Ennyanjula: Ensonga Lwaki Kikulu Okutegeera Enkola ya Kkooti

Kkooti y'ekola omusingi gwa kkooti mu buli kibiina, era ekola ng'entalo mu ngeri entegeke obulungi, amateeka nga gannyonnyolwa, era n'eddembe likuumibwa. Kyokka, omuntu omu bulijjo ayinza okulabika ng'atiisatiisa, ng'akozesa enkola ennyimpimpi, oba olulimi olutegekeddwa obulungi. Kyokka, okuba n'okumanya engeri kkooti gye zikolamu si kya bannamateeka oba abalamuzi bokka. Kino kisobozesa abantu okukozesa eddembe lyabwe, okutegeera eddembe lyabwe, okutegeera nga lirina, era nga babaako kye bakolawo. Oba ng'oyolekagana n'akakwakkekko, oba ng'ogwanaganye n'enkaago, oba ensonga ey'amaka, okutegeera ennyinyonnyonnyoko z'enkola ya kkooti, kusobola okuleetawo enjawulo wakati w'obutebenkenkenkenkere mu ngeri ey'enjawulo era n'obusobo. Kino kiyamba okuggya eddembe lyangedde mu n'okuteekawo ekkomera mu nkola ey'ensonga.

Enteekateeka Ebiri: Kooti Ezikola Embi n’Eggwanga

Ekimu ku bintu ebisooka okutegeera kiri nti Amerika erina enkola eya kkooti [[NKULULA] : kooti z'ensi n'ez'ensi. Zifaanagana naye nga zirina obuyinza, amateeka, n'ebifo eby'obuyinza. Buli lukiiko lutandika era ne lukomyawo mu kkooti z'ensi, nga zo zikolako ensonga enkulu ez'eggwanga oba ez'omu mateeka.

Kkooti Ezikola Obusawo

Kkooti ezifuga amadiini gamenti ziteekebwawo wansi w'Akatundu III ak'Akakiiko aka Amereka era n'emisango egizingiramu ensonga ezikwata ku mateeka ga gavumenti, okuyomba wakati w'ebiwawaatwa oba ebiwaatwa okuva mu bitundu eby'enjawulo (bufumbo obuli mu bitundu bya disiturikiti oba enfuga) singa omuwendo gwabyo gusukka mu doola z'Amerika 755,000. Ebika bya disiturikiti enkulu bizingiramu obwabulimu, obwannannyini, obwa n'obw'amateeka obufuga ebikolebwa mu bitongole ebifuga. Agume ebifuga enjjuluze bino bizingiramu ebyo ebikolebwako. Abakulembeze b'amasaza era n'emisango agafuga ebikolebwa mu ngeri eyo, obutuufu buzingiramu okuwamba ebirengo bya gavumenti [FLT:][FLT]

kkooti z’Ettabi

Kkooti za gavumenti zengi nnyo era zikola ku nkaayana ezisinga obungi nga zikolebwa ku mateeka g'omu maka oba okumenya amateeka g'ebidduka oba okumenya ebiwandiiko. Buli ssemateeka waalyo n'enkola ya kkooti, naye nga buli nkola etwaliramu kkooti (eyitibwa enkulu, entebe, oba kkooti za disitulikiti ez'enjawulo), entonotono, kooti ez'omumpiti n'ez'enkola. Gamu galina enjawukana ez'enjawulo nga kooleti z'amaka oba enkiiko z'omu kkooti z'omuko.

Okuyuza n’Okuzza Obuggya

Obuzibu obumu busobola okuwulirwa mu nkola emu singa bwombi buzingiramu ensonga za gavumenti ne gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okusala omusango mu kkooti z'amateeka ne mu kkooti z'amateeka kiyinza okukkirizibwa oyo awandiikiddwa okuva mu ggwanga erigenda mu kkooti y'eggwanga. Omukutu gwa '. guwa kalonda yenna akwata ku mateeka ga gavumenti.

Ebifo Bya kkooti: Eddeneri

Gavumenti za kkooti za gavumenti n'eza gavumenti zitegekeddwa mu mitendera esatu esookerwako.

Kkooti z’Omulambo Ogutasooka)

Mu kkooti z'amateeka, omujulirwa asooka okuwa obujulizi. Obujulizi buweebwa, era omulamuzi n'omulamuzi asalawo ekituufu era n'agoberera amateeka.

