Amateeka g'abamenyi b'amateeka ge nsibuko y'amateeka mu buli kitundu, era galagira obukyayi enneeyisa era n'ebyo ebiyinza okuvaamu eri abo abamenya amateeka. Bw'oba oli muyizi atandika obusosobozi bwe mu mateeka, omukugu mu kunoonya okumanya okw'obwetaavu, oba omutuuze eyeetaaga okumanya, okutegeera obukulu bw'amateeka. Omulabirizi ono asinziira ku nsonga enkulu, n'empagiro ez'obumenyi bw'amateeka, era n'eyeyongera okuyingira mu nkola y'obumenyi bw'amateeka, ekizingirwa mu nzirukanya y'emitendera, emitendera gy'abamenyi b'amateeka, era n'obuteebyawulizi obw'okwerinda. Ku nkomerero, ojja kuba n'ekiko kya n'omanya engeri amateeka gye gakoleramu mu nkola era n'ensonga lwaki gasigala nga mpagibwa y'abantu.

Amateeka g’Abamenyi b’Amateeka Kye Ki?

Etteeka ly'emu ku mateeka ga gavumenti liraga enneeyisa ey'akabi eri abantu bonna. Lissaawo amateeka agakwata ku kubonereza n'okubonereza abo abeenyigira mu bikolwa ng'ebyo. Obutafaananako amateeka ga gavumenti agafuga enkaayana wakati w'ebiwayi by'abantu, gavumenti egobererwa gavumenti ku lw'abantu.

Ekigendererwa ky’Amateeka g’Omumenyi w’Amateeka

Okutegeera ebigendererwa bino kituyamba okutegeera ensonga lwaki ebikolwa ebimu bimenyebwa era n’ensonga lwaki ekibonerezo kyawukana:

  • [[Akabonero:0] [ – Okutiisibwa okubonerezebwa kuyinza okulemesa oyo akoze ekibi (obuteefukizi obwa nnamaddala) n'abantu bonna okusobola okwewala okukola obumenyi bw'amateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, okusibibwa mu kkomera okumala ekiseera kiwanvu, kiyinza okulemesa omuntu okubba emmundu.
  • Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti ekibonerezo ekiba kisalibwawo kituukana n'empandika eyamenyebwawo ekiva mu mateeka nga bwe kiragibwa mu tteeka eriragira obulagirizi obuva mu kusalira omusango.
  • [[:0] Okukyusaamu[[NKULA] - sisitemu nnyingi zigenderera okukomyawo abamenyi b'amateeka nga bamaliriza ekibonerezo kyabwe nga basalawo obuyigirize, okuwabula, oba okutendeka emirimu, basobole okufuuka abantu abakkirizibwa mu ggwanga oluvannyuma lw'okuweza ekibonerezo kyabwe.
  • [[:0] [[Akawayiro]] – – Okusiba oba okukugira abantu ab'akabi, mu mubiri kibaziyiza okukola obumenyi bw'amateeka obulala mu kiseera eky'okusibibwa.
  • [[Act:0] 'LN' - Ekiragiro kino kissa essira ku kulongoosaamu mu ngeri gye kikozesaamu obwenkanya obwa bulijjo - mu ngeri ey'okuddaabirizaamu mu kiseera kino kwe kuddaabiriza akabi akaleetebwawo obumenyi bw'amateeka, emirundi mingi nga basasula ebiba bikoleddwa, nga bakolera wamu mu bantu, oba nga bategeeza ebyava mu kugattirwako.

Ensibuko y’Amateeka g’Obumenyi bw’Amateeka

Etteeka ly’obumenyi bw’amateeka mu Amerika lisibuka mu bifo bingi, nga buli emu eririna obuyinza bwa njawulo.

  • [[Act:0] Etteeka erifuga abatwazi[[FULT:1] – Amateeka g'abamenyi b'amateeka agasinga obungi gawandiikiddwa gavumenti ezikola ku bipimo bya gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, etteeka lya United States lirimu emisango gya gavumenti, so nga buli ggwanga lirina amateeka agalyo ku limu.
  • [[NKULA]] Amateeka ag'omu tteeka – gaava mu Bungereza, emisingi gy'amateeka gikyakwata ku bitundu ebimu eby'ensi, wadde ng'e gavumenti ezisinga obungi zizze ziggyawo ebyasalwawo nga zigoberera enkola zaabyo. Amateeka aga bulijjo gawa obulagirizi ku ngeri y'okutaputa amateeka.
  • [[NKULA] Empandika ey'ekika ekya Kabonero [MPC] – eyakuzibwa ekitongole kya American Law Institute, MPC egoberera emisingi gy'amateeka amangi agaago agaagobererwa gavumenti nnyingi mu bulambalamba oba mu bitundutundu.
  • [[NKULULA] Amateeka g'omu KTTTTL[[FUMENT:1] – Ekiragiro ekya Amereka, okuyitira mu nteekateeka nga ey'okuna, ey'okutaano, ey'omukaaga, n'ey'okusatu, n'ey'okusatu, ekkomo eriteeka ekkomo ku ngeri amateeka gye gaateekebwawo era ne gakugirwa, n'okukuuma enkola n'entegeka ya buli muntu kinnoomu.

