Ebiri mu mboozi y'ekitongole ekikeberwa

ettabi lya Amerika ekkulu liteekeddwako omusango ogw'okutuukiriza amateeka agaayisibwa Congress. Akaweefube mu Katundu II ak'Ekkomera ly'Amerika, lye ttabi erisingayo obunene era ery'obukalu era ery'amaanyi ennyo erifuga gavumenti, era nga likozesa obukadde n'obukadde bw'abasibe n'abajaasi. ettabi likulemberwa Pulezidenti wa United States, akola ng'omukulembeze w'eggwanga era n'omutwe gwa gavumenti, era nga libaamu n'omukulembeze w'abakulembeze ba gavumenti, Consicier Pricier, Comptacity, era n'obukiiko bwa gavumenti. Omulimu gwalyo kwe kuddukanya, okuddukanya, okuddukanya, n'okuyisa amateeka ga gavumenti zinnaazo.

Ekiragiro kino kyakula okuva ku ntandikwa y'ensi, era nga n'ebitundu ebikola ku bukulembeze bwa gavumenti ebyatandikibwawo mu kiseera kino, kyatandika nga butono obwasooka okukolebwa ebitongole bisatu: State, Ssente, ne War. Ekiragiro kya gavumenti kyagaziwa nnyo okuyitira mu mateeka amangi agaateekawo (mu ngeri eyo, New Deal, Great Society), ne kisobozesa ebitongole ebikola ku by'obutebenkenkevu okukolebwa, gamba nga Environmental Protection Agement (EPA) ne Sceturaties Commission (SEC). Leero, amatabi gaddukanya ebintu byonna okuva ku nsi okusobola okutaalwa mu bulamu, eby'obuyigirize, eby'enkuŋŋanyi, n'okwekuuma obutonde. Okutegeera obulungi entegeka z'ensi mu Amerika kwe bikola.

Abo Abatwala Obukulembeze: Ba Maanyi era Bavunaanyizibwa

Prezidenti wa Amerika alina obuyinza n'obuvunaanyizibwa ebyenjawulo. Akatundu II kawa omukulembeze obuyinza mu Prezidenti, ne kawa abakungu ba gavumenti obuyinza okukwasisa amateeka, ne kalonda abawaabirwa, ne kakolagana (nga bawa amagezi n'okusemba) era ne kaweereza ng'Omugabuzi mu Kukulira ggye ly'akirimu.

Kizecutivuvupaper size

Nga nnampala omukulu, Prezidenti alabirira ekibiina kyonna eky'eggwanga nga akakase nti amateeka gaagobererwa. Kino kizingiramu okulonda abafuzi b'ebitongole bya gavumenti, okuteekawo ebiragiro ebya bannakyewa, era n'okulagira emirimu egikolebwa obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu. Prezidenti era alina obuyinza okuggyawo abakungu b'amatabi abasinga obungi, wadde nga okuggibwawo abakungu ba ba ba bamemba ba gavumenti bakugira. Okuyitira mu ttabi ey'empaka n'ebhajere (OMB), Prezidenti ateekateeka embalirira ssente ezimalibwa buli mwaka era n'enkola ku ngeri etegekebwabitongole gye bigobereramu.

Omukulu w’Amiriree mu Ggulu

Ekiragiro kino kiyita Prezidenti Omukulu w'eggye era ne bannabyabufuzi ba Amerika. Omulimu guno guwa Prezidenti obuyinza obw'enkomeredde ku magye, nga mw'otwalidde n'okuteekateeka amagye, okugakuba, n'okussaawo ebigendererwa. Kyokka, Conseilssion yokka y'esobola okulangirira olutalo, era n'Eksomero lya Ssematalo mu 1973 nga kimwetaagisa Pulezidenti okutegeeza Congress mu nnaku 48 z'amagye era n'okugoba abasirikale nga wayiseewo ennaku 60 okuggyako nga Consertmentsz'akkiriza enkola y'okukubagattiza. Bakoddosz'okulangirira enkaluuni mu Korea, Vietnam, Iraq, Afghanistan, n'awalala, okukubagambira ku n'ebbula enzire mu kifo eky'ennamba z'eby'eby'obufuzi.