Kooti Ezisobola Okusalirwa Omusango

Kkooti ezinoonyereza tezeetaaga kumanya bukakafu. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, beekenneenya ensobi eziba zikoleddwa mu kkooti nga ziwandiikiddwa, oba nga ziwa obujulizi obutali butuufu. Abalamuzi (emirundi egisinga esatu) basoma bumpimpi, bawulira empawa, era ne bawandiika bye bawandiise. Kkooti bwe zizuula ensobi eyabakwatako, ziyinza okuzza obukyayi, oba okuzza obutereevu omusango oguppya. Mu nkola y'ekitongole kya gavumenti, ziyitibwa Kkooti za Ckooti z'ewaabirwa; mu bigambo, zitera okuyitibwa Kkooti za Kkooti.

Kkooti Enkulu

Kkooti zino zisalawo ku nsonga ezinaasalibwawo. Zikola ku nsonga z'amateeka nga lissa tteeka oba okulwana wakati wa kkooti z'ensi yonna. Kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amerika ze zikomyawo obusaze obw'oku ntikko. Kkooti zino ziwa kalonda wa buli omu omusango gw'alina okuwuliriza. Kkooti zino zisalawo ku nsonga ki ez'omu mateeka. Kkooti enkulu ez'omu Amerika bwe ziba zikwatibwako, zisalawo ku nsonga ezo. Kkooti enkulu zisalawo ku kkooti zonna ez'omukitundu ekimu eky'omulembe. Kkooti enkulu etuula ku kkooti z'omukitundu kya Amerika kiragira ku nsonga ezo ezikwata ku kkooti z'omulembe.

Bbaaza Eby’Okusalawo

Wadde nga kiri kityo, kkooti zikola nnyo okulaba nti emisango egizingirwamu gikwata ku nkola za ngeri emu.

  • [[Akawulu:0]] Kkooti ezikola ennyo: zigonjoola enkaayana wakati w'ebiwayi by'ebiwayi ebiteekusifu oba ebibiina ebikola ebintu nga binoonya ebisasiige oba ebiba biteekeddwawo. Ebyokulabirako bizingiramu okumenya endagaano, okuyomba ebizingirwa mu bintu, n'okusala omusango. Empandika egobererwa obujulizi ku nsonga z'abamenyi b'amateeka tezisinga obunene obwa bulijjo.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Kkooti ezivunaanibwa: Emisango egireetebwa gavumenti ku abo abavunaanibwa okumenya amateeka. Kkooti z'abamenyi b'amateeka zisala byonna okuva ku nsobi (umg., obubbi obutono) ku bamenyi b'amateeka. Abakungu bawaabi bawagidde nnyo amateeka, nga mw'otwalidde n'erya ddyo eri abalamuzi, era n'eddembe ery’okusirika.
  • [[Akabonero: 0] Kkooti ez'omu maka:[ Nkuta ey'enjawulo mu kkooti z'amateeka eziwandiisa ebikwata ku nkolagana wakati w'ab'omu maka, okukuza abaana, okukuza abaana, okukuza abaana, okugolola, okugolola obulabe mu maka, n'okuzaala. Kkooti z'amaka zitera okuggumiza obulagizi n'ekigo ku nsonga ezisinga obulungi ezikwata ku baana.
  • [[NKULULA] Ebitono Ebitundu ebiba bitegekeddwa mu kkooti z'ensi yonna:[ Obukaanya obwagguka ku diola 50,000 (nga bwenkana wansi wa doola 50,000 ne doola z'Amerika nga zisinziira ku mbeera y'ensi). Emirundi egisinga obungi, tekitwetaagisa, era enkola zigobererwa. Ebiwandiiko ebitono bisobola okutegekebwa abantu nga tewali bubonero bwa mateeka bulaga.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Ebiwandiiko ebitegeeza:[[[AK'AWATANDIKWA] Ebiragiro, empalana, emmeeri, n'ebyo ebitegekebwa. Kkooti zino zikakasa nti ebintu by'omuntu afudde biweebwa mu mateeka era nti n'abantu abateetegefu bikuumibwa mu mateeka.
  • [[Act:0]] Tteeka '[ kooti eziwulira enkaayana wakati w'okusasula emisolo n'Emirimu egikolera mu nzirukanya y'ekitongole ekikola ku nfuna n'okugaba. Kkooti z'omusolo mu ggwanga zirina ebitundu ebimu ebizikwata ku njawukana ezikolebwa ku misolo.
  • [[NKK]] Kkooti ezikola ku bupiira n'obupimira ku buli omu oba ku buwandikiro bwa bbanka mu lukumbo lwa U.S. ziyinza okuzingiramu amazzi (Cheaper 7) oba entegeka ez'okudda olukalala (Ccapeter 11 oba 13). Bankruptic eziyiza ebisabibwa mu kukuŋŋaanya ebintu nga bigoberera obulagirizi obwa bulijjo.

