Enjigiriza eyo bufirosoofo bw'omu mateeka obunnyonnyola tteeka eryali lyesigamiziddwa ku ntegeera y'amateeka mu kiseera lwe lyatandikibwawo. Enkola eno ekola nnyo enkaayana nnyingi ku ddembe erya ggystance, nga mw'otwalidde n'eddembe eritali lya ggwanga mu Amereka. Mu myaka egyakayita, endowooza nti eddiini y'okusibuka ku mateeka ekyuse evudde ku nnukuta y'enkyukakyuka n'eva ku nnukuta enkulu, n'ebikwata ku nkola za mateeka. Okutegeera engeri emisingi egyasooka egya Katonda gye gikwata ku nsonga ezitali za bulijjo, kyetaagisa okwekenneenya ebyafaayo ebizingirwamu, era n'ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka.

Ensibuko y’Obutamanyi Butuufu bw’Enjigiriza

Enjigiriza y'ekinnyinnyonnyola nti amakulu g'amateeka gaalyo gamalibwawo mu kiseera we gaasookera okumanyibwa. Waliwo enkyusa za njawulo mu nnukuta ez'enjawulo, naye esinga okuba ez'enjawulo leero ze ez'omu sooka obulombolombo. Omusawo Antonin Scalia ye yawagiranga enkola eno, agamba nti empanvu y'okulagula ebigambo.

Bannasayansi abanoonyereza ku njigiriza ez'enkyukakyuka bagaana endowooza egamba nti “Amateeka agaasigalawo” gakyusa endowooza y'abantu ne gagoberera emitindo egya bulijjo. Mu kifo kyawo, bagamba nti okutereezebwa kw'amateeka kusaanidde okuleetawo enkyukakyuka. Obweyamo obwo bukwata ku ngeri eddembe gye lirina okukyusibwamu.[1] Naddala, obwo obutategeerwa butereevu ku abo abataategese kudda mu nkalala ezo. Enkyuka ezo tezitwalibwa nga nfugezo, ate nga mu kyasa ekya 18, abanoonyereza ku bukakafu businga obungi baamanyibwa ku ngeri amateeka gye gaasengekebwamu, gamba nga “bannannaka,” oba “bannakaakyenzi.”

[[NKUMBO]] Bw'obanga oyagala okumanya enjigiriza eyo gy'etegeera, kebera Kino kiyinza okutegeeza engeri ez'enjawulo eziyinza okunnyonnyolwamu mu mpandika eya bulijjo. Kino kiyamba mu kutegeera enfuze ey'okulaga engeri gye kiyinza okunnyonnyolwamu mu ngeri eyo.]

Obusobozi bw'enkunteeka n'obutakkirizibwa mu mateeka

Obusobozi bw'abo abatali ba nnukuta za Amerika abali wansi w'amateeka ga Amerika buwa obukwanguzi obw'amaanyi obw'okwekuumisa n'obusobozi. Amateeka agamu gaalagira nti “bannannyini,” era nti be bakkirizibwa mu ntegeka za KGPU: era nti bakkirizibwa okuyingiza ebizimbe n'ebiziikinvu. Abalala, gamba nga Century Procession and Sencial Protection Claus, boogera ku ‘ muntu yenna oba “omuntu yenna ali mu buyinza bwe." Ekiragiro kino eky'olunyiriri kiviiriddeko ek'enkyukakyuka eyo: eddembe abamu batwala buli muntu k'atwalibwa ng'enkyukakyuka, ate nga batwala n'enkiikifo ky'abantu bonna, ate nga n'obusobo bwonna buterekebwa abatuuze.