Okuyasama Okukulu

Prezidenti akyusa enkola z'abagwira mu Amerika, afuna ababaka, era ategeeza abalagizi (ekyetaagisa okukkirizibwa mu Sekete entono bbiri). Endagaano z'abakungu abafuga enneyisa yafuuka enkola ekozesebwa ennyo mu kutuukiriza ebyo ebiba bizingirwa mu nkiiko z'ensi yonna. Mukulembeze era alina obuyinza okumanya gavumenti z'amawanga era n'okumenya enkolagana. Ekitongole kya gavumenti, ekikulemberwa Ssayama w'eggwanga, kiwagira Prezidenti mu kutuukiriza ebigendererwa bya gavumenti, okuva ku mitawanya gy'eby'eby'obuwandisi okuddukanya emirimu gy'eby'okulwanyisa.

Omukulembeze Akwata ku Mateeka

Wadde nga Prezidenti si mu kibiina ky'ebitundu ebikola ku kizimbe, ettabi lye lirina ekifo ekikulu mu nkola y'amateeka. Pulezidenti ayinza okuteekawo amateeka, okutegeeza ab'obuyinza obwa kkooti ya Union, era n'okukubira katuuti abantu abakuba ebituuti basobole okuwagira enkola ya gavumenti. Obukulembeze wa gavumenti oyo abaako kye yeebuuza ku kizimbe ekitegekebwa nga akakiiko akafuzi kalina okuyisibwa mu bisenge bibiri: etteeka eririna okuyisibwa mu bisenge byombi okukulembera pulezidenti y'ekibiina kya vato. Mu kukola kino, bannabyabufuzi batera okukozesa ebigambo ebisiikuuti ezibawa abantu okutegeeza abakinnyiikirirwa amateeka agaategekebwa, nga kino kye kivuddemu enkakaago.

Ebifo Ebirala: Omukulembeze w’Ekibiina ky’Abantu era Omukulu w’Eggwanga

Prezidenti era akola ng'omukulembeze w'ekibiina kyabwe eky'eby'obufuzi, ayamba mu kuteeka ssente mu bantu ababa bagenda okutuula ku kabaga k'ekibiina, era asobozesa abantu okussaawo ekituuti. Okugatta ku ekyo, Prezidenti akola ng'omukulembeze w'emikolo gy'eggwanga, era akiikirira eggwanga eryo ku mikolo gamba ng'okuziika, ennaku enkulu ez'ensi yonna.

Amaanyi g’Essaddaaka n’Obunafu bw’Enyinza

Amaanyi ga Prezidenti tegakoma. Ekiragiro kissa amaanyi mu matabi asatu, nga buli kantu ke kalina bye kakola ku b'obuyinza. Amatwale ga Prezidenti gaateekamu:

  • [[Act:0] Amaanyi ag'okusanjula: Prezida ategeeza abalamuzi ab'ensi, abanywi ba KITAadi n'abakungu abalala ab'omu ttuluba erya waggulu, nga bavunaanyizibwa ku lukiiko olukulu olw'ebiragiro.
  • ' ebiragiro ebigobererwa: Abakulembeze ba gavumenti baalagira abalangira okulagirira emirimu gya gavumenti mu budde bwayo nga bayitira mu Congress. Wadde nga ebiragiro bino birina obuyinza ku mateeka, basobola okuvuunibwa ba pulezidenti abaddirira oba okukugirwa kkooti singa basussa ku bukulu bwa mateeka. Ebyokulabirako bitwaliramu okukoma kwa poliisi ya Truman ku bya magye (Etteeka 9981) ne Pulezidenti Biden ku ngeri gye yeeyisaamu ku nkyukakyuka mu ntambula.
  • [[NKULULA] Amaanyi ga Prezidenti asobola okusonyiwa oba okukomyawo obumenyi bw'amateeka bw'eggwanga okuggyako nga waliwo ebimenyese. Amaanyi gano gazingiramu obusobozi bw'okussawo ennukuta n'okuyisa ebisatu mu buwato. Gakozesebwa nga Pulezidenti Ford' okusonyiwa Richard Nixon ne Pulezidenti Trump bye yasoosawo ab'obuyinza ku bannabyabufuzi.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Amaanyi ga ' Omukulembeze wa gavumenti ayinza okuyisa etteeka lyonna eriyisibwa Consert. Congress ayinza okukisumulula nga avvuunudde emirundi ebiri mu enkumi ssatu, naye kino tekitera kubaawo. Obulabe bwa digiti eya voto emirundi mingi buleetera ekiragiro okwekkiriranya.