Okusobola okwegatta n'okweyongera mu bika bya kkooti z'ensi, Connell Legal Information Institute ku kkooti kyongeramu ekigambo ekyesigika.

Eddembe Lyo mu Mateeka: Manya by’Onoosuubira Okuweebwa

Wadde ng’eddembe ly’okkiriza liyinza okuba lya njawulo ku mateeka, waliwo ebintu bingi ebisobola okukukuuma naddala mu kkooti.

Eddembe ly’Okugezesebwa okw’Amaanyi

[[NKULA] Empeereze ey'ekika ewa obukakafu obwa nnamba ey'okusala omusango ku muwaabi atasosola mu disiturikiti eyo. Abalamuzi bateekwa okulondebwa awatali kusosola, era abavunaanibwa balina eddembe okubeerawo, okuwa obujulirwa, n'okusigira obujulizi obw'okuwagira (masaza ga gavumenti). Mu nsonga z'abantu, ekitongole [ kikuuma amateeka mu budde obwa bulijjo okuwozesebwa ng'omulamuzi mu kkooti ezisukka mu mwaka gwa 200,000, era omuwozesebwa alina obuvunaanyizibwa obusingako.

Eddembe ly’Okusirika n’Okwewala Okwonoona Bulungi

Mu [[NKULA] [O] MPMENTI[[[NT:1], tewali muntu ayinza kwewaako bujulizi olw'ensonga ze yazza mu kkooti. Kino kitegeeza nti tolina kutegeeza, era tosobola kutegeeza nti okikoze nga ovunaanyizibwa. Mu nsonga z'abantu, enkizo eyo eba ntono naye nga ya mugaso singa obujulizi busobola okukuteeka mu kabi ak'abamenyi b'amateeka.

Eddembe ly’Okusula mu Kafaananyi

Abawayiriza abayinza okugula omuwaabirwa, baweebwa obwannannyini okulondebwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti nga bakozesa ssente.[1] Awodewon n'aw'okubiri. Wainwright[ (1963). Mu nsonga ezikwata ku bantu, tewakkirizibwa mu mateeka kuwa g'omu ku bannamateeka eddembe, naye ebibiina bingi eby'omu mateeka bissaawo obubonero obulagira nti omuntu atuuse ku nsonga ez'amaanyi gamba nga bw'okugoba, ettemu ly'amaka, n'ekikolwa eky'omusika. Singa weekiikirira ([[FLT:]][FLT]], olina obuyinza okubuuza omuwaabi wa bannamateeka nga tebannasalawo.

Engeri gy’Osaanidde Okutuukirizaamu Ebigendererwa Bye

[[NKULA] [[O]] Entegeka ey'ekika kya 4 [ egaana gavumenti okuggyako obulamu, eddembe oba ekintu nga tekinnakolebwa. Kino kitegeeza nti olina okuweebwa amalagi gonna agakwata ku mateeka n'okuweebwa omukisa okusobola okuwulirwa mu maaso g'oyo agikola. Mu kukola kino, kino kitwaliramu obujulizi obuweereddwawo, obujulizi obuva mu misaalabalala, era n'okusala emisango egikwatagana n'amateeka n'obukakafu obugalagira kukwata ku nsonga eyo.

Eddembe ly’Okwesanyusaamu

Wadde nga si mu bujjuvu, omuwawaabirwa alina kujulirwa ku lukalala lw'omumenyi w'amateeka avunaanibwa (bwe kiba nga mu musango ogumu ogumenyese). Abamenyi b'amateeka era bayinza okujulira ku misango egikomye. Buli omu alina ddirisa erikendeezeddwako (ennaku 30) okuteeka amabaluwa. Kkooti ezikozesebwa mu kukola ebijulirwamu mu mateeka, so si mu nsonga zonna, nno kiba kikulu nnyo okutereerawo ennyinyo ku nsonga nga tuzeeyisa.

Okusobola okwekenneenya obusobozi buno mu bujjuvu, [[LT:0] Entegeka ya Amerika ey'obuyigirize obwa bulijjo[ ewa enyinnyonnyola ez'omuganyulo era ezitegeerekeka obulungi mu nnimi enfunze.