Obusika Obukulu bwa Kkomero eri Abantu Bonna

Kkooti enkulu ebaddeko okumala ebbanga ddene ng'egamba nti, enkola ya Ssekukkulu ey'empandika eya Claus ey'okutaano era n'ekukakasa nti eweefube eya 144th Amereka kikuuma “omuntu yenna, nga mw'otwalidde n'oyo atali wa gavumenti, akkirizibwa oba atali wa b'awandiikiddwa. Obubonero obwatongodde bulaga omusingi guno. Yick Wov. Hopkins[[FLD]] [1866] [186]] [Kkookolok'e], Kkooti San Francisco yalagira nti abagwira obukyasibe mu Bukyayi n'Abakyayi mu mateeka, obwakozesebwa mu ngeri ey'obukkulembedde mu mateeka, era nga bujulirwamu, olukyayi lwokka mu kkooti ennene ejulizibwamu enenya omusango gwe yasala omusango ogusaliddwa mu kkooti.[FFF.2:3]

Gye buvuddeko awo, mu [[NKULA:0] Matys v. Diaw [77], kkooti yakiwagira nti Medicare ekkirizibwa okubeeramu okumala emyaka etaano, naye yakitegeera nti n'abantu abatali ba mu nnukuta zisaanyizo balina eddembe erikkirizibwa mu kuddukanya obulungi emirimu gya gavumenti. Era mu Zvydas v. Davis (2001], kkooti yakkiriza nti gavumenti teyinza kusibawo mateeka ga n'abantu bonna abali mu United States nga bagenze mu ggwanga erinaalyo.

Ebisaliddwawo bisinziira ku ntegeera y'Ebyawandiikibwa era n'ebyafaayo nti ebigambo “omuyigiriza” mu mateeka bitwaliramu buli muntu ali mu ttwale lya Amerika oba gavumenti. Abakugu mu byafaayo by'edda batera okwekenneenya ennyiriri eziriraanyewo: “nno ye Kristo mu kiseera eky'okuzuulibwa, kyayitibwanga mu mateeka okutwaliramu abagwira n'abantu aba bulijjo nga bwe kyali, endowooza eyagobererwa ennyo Ninth ne Tenth Amerekations byeyogerako nga“ abantu” mu ngeri esingawo.

Enkizo Eziterekeddwa Abatuuze

Ku luuyi olulala, amateeka agamu gaalagira nti “bannakyewa.” Amassomero oba Abamaleya baago bakuuma“obuyambi oba obukuumi bw'abatuuze b'omu Amerika,” kkooti enkulu bw'ennyonnyodde, essira nga essira ku ntegeka gamba ng'okulonda mu kulonda, okulonda, okutambula, n'okutuuka mu kkooti z'ensi. Enzijijirizo eya 141 ku bw'esobola okukuuma “obuddukiro” (obwebiri bwa United States ne gavumenti) ne “bannaakyewa ” (b'abakungu ba gavumenti).

Okugonza ge ddembe erisinga okuba ekkulu eri abatuuze. Ekiragiro kino, okuyitira mu Amereka agaawerera ddala 14 oba 15, enzigi zikkiriza okuwera eddembe ly'abatuuze ery'okulonda, nga zitegeeza nti si bannabyabufuzi tebalina busobozi bwa nvuma okulonda mu gavumenti oba mu kulonda. Obubonero obwo bunywezeddwa olw'ensonga nga Foliy v.[FLD] [1978], obuwanjudde ekyetaagisa etteeka erigamba nti abakungu ba police ba police okubeera abatuuze, era Cavell v[FLT][FLT][FFF:3] [192], (198], ekikkiriza California okubeera abatuuze mu kifo eky'emirembe mu kkooti z'ekibiina bya gavumenti.

Emiganyulo gy'olubengo nagyo gyakugirwa. Kkooti enkulu mu [PORWORA] ass'act. era n'oluvannyuma] ekiwandikiro kisobozesa abatuuze okufuna emiganyulo egiva mu kufunira ab'obukuumi mu ggwanga ebeere nga baasooka emyaka etaano. Kkooti enkulu mu [FLT:] Mathews v. Diaws[[FLY][FLY]][F]] era n'oluvannyuma [[FLY] Kino kisobozesa abatuuze b'obutebe bw'eggwanga okufuna emiganyulo egya bulijjo mu myaka gyabwe egyasooka mu California[[FLT] 2020] kikkiriza nti Consertstions ennex transversarcessss ku ngeri ez'enjawulo eziganyula bannaggwanga. Okuwakanya obutegeevuziganya gavumenti za bulijjo ku ku bikwata ku nkola y'obusika ne ku nkola y'obusika obw'okuvanjulwamu, obutuufu bw'okuvanyunzinzinzinzinzinzinzi, obutuufu mu mateeka

Okunnyonnyola Eddembe Eritannaba Kulongoosebwa

Abamanyi ebifa ku bantu si bennyini ku ddembe eritali lya bulijjo. Ekibuuzo kino kisinziira ku kuba nti etteeka erimu likozesa ekigambo “penson” oba“emante,” era amakulu ga bantu okusobola okukakasa enjawulo eyo.

Obukujjukujju Obulina Okugobererwa mu Butuuze

Bannasayansi bangi bagamba nti Amateeka gaategekebwa okukuuma obusobozi bw'abantu. Basonga ku mateeka agaasooka, agategeeza “abalonde ba Scott v. Sandford[FLT] (1.57) era ne mu Ndagaano ya Claus ey'Akabonero III. Okuva ku nsonga eno, okutegeera kwasooka tekwateebwa ku ddembe lya bannaggwanga mu by'obufuzi okuwerezebwamu [[FL:0] Dred Scott v. Sandford[FLT] [1857] era n'abantu bonna abaazaalibwa mu United States baafuuka abatuuze.

Akabonero ak'amaanyi kagamba nti: mu [FLT] United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez [1990], kkooti ey'enjawulo yagamba nti Kkooti enjjulule ey'okuna ereme okuseesaawo obujja mu nnyumba n'ekwasujja tekikwata ku nnyumba ya munnaggwanga atali mu ggwanga mu Mexico. Omulamuzi omukulu Rehnquist, ng'awandiika ku nsonga eyo ey'omutindo: “Abantu abakuumibwa Omuteetongo gw'okeerezi eky'omulundi ogw'okuna be bantu abali mu ggwanga. Endowooza eno eraga nti eddembe ly'obutunzivuzi n'obutunzi bw'omulembezi.

“ Pentekoote” n’enkyukakyuka eriwo wakati wa “Kiriganice”

Bannasayansi abalala bagamba nti okukkakkanya obusomi mu kusoma ku nsonga zino, bagamba nti Amateeka ga Katonda gakozesa enfunda n'enfunda “n'enfunda ” okusobola okugonjoola ensonga enkulu. Enzijiri z'amateeka ez'okutaano n'ez'ekkumina zikuuma“ muntu yenna, ” nga bwe kiri ku kyakutaano ekiwereddeko (okunoonyereza okw'ekikasa n'eky'eky'okutaano) era n'eky'okukyusaamu mu nnukuta ey'edda, era n'ensonga eyo eraga nti abo abawandiisa mu ntegeka baago baalonda “wamateeka” mu tteeka erikwata ku bulamu, eddembe, n'ebintu, nga bakkiririza nti buli muntu ali mu buyinza okugobeeyambisibwako.

Endowooza eno ewagirwa mu byafaayo. Mu kiseera eky'okutandikawo, abagwira baateekebwanga wansi w'amateeka agamu era ne bakkirizibwa okusemba mu kkooti z'amateeka eza gavumenti ezaali zifugibwa enkola ez'enjawulo. Olukiiko lwa Alien Tort Sigment olwa 1789 lwaleka abagwira okuleeta ebisaasaanusi ebyakolebwa okumenya amateeka g'amawanga. Olukiiko olusooka lwayisangawo ab'ekika kya Framenti bangi, era ne bateekawo amateeka agaakuuma abasenze nga bannaawdde nga batwalibwa mu buwaŋŋanguse. Ebikolwa bino biraga nti okutegeera okwasooka okw'abagwira tekutwala ddembe nga bannalyo.

[[Act:0] Extranal Resource:[ Ekibuuzo ekigamba nti abakugu baakirimu kiwumbiddwa bulungi mu kitundu kino [[[KYT:2] Georgown Immignation Law Journal[[FL:3]]

Okusoomoozebwa kw’Eby’Eby’Amateeka okw’Omu Kiseera Kyonna

Okulwanirira eddembe ly’obuntu n’obw’obukulu mu mateeka kyeyongera okuleetawo enkaayana eziva ku kuba nti abatuuze bakkirizibwa okugenda mu nsi endala, ku miganyulo abantu gye bafuna, ne ku kulonda.

Okusindika oba Okulagira Omulimu Okugukolako

Hawaii , kyali kizingiramu obuyinza bwa Prezidenti okukugira abagwira okuva mu nsi ezimu. Kkooti, yagoberera enkola ey'ekitongole enzivuunvu. Omusango ogwava mu nsi ezimu okuwera okuwera okuwera okuwera. Omusango ogwakomya omulimu gw'okutambula gwayo, gwakulembezanga okuwerebwa. Kyokka, Kkooti ya Kennedy yakijjukira nti Ekiragiro kya 'Ly Constantin' kiteeka wansi w'obukuumi obw'ekiragiro obukyenkanankana, obufuga abantu bonna.

Kkooti endala ekola ng'okusiba abangi batamanyi kye bandikoze. Zadvydas kye kisazeewo eky'amaanyi ekyayogerwako emabegako, naye oluvannyuma kikwata ku Jennings v. Rodriguez enkola eyakyusidwa, nga ekutte abagwira abamu ku kikolwa ekyo temenya enkola ya kinnaakyo mu n'okuwandiika tekikola nga bannannyini ku ngeri ekkirizibwa ey'okuwandiika enzivvunuzi ey'okukwata oba ey'okugoba obukiika n'okutuuti. Omuteempalo Alitos, kwe kyesigama ku biwandiiko ne ku nkola ey'ebyafaayo, nga bagamba nti okutegeera kw'abamu ku n'okukwata mu ngeri ekontana n'okutuukirizibwa kw'ebyo ebimenyeddwa mu kusooka tebyetaagisa okumanyibwa abawuliriza bonna abategeera.

Emiganyulo Egiva mu Kubeerawo mu Bulamu n’Okubeera mu Bulamu Obwa Nnamaddala

Okugatta obukalu obwa nfuga, obwannannyini, n'obusobozi obutali bwa nkalakkalira byeyoleka mu butaka obukwata ku kuganyulwa mu ntegeka. Gavumenti eziwerako zigezezzaako okukugira abasenze obutakkirizibwa okuva mu kufuna layisensi mu nfumbo, layisensi z'okuvuga emmotoka. Kkooti zitera okukeberebwa mu ngeri ennungi, naye bannasayansi baasooka bagamba nti amaanyi g'apolisi gaafuga mu byafaayo gazingiramu obuyinza obw'okuteekamu empaka ez'ensusso, okuggyako nga okumenyanaamenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Kkooti ek'okugoba erya waggulu lirina okuziganya n'amateeka. Kkootikko kya arromenti enfu mu Arizona v. United States[FFLt 1] (202) kyeyava mu bitundu bya S.B. 1070 ku ku ku kukkoosebwa kwa Santariceriants, naye Scaliadiadiadia kir de pro mu mateeka kya mu ngeri ez'ennoomu

Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti enkulu mu Ewawandiise nti obujaasi obwa Homeland Security v. Regents of University of California (2020) yagamba nti okuddamu kwa Trump okuddukanya DaCA kwayinza okwekenneenyezebwa naye tekutuuka ku bulungi bwa tteeka lya tteeka. Omusango ogwo gwalaga obutategeeragana obuli wakati w'ab'obuyinza ku bannaawuka ne ku ngeri abakkiriza gye batwalamu abakkiriza. Abamasaza ab'obuyinza bagoberera enkola ya DDCA. Abasinga obungi basinziira ku nkola y'obukulembeze bw'ekitongole ekyo. Abakulu mu kibiina basinziira ku butongole abawandikibwa banna bannakyewabuzi, naye abamu bakkiriza nti omugwira munnaggwanga akkirizibwa okubaawo, era nti “lwo olulimu oluyitibwa oluva mu mateeka olwo lukwata ku mateeka.