Okwetegereza engeri amateeka ga gavumenti gye gategekeddwamu, Cornell Legal Information Institute ewa kalonda ow'okusoma ekitundu ekya 18 kyongera okuwa kalonda yenna agitaagibwa.

Ebiviirako Obumenyi bw’Ensi

Buli musango oguba guzze gubaawo gulina okukakasibwa nti kkooti ewa obusongasonga, singa wabaawo ekintu kyonna ekyetaagisa, tewabaawo kkakafu ku ekyo ekiba kibaddewo.

Actus Reus (Akakwa ak'obutuuti)

Actus era kitegeeza ekikolwa eky'okusiimula ekiba kikoleddwa oba eky'obutatuukiriza mu mateeka. Obwetwaze buno buteekwa kuba bwa kyeyagalire.

Mens Rea (Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu)

Amateeka g'abamenyi b'amateeka gakyogerako ku mitendera ena wansi w'omulembe gwa MPC:

  • [[Akabonero:0][[[Act:1]] – Omuwayirwa yayagala ebiva mu nkola y'ekikolwa eky'omusango.
  • [[[:0] Nga amanyi [[[Act:1]] – Omuwayirwa yamanya nti ekivaamu kiyinza okubaawo nga kumpi kikakafu okubaawo.
  • [[Act:0] Kyeyoleka lwatu nti [[[AGUMENTI:1] – Omuwayirwa yayisa mu buwaze akabi ak'amaanyi era akatakkirizibwa.
  • [[AGUMENTI][[[AGUMENTI:1]] – Eyawandiikirwa yandibadde amanyi akabi ak'amaanyi naye n'alemererwa okutegeera (omutindo ogwa wansi).

Obumenyi bw’amateeka obumu, gamba ng’emisango eminene (olumu, okukwata abaana abato, oba okubaguza omwenge mu mateeka), tebetaagisa bantu kufuna bujulizi bulaga nti be basukka ku ekyo ekiba kigaaniddwa.

Okutereera

Singa omuntu atta omuntu mu butanwa ng’avuga kyokka oluvannyuma n’afuna ekigendererwa eky’okutta, tayinza kusalirwa musango olw’okuba ekigendererwa kye tekikwatagana na ekyo.

Eby’okusiiga

Omuwaabi alina okussaawo akakwate wakati w'ekyo omuwawaabi ky'akoze n'ekivaamu. Kino kyetaagisa byombi

  • [[Act:0] Embalirira [[[Akabonero:1] [Naye ekikolwa ekyo, ekikolwa ekyo tekiyinzika kukolebwako].
  • [[AK'AKAFUNZE:0] ekiragiro ekimalayo [[[KATABO:1]] (obuzibu bwava mu kukola kino nga tekigenderedde kukola kintu ekyo, nga tekigenderedde kuba nga kirala kivudde ku kintu ekyo).

Kirungi

Obumenyi bw'amateeka bungi bwetaagisa okukosebwa, okukosebwa, oba okukosebwa. Kino kiyinza okukosa abantu, okwonoona ebintu, oba okukosa abantu mu nkolagana.

Ebikwata ku Bumenyi bw’Ebikolwa by’Obukambwe

Obumenyi bw’amateeka businziira ku butonde, ekisinziirwako okubonerezebwa n’engeri y’okubukwatamu.

Feronies

Emisango egisalibwawo gisalirwa omusango ogw'amaanyi singa omuntu asibibwa mu kkomera okumala omwaka gumu, era emirundi mingi omuntu asibibwa mu makomera oba okufa obulamu bwe bwonna ku muntu oyo eyabanga afudde.Emisango gizingiramu okutta, okukwata abakazi, okunyaga abantu, n'okutunda ebiragalalagala.

Amalala

Ensobi si nnyo, era ebonerezebwa omwaka gumu mu makomera, enzivvuunula y'enguzi, okukebererwa, oba obuweereza bw'abantu. Ebyokulabirako ebitera okukolebwa kwe kubba obubbi, okutulugunyizibwa obutonotono, obutategekebwa, n'okuvuga emmotoka nga bagoberera enkola (ekibi ekisooka). Amagaanyi mangi gakyasiddwa mu ttendekero ery'okupiira ebintu ebibi (um: g., Kisity A, B, C) nga geesigamye ku bibonero ebisinga obungi.