Okuddukanya Kkooti: Ebiyinza Okukolebwa

Bino wammanga bisobola okukuyamba okuyita mu kkooti n’obwesige.

Salawo Omuze ogw’Okugukola ne Venue

Menya oba nga olina obunene bwa gavumenti oba bwa nkuta mu lukiiko. Buli nsonga bw'eba ekwata ku nsonga. era n'obuyinza (w'ebiwayi ebiwambe gye bibeera oba gye bikolera bizineesi), biba biteekwa okukkusizibwa. Venue kitegeeza ekifo eky'enjawulo. Wabula kitegeeza ekitundu awaabeeranga akabenje ako oba awabeera omuwayitirwa.

2 Manya Etteeka Erikwata ku Kusalawo

Kkooti zombi zigoberera amateeka agafuga enkola eyo nga gagobererwa (umb., Federal Rul of Civil Procediture, ebiragiro ebya mu ggwanga). Bino bye bifuga engeri y'okusengekamu okwemulugunya kwa gavumenti, okuweereza ekibiina ekirala, okudduukirira, okuzuula ebiwandikiro, n'obujulizi. Okulemererwa kw'amateeka kukkirizibwa okuba nga kwekwasa obusongasonga. Kkooti nnyingi ziwa ebizikwata ku buyambi oba engeri gye zigoberera obulagirizi.

3. Fuba Okukuŋŋaanya Ebiwandiiko era Obitegeke

Buli musango we gubeera we guwandiikirwa: endagaano, amabaluwa, ebipande by'ekisawo, alipoota za poliisi, amabaluwa, n'amateeka gonna agaawebwawo. Kkiriza kopi (tewali nnukuta) ez'okujjuzaamu era n'okukuumanga ekiseera ekiragiddwa. Okusobola okulabirako, koppi z'obubonero era ofune n'obuwandiike bw'omulamuzi, amagezi agakontana, n'abo abasala emisango bwe kiba nga kisoboka.

4. Noonya Ebikiikirira Ebya Leya oba Amagezi

Wadde nga kisoboka okwekiikirira, emiti gitera kuba mitono nnyo ne kiba nti tegisobola kwefuga. Munnamateeka alina obumanyirivu asobola okwekenneenya ensonga zo, okuwa amagezi ku ngeri y'okuziyisamu, okuwandiika ebiwandiiko by'amateeka, era n'okuyomba ebikukwatako. Bwe kiba nga kikulemesa okukola omulimu, lowooza ku buwagizi bw'amateeka, ku nteekateeka z'ebiwandiiko by'omu mateeka, oba ku bitongole ebizingirwamu mu mateeka.

Okutegeka Emisango n’Engeri ez’Okukolamu

Oyinza okufiirwa enkizo gy'olina ey'okussawo akakwakkulizo oba ey'okusabirizaamu. Kozesa sisitemu eya sisitemu eya kalendabinda (digit oba empapula) era oteekewo okujjukizibwa. Buli kiseera komyawo ku nnaku z'obadde owulira ku ofiisi y'omumalala.Oyinza okujja nga bukyali.Oyinza okusangawo ebikwetaagisa mu kiseera ekituufu, nga okwambala ebintu byonna ebigenda byetaagisibwa. Bw'oba tosobola kujjako, teekangawo enkola ey'okweyongera mu maaso nga budde.

Ebiyinza Okukolebwa mu Kkooti y’Obu bulijjo

Enkola endala eyitibwa Dispute Resolution (ADR) eyinza okuba ey’enguudo, nga ya bbeeyi, era nga tegyanguyira kukwata ku nsonga.

  • Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa abakigattiddwa okufuna ennyimirira yaabwe okutuuka ku buwagizi. Omutabaganya tabawaliriza kusalawo. Ekiragiro kino kitwaliramu amateeka g'amaka, obukuubagano bw'abantu, n'ensonga ezimu (ummeseera, omuteesiteesi oba omuteesiteesi w'eby'empuliziganya).
  • Ekiragiro bwe kiba kifuga enkola eyo, kikyusakyusa ebifa ku nkika ne kisalawo ku nsonga z'empandika. Okutongoza okukozesebwa ku ndagaano z'eby'obusuubuzi n'emirimu. Wadde nga si mu mateeka nga kooti, okugoba kuyinza obutakkirizibwa mu bulimba kukebera oba okuyita abantu mu kifo ekimu nga okiwadde eddembe erikkirizibwa okuzuula oba okwegwa ku nsonga eziragibwa mu latigati.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Obusobozi n'obuyambi:[[Akabonero:1] Ekintu ekiyinza obutakozesebwa mu butaka obutono oba nga wazzeewo akakuubagano mu kitundu. Emikolo giteesa butereevu oba nga kuliko obuyambi okusobola okulaba ekiteeso ekikkirizibwa.