Obuyinza buno buteerekebwa okusinziira ku mateeka. Congress era efuga okusaasaanyizibwa kw'empaka okuyitira mu buyinza bwa Ssande, ate ne Olukiiko olukulu luteekwa okukakasa abalonde bangi n'endagaano. Ekiragiro kya kkooti kiyinza okwejjukanya ebikolwa ebifuga ebikwata ku mateeka wansi w'omusingi gwa kkooti ogwateekebwawo mu Marbury v. Madison[FL:1] [18]). Ate era, Pulezidenti alina okubuuka enzigza ennyumba n'okuggyawo ebitongole bya "Sssukko, oba obulyinjabi obulala obunene n'obusosoze obw'omu n'obukyamu".

Omukulembeze Omukulu w’Edda ne Kabiina

Obukulembeze bw'omukulembeze w'omukulembeze w'omukulembeze ow'okubiri ow'ekika ekya waggulu, era nga y'omukulembeze w'akulira olukiiko olukulu era n'amenya obululu. Pulezidenti w'ekitongole era asooka kuteekawo oludda lwa prezidenti nga yeegatta ku mukulembeze. Mu kiseera kino, bakulembeze b'ekibiina baakolera wamu ne bannabyabufuzi bannaawe emirimu egy'enjawulo oba nga bakiikirira abafuzi mu mitendera gy'eby'obufuzi. Cormeter of the 25th Rendement (1967) baateekawo enkola ez'okujjuza pulezidenti eya pulezidenti mu kifo kya bannaa bannaa ba bannaakyewabo mu kiseera kino.

Kabineti kika kya bakulu mu bitongole 15 ebikola ku bukulembeze.[1] Kabineti eyo ekola nga State, Treasurence, Justice, Justice, Interior, Agriculture, Labor, Health and Urban Development, Hosting, Energy, Eddective, Veterans Affairs, ne Homeland Security. Bannassayansi balondebwa Pulezidenti era ne bakakasibwa Akakiiko k'eggwanga. Bakubiriza Pulezidenti ku nsonga ezizingirwamu era balabirira ebitongole bya bannannyini ebitongole.

Ebitongole bya disitulikiti

ettabi ekizimbe ekikulira omulimu gutegekeddwa mu bitongole ebikola omulimu gwa gavumenti. Buli kitongole kirina omulimu gwa ky'obulabirizi era nga kikolera wansi w'obuyinza. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitongole ekikola ku butongole obwasalaze (DOJ) kikwasizza amateeka ga gavumenti, ebbeesa emisango, era kikiikirira Amerika mu nsonga ezikwata ku by'amateeka. Ekitongole ekikola ku by'obulamu n'obuwagizi bw'abantu kirina enteekateeka z'eby'obulamu nga kuliko kakwate ne Medicare, Mdicaid, Food and Drugment Administration (CD), ne Centers for Deselselsement (CDC). Ekitongole ekikolera ku by'amagye, kiddukanya abantu nga 3 obukadde 3 era ekitongole kya dipatimenti y'eby'eby'eby'obulamu.

Ng'oggyeko ebitongole 15 ebikola ku matabi, waliwo ebikumi n'ebikumi by'ebibiina ebikola ku bubwe, ebitongole ebikola ku bubwe, ne kampuni za gavumenti.