Obumenyefu

Mu bitundu ebisinga, abantu tebakitwala nti bamenyi b’amateeka olw’okukola ebikyamu.

Mala mu Se vs.Mala Prohibita

Enjawulo endala ey'ekika eky'enjawulo eri wakati w'ebikolwa ebya bulijjo (mala mu se), gamba ng'obutemu n'obubbi, era n'ebikolwa ebikyamu olw'etteeka okubagaana (mala sirisa), gamba ng'okusimba ebimenya amateeka oba okusitula ebizimbe ebidduka ku sipiidi. Enjawulo eno eyinza okubaako kye kikola ku ndowooza n'okusalira abantu omusango.

Obumenyi bw’Obumenyi bw’amateeka

Amateeka ga bamenyi b'amateeka era gabonereza abantu nga balina ekigendererwa eky'okukola ekintu eky’obumenyi bw'amateeka.

  • [[AKM:0] Act[[[KY'OKUKOLA] – Ekibuuzo ekimala okukola obumenyi bw'amateeka, awamu n'okukola obumenyi bw'amateeka. Bannabyamiza babonereza butono nnyo okusinga ensobi ezimaliriziddwa naye nga bakyalina obubaane ku nsonga.
  • [[[NT]] – Endagaano wakati w'abantu ababiri oba n'abasoba mu bayiti, awamu n'okukola ekisukka mu kimu nga endagaano ekola nga bw'otatuukiriza. Okusobeza ku by'oteekako biyamba mu kutegeka ebipimo ate emirundi egisinga baweebwa n'emitendera egiva mu kibi eky'okumenyawo ekigo.
  • [[Act:0][[Act:1] – Ask, azzaamu abalala amaanyi, oba okusaba omuntu omulala okukola obumenyi bw'amateeka ng'ayagala okikole.

Bannabyabufuzi

Abo abalwanirira abantu bayinza okufuna obusongasonga obuba bulaga nti kye bakoze si kibi oba nti bakikola nga beekwasa obusongasonga olw’ensonga ze baba bakoze.

Eby’Okulwanyisa

Okwewozaako okwetaagisa omuwawaayiriza okuwa obujulizi obuwagira obuwoze, oluvannyuma ne wabaawo ateekwa okukiwakanya.

  • [[Akawayiro:0] Okwegulumiza[[[NKUMBO:1] – Enkozesa ey'amaanyi okwekuuma mu mbeera enzibu eri mu mateeka. Ebitundu bingi ‘ bigoberera enjigiriza ez'ekika kya waggulu oba amateeka agagaziya eddembe ly'obuntu.
  • [[NT:0] Obukyayi – Busango bwa mateeka so si bwa bujjanjabi, nga bwewawa enzijanjaba, nga yeeyama nti omuwayiri tategeera bulungi nsobi y'ebikolwa bye mu kiseera ky'obumenyi bw'amateeka. Okugezesa kusinziira ku mateeka ga nnaghten, Empandika ey'ekika kya Model Penal, Durham gupy).
  • [[NKULULA][[Akabonero:1] – Omuwayitirwa yakakasibwa okuzza omusango nga yatiisibwa okuttibwa oba okulumya omubiri gw'omuntu omulala. Duress tekikola ng'omuntu bw'ataba atte.
  • [[Akabonero:0] [[[Akabonero:1] – Amateeka gaaleetera omuwayitirwa okukola obumenyi bw'amateeka bwe bataayagalanga. Okwekuuma okwo kukwata ku gavumenti okukeberebwa.
  • Kitaaze [[[NKULU][[Akabonero:1] – Omuwayirwa yakola obumenyi bw'amateeka okusobola okwewala akabi ak'amaanyi, gamba ng'okumenya ekizimbe ekyaka omuliro okuwonya omwana.

Bannasayansi

Okusinziira ku nkola z’eby’obufuzi, enkola eno egezesa obutuufu bw’amateeka ga gavumenti, gamba nga:

  • Okumenya Amateeka Agakwata ku Kkubo ery’Okuna (okunoonyereza n’okuwamba).
  • Okumenya amateeka g'Enziji z'Emitendo Etaano (obuteefuga era n'akabi ak'emirundi ebiri).
  • Okumenya Amateeka g’Enkyusa ey’omukaaga (empalana n’okuwozesebwa amangu).
  • Omusango gwaleetebwa mu budde nnyo.

