyinza obutakugirwa.

Okutegeera enkola eno kiyamba abatuuze okutegeera lwaki amateeka ga AmerekaU] ganywezezza emyaka egisukka mu 200. Gategekebwa okufuula enneyisa ya gavumenti okuba enzibu. Amawanga bwe gafuna obuzibu obw'enjawulo – okuva ku nkola za disitulikiti ne ku nkola za bannakyewa ez'enjawulo okutuuka ku buyinza bwa bannakyewa mu kiseera kino – ebyokulabirako bino eby'ebyafaayo bitujjukiza nti amaanyi amatabi gonna esatu n'ago galina okubeerawo nga gategekebwa bulungi.

Okusobola okusoma ebisingawo, ebifa ku [[NKUMBO] ebinoonyezebwa ku nzijuvu n'enzijjuvu birimu ennyiriri eziragibwa obutereevu awalaga obutereevu obwa bulijjo. Ekiragiro kino kiwandika ebyafaayo ku Andrew Johnson's'ennyiriri eziriraanyewo obugazi nga biriko ennyiriri eziriraanyewo.