  • [[NKULA] Evenvironal Protection Agency (EPA):[[[OLW'OKUMALIRA] Era n'okulagira ebiragiro okukuuma empewo, amazzi n'ettaka okuba ebituufu.
  • '[[NKULA] 'National Aeronautics and Space Administration' (NASA):[ Enkola y'okukebera ebifa ku bwengula, okunoonyereza kwa sayansi, n'okukulakula kw'ebiruubirirwa bya aeronautics.
  • [[Akawulu:0]] Empuliziganya ez'omu n'obudde biri mu lukalala: Kino kitegeka empuliziganya wakati w'ebuvanjuba n'ensi yonna nga okozesezza rediyo, ttivi, wayadiyo, ebyuma, satellite, ne tayimoni.
  • [[AKMENTI] Obubonero n'okukyusa ebiwandikiro ebikolebwa ku sistemu (SEC):[[[O]1] bukireetera okukoma ku bukwakkulizo n'okutegeka enkola ey'okugula ebizimbe.
  • [[Act:0] Eddaala ly'ekiwandikiro: Banka ey'omu Amerika efuga enkola ya banka era y'erabirira enkola ya banka.
  • [[AK'AWULA:0] United States Postal Service (USPS):[[Akawunziko:1] Ekitongole ekikola ku post mu nsi yonna

Engeri Enteekateeka gy’Ekutuukirizaamu Amateeka

Amateeka agafuga entegeka za gavumenti bwe bukodyo obuteekebwamu:

  • [[AGUMENTI]]:[ Ekiragiro kiwa ebiragiro ebinnyonnyola era ebiteeka mu nkola amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kyetaagisa ebitongole okufulumya amateeka agateebwa, okukkiriza ebyo bye bawandiise, n'okuteekawo amateeka agafuga amateeka.
  • [[AK'AWULA:0] Ekiragiro kikebera ebinnyonyola amateeka n'ebiragiro.[[FULT:1] Ekiragiro kino kikebera ebiragiro, era kikebera ebirengo oba ebirengo.
  • [[Act:0] 'Adjucation':[ Ebibiina bingi birina abalamuzi b'amateeka abawulira empaka era ne basalawo ekiba kyetaagisa(kaadi eyo) ebiragiddwa mu nkola y'obutebenkevu mu nkola y'ekitongole kya Social Security Administrations ebisalibwawo, era ne National Labor Relations Board esalawo obutasinziira ku nkola y'omulimu.
  • Empandika z'ekitongole kino ziyamba nnyo abantu okufunira wamu obukugu mu mirimu egitali gimu.

Ate era ebibiina bikola okunoonyereza n'okwekenneenyeza enkola y'okutegeeza ebifa ku nkola y'ekitongole ekikola ku Energy's alaborations.

Okugondera Amateeka: Okussaawo Obufuzi n’Okukakaatika Etteeka ku Bannamwandu

Okussaawo etteeka eritandika oluvannyuma lw'okuyisa akakiiko akafuzi era n'obubonero bwa Prezidenti, ekitongole ekirina okunnyonnyola amateeka gano, era ne kiteekawo ebiragiro ebitegeeza engeri amateeka gye ganaagobereramu. Okussaawo amateeka gano kubaamu okuyingiza ebiyingizibwa n'okuyingiza mu bya bantu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekiragiro eky'okusemba empewo kiteekwa okuteekawo emitindo gy'empewo egy'enjawulo egy'ennono, nga gizingiramu okunoonyereza ku bya sayansi, obukyuzi bw'eby'enfuna, n'okusoomooza mu mateeka.