Okutuukiriza emitindo ku abo abatagikola

Wadde nga abo abatali ba ggwanga tebalina mateeka ga nukuta, amateeka agatali ga ggwanga nga ssanti , amatwale agamu nga San Francisco, Chicago, era n'ebibuga ebirala mu Maryland(*) gagaziyizza eddembe ery'okulonda mu bannakatemba abatali ba ntebe z'ensi eyo, nga mw'otwalidde n'abatuuze ab'entebe entegeke obulungi. Amateeka gano gasookebwa ku nsonga za gavumenti, naye gavumenti ewaanidde ddala oba amakulu g'amateeka agasooka gaagigaana amateeka ng'okulonda. Abakoddoozesezza ekkomera mu mateeka ga gavumenti, abamu bagamba nti enkola ey'okulonda obutuuze ereme okugaana amateeka ng'okugoba amateeka ng'ago. Singa baagayagalira ddala eddembe lya bannannyini kkooti z'abantu.

Ebiraga nti obwenkanya n’Okuteefuga Bisaanidde

Okuba nti ebiwandiiko bya Baibuli byayawukanya ku ntegeka n'etteeka nga terinnaba kutegeera, kireetera abantu okwebuuza obanga ddala amateeka ga mateeka ga njawulo. Bwe kiba nga kyetaagisa tteeka okuteeka amakulu galwo mu kyasa ekya 18, olwo ekiwandiiko kino kiyinza kitya okugonjoola enkyukakyuka ezibaawo mu kusengukira mu nsi yonna mu kiseera kino?

Okutegeera Obusobozi bw’Okubuulira n’Obunyiikivu

Bannasayansi bakirabye nti olukalala lwa mateeka terutuukiridde, naye bagamba nti amakulu gaago gayamba mu kunyweza ebyawandiikibwa byagwo n'amakulu gaalyo. Okukyuka ku ddembe ly'abantu abatali ba nnukuta, bawaayiriza nti, luteekwa kuva mu nkola ya demokulase eya demokulase ey'okukyusaamu amateeka, so si mu kunnyonnyola kw'emisango. Endowooza eno eviiriddemu enkola ey'okwefuga: kkooti ziteekwa okunywerera ku lukalala lw'enkola eza gavumenti ez'abantu abatali ba bulijjo, kasinga tezimenya makulu gaakyo aga bulijjo.

Abavumirira enkola eno, nga mw'otwalidde n'abamu ku bannasayansi abatutumufu nga Profesa Randy Barnett, bagamba nti amakulu ga mu bantu abaasooka ‘ g’enkizo oba okugattibwa kw'ebiwandiiko 14 ate nga bino bigazi okusinga ebyo kkooti enkulu bye zimanyi, era nga bisobola okukuuma eddembe ly'eby’enfuna n'ennamba z'abantu bonna. Enkaayana eno ey’omu nnyinyonnyo ewa endowooza nti obufirosoofo tebusalawo ku kintu kimu mu mbeera ezizze zibaawo; wabula, buteeka mu bujulizi ebyafaayo n'ebyawandiikibwa.

Mu nkomerero, ekibuuzo eky'okuba nti Amateeka tegalina kutwalibwa nga bwe gaasooka kutegeera amakulu gaago oba nti gago gagobererwa mu ngeri y'enkola eya bulijjo, tekikyaliwo. Abatali ba magye, emiti giba minene, era nga bakkirizibwa okufuna obukwanguzi obw'enkomeredde obwa nnamaddala.[1] Olwo n'obusobozi obwo okusobola okufuna obukulu bw'enkwaso, tekirina kutwalibwa ng'enkola okusosoozesa, era n'engeri enzijiri eyo gy'etaakyusaamu mu nsi.

Endowooza nti obutuuze n'enkola ya Kkooti ey'oku ntikko n'enkola ya kooti enkulu bisobola okujjawo byokka. Olwo nno, abanoonyereza ku by'amateeka bannasayansi bannassaayansi bwe bategeera nti amateeka gaamulondoola, era nti buli ayagala okumanyisa obutuuze obw'omu Amerika, alina okubukuuma.

[[NKULA]] Okusobola okutegeera byonna ebisaze mu kkooti ey'oku ntikkooti enkulu , kebera mu [[FLT] mu bufunze obulagira kutandika misango egitali giggy'ennamba, kebera ebiwandikiro ebiva mu kakwate ko n'erya bulijjo ebiba biweereddwa.