Singa omuntu yeerwanako atuuka ku buwanguzi, obujulizi buyinza okwekenneenyezebwa, okuvunaanibwa ne gusambibwa, oba okukkiriza okuvumibwa nga bagezaako okusambibwa.

Enteekateeka y’Obwenkanya ng’Omumenyi w’Amateeka

Buli mutendera gubaamu bannassaayansi abawerako, abo abawaabirwa, abakungu ba gavumenti, abalamuzi, n’abalamuzi abasala emisango.

Okunoonyereza n’Okukwatibwa

Abakwasisa amateeka bakuŋŋaanya obujulizi nga babuuzibwa ebibuuzo, nga banoonya obulagirizi obukwata ku musango, era nga banoonyereza ku ngeri gye guyinza okukolebwamu.

Bwe Tuba Tusalawo

Omuwaabi yeetegereza obujulizi era n'asalawo obanga anaawandiika mu mpalo. okusalawo kuno kutwaliramu okwekenneenya obukakafu obulaga obutuufu, obunene bw'omusango, n'ebyafaayo by'omuwaabi.

Engeri gye Yakulamu ne Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Oluvannyuma lw'okukwatibwa, omuwawaayiriza aleetebwa mu maaso g’omulamuzi asooke amulage omusango. omulamuzi awa amagezi azziddwa omusango, ateekawo kasawo (oba asumulula omuwawawaayibwa nga yateebwa) era ateekawo okubuulirira singa omuwawawaabirwa ayingira mu nsonga.

Ekintu Ekitandika Okuwulira n’Ekiwandiiko Ekikulu

Okuvunaanibwa mu kkooti, okusalirwa omusango oba okusalirwa omusango kukakasa obanga waliwo ensonga ey'okuyisa omusango. Ku kusalira omusango ogusooka, okuwozesebwa kuyinza okuwa obujulizi era n'okuwozesebwa ku musala w'emiwaatwa. Omuntu avunaana omusango omukulu ye kibinja ky'abantu abawulira obujulizi bwa kkooti mu nkukutu era n'asalawo oba awere omusango.

Okutongozebwa

Nga yavunaanibwa, avunaanibwa asoma emisango era n'ayingira mu kwegayirira: omusango, so si musango oba (mu magye agamu) tewali mpaka (nolo imadde).

Ebibaddewo nga Bisembedde

Both sides exchange evidence (discovery) and may file motions to suppress evidence, dismiss charges, or compel discovery. These motions can resolve critical legal issues before trial.

Okugezesebwa

Omusango gwe mu kkooti. Omuwaabi alaga obutuufu obwa nnamaddala. Omuwawaabi atwalibwa okuba nga talina musango.

Ennanga

Omulamuzi bw’aba azziddwa omusango, asalira omusango omusango mu ngeri eya njawulo.

Akolerwa

Abawozesezza balina obuyinza okujulira mu kkooti enkulu, nga bagamba nti ensobi zaakolebwa mu kkooti. Alipoota teziddamu kunoonyereza; era tezeekenneenya bujulizi obulaga nti amateeka gaagwawo.

Okubonereza

Obufirosoofo obw’enjawulo obusinziirwako okuvunaana abamenyi b’amateeka bwe bumu ku ndowooza ezo.

  • [[NKULA]] Okusalirawo omusango[[[KATANDIKA:1] – Ekikongo kino kiraga nti ekiragiro kiteeka amateeka oba obulagirizi mu kkomera.
  • [[NKULA]] Okusalirawo abalala omusango[ – A.M., emyaka 5 oba 15 giteeberezebwa nga akabaawo ke kalina kye kakolawo
  • [[NKULA] Obutono – Amateeka agasalibwa abamenyi b'amateeka ku misango egimu egy'ekkomera (um'omukitundu., okutunda amalagala, okuzza emmundu), oluusi okunenyezebwa olw'okukendeeza ku nkola y'obulamuzi.
  • Ekibonerezo ekibonerezebwa mu mateeka[[NT.1] – Ekibonerezo ky'okufa kisigala kikkirizibwa mu bitundu ebimu olw'emisango egy'amaanyi ennyo egizingirwa mu mateeka (ng'ekyokulabirako, okutta obutemu so si ku muntu omu).

Ekitongole ekikola ku lukalala lw'eby'obwenkanya mu Amerika [[[NKUMBO:1] kiraga engeri etteeka gye liteekeddwa mu nkola eziragibwa mu gavumenti era n'obulagirizi obuziweebwa ekibiina kya Yakuwa.

Amateeka Agaawukana ku Gamu

Wadde ng'ekitundu kino kissa essira ku mateeka ga Amereka ag'abamenyi b'amateeka, kiba kirungi okulaba nti