Ebiragiro bwe biba biteekeddwawo, abakola ku by'obulango babikola nga bakebera ebitongole ebikola ku by'obulango, nga bakebera ebitongole. Ekitongole ekikola ku nkola y'omulimu kikebera ebizingirwawo okulaba oba nga bitegekebwa bulungi ku by'obukuumi mu mirimu gye kikolera. Emirimu egikola ku by'obuddukiro gisobola okukebera ebipimo by'eby'obutebenkevu. Ate era ekitongole kya K'Eby'Eby'Enfunamu esobola okukakasa amateeka ag'okusasula emisolo, agakkirizisa, amalaisensi, oba agakwata ku by'amateeka ku bamenyi b'obumenyi b'amateeka okusobola okukebera ebimenyetso. Mu mbeera ezimu, enkola eweebwa gavumenti nga zigoberera enkola ey'okukolera awamu eby'okuteeka mu nkola enviirizi.

Enzijuvu n’Empisa Ennungi

ettabi erya ktabi ekkulu likolera mu nkola eya kkomo n'ekusobozesa ettabi erimu obutafuga. Congress era ekubiriza obulabirizi okuyitira mu kuwuliriza, okunoonyereza, n'obuyinza okukakasa oba okugaana okulondebwa. Gavumenti K'empandika n'ekirango. Office eky'okulabirako n'ebitundu ebitongole ebikola ku ntegeka y'empandika y'amatabi esobola okukebera ebizingirwamu.

Kkooti z'abalamuzi zikebera ebitongole ebikola ku butongole okukakasa nti bigoberera amateeka ga gavumenti. Kkooti zisaze ebitongole nga Prezidenti Truman's Deferences mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w'e Korea (] talltown SEATY & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952]), era ziwagidde abalala, nga Prezidenti Oba's Deferer Action for Childhooking (DACA) programu ey'okujjukanyaamuamu yafuna ebiva mu ku ebyo ebivamu.

Ensonga efuga enkola y'abasigire yasigala nga ya maanyi nnyo okukebera kweyamye() /Nnyumba ey'abalagizi esobola okusazaamu Pulezidenti "obumenyi bw'amateeka obw'amaanyi n'ensobi," era Olukiiko olukulu luyinza okubuggyawo nga bakuba akalulu emirundi ebiri. Ba prezidenti basatu baasaasaanyizibwa House (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump emirundi ebiri), era babiri baaggibwako omusango; Richard Nixon ne baggibwawo nga tewandikiddwawo kkooti nga tezibadde zijulirwa. Okutiisibwa obuteego n'okugoba ba prezidenti nga n'ensonga ez'ebyobufuzi bwe bityolekebwa.

Okukebera okulala kuzingiramu okuwa amagezi ku Nkiiko entongole era n'okukkiriziganya ku ngeri y'okulabiramu abalabirizi abawagidde okusemba ebitongole, era n'okukakasa nti org of Information Act (FOIA) bikkirizibwa okuzuula obuwandiisi bw'amatabi.

fundikira

ettabi lino lye nkola lya nkola mu nkola y'obukulembeze bwa Amereka, era lituukiriza amateeka agakyusa obulamu bw'abantu. Okuva ku mateeka ga Prezidenti okutuuka ku mulimu gwa bameetwa ba gavumenti, ettabi lituukiriza enkola zalyo, likuuma eggwanga, era likwasizza programu ez'enjawulo. Okusobola okulifuga kwe by'enkola kwe by'omulembe omunene n'okutuukiriza ebigendererwa byalwo.[1]A mu kiseera kyonna ekyayita, olutalo, ebizibu n'enkyukakyuka mu by'ebyobufuzi bwe bigenda bikolebwa. United States bw'eyoleka ebizibu ebiyinza okujjawo nga tekinnayokula, oba ng'obutebenkenkenke, ettabi lyalyo ly'eyongera okumanyisa. Okutegeera entegeka yaanyimba zaayo, n'obuyinza okuvunaanyizibwa obw'okwetikkereza mu byafaayo.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, kebera ebifa ku mukungu okulaba obuwayiro obwa ettabi ettukuvu[, [[FLT]] Activition Appagention ku Kitundu II[, ne [[FLT:]USA.gov'o kiwandikiro ku matabi ga gavumenti