Okulonda ADR kiyinza okusobozesa enkolagana wakati w'abantu, okukendeeza ku nsaasaanya z'amateeka, era n'okukweka ensonga mu kyama.

Ebirowoozo Ebitera Okubeetagisa ku Kkooti

Nga tufunye obutategeeragana ku ngeri ennyinnyonnyola za kkooti gye zikolamu ebintu, nga bwe tulabye mu emu ku ndowooza ezo.

  • [[AMENTI:0] Myanjula:[[[Act:1] [[FULT:2]]] [ Amateeka gateekwa okuba n'omusingi gwa mateeka (okuyimirira, ensonga ez'ekikolwa, n'obuyinza obutuufu). Ensobi z'amateeka zisobola okusazeesasulwa nga otaddewo n'enkokkompo.
  • [[AWULA:0] Myanjula:[[[AK'AKAFUNZE] [[:1]] [[OKAFUMBE]]] “Ebukiikaddirizi oteekwa okusasula ebisabiso by'omu mateeka bw'owangule.”[Obufuzi bw'Amerika:3] Buli ludda lwo bw'obanga toyagala kusasula ssente ezibuli emu okuggyako nga konte oba amateeka ga g'ewandikiddwa, buli ludda lwobye biba bya gsobosezza ku bbanja lyalwo okuggyako nga konte oba singa konte ezikkereza ddala zikireetera okutambula okutambula okutambula.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Myanjula:[[[NKULA] ] Nsobola okwekiikirira nze kennyini era abalamuzi abasinga obungi bayambako mu kugatta ebintu ebikolebwako mu busimba oba mu kusengeka ebigambo.” Abalamuzi tebaliiko ludda lwe bawagira mu by'obufuzi era tebasobola kuwa magezi ga mu mateeka. Akawayiro aka '-P] tekakulembedde ku mitindo gy'ebiri ng'egyo egya bannamateeka. Akabonero kayinza okuvaamu ensobi ey'okuteeka mu biyingizibwa.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI]] Mjuuju:[[[AKITANDIKA] [[KA]][KIBIRIRWA kitegeeza“Awandikiro kitegeeza omusango oguppya.”[[KATANDIKA:3] Akawayiro kaleetera abantu okweyambisa obujulizi obw'edda okukebera ensobi ez'omu mateeka so si ezo eziba zazuuliddwa. Oyinza okuwa obujulizi obuppya; kkooti ejulizi efuga enkola y'okuwozesebwa.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Myanjula:[[[NKULA]] [[FOLT:1]] [[FOLT:2]]][[[FOLT:3]] Kino kitegeeza nti ebisalibwa ebisalibwa bissi byagwo.[[O] Kino kitegeeza nti ekiwandiiko bya kkooti ebitono bwe biba nga bikendedde, ebisale bibaako kye bikolawo kigonjoola nga waliwo obukaaso nga bwe kiddininininngana //ebbalibwawo obusolozi, ebiterekebwa bibulako. Ekiragiro kisalawo kigaana omulimu okuzza ebizibye mu mateeka.

Olugero: Weenywereze mu Kumanya

Sistemu ya kkooti eyinza okulabika ng'enkola ey'ekika kya nukuulu ey'omu butali bwenkanya, naye nga yeesigamizibwa ku misingi egy'obwenkanya, okulabikira, n'enkola ez'enjawulo mu kkooti, enfuge, era n'enkukakyuka eza gavumenti, osobola okwetegekera okukola ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga mu mateeka. Bw'oba ng'ogezaako okusala omusango mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya, oba ng'ogezaako okutegeera obukwanguzi bw'ensonga, obubaka obuli mu nnyinyonnyonnyo, oba obuzibwa mu ngeri y'ensonga eno, bibawandikidde omusingi omunywevu. Jjukira nti buli kintu kyonna kisobozesa okuwabula ku mateeka, naye omutuuze amanyibwa dda okuyita mu maaso. Ebibonero by'enjigiriza bya gavumenti z'ewandiisi.[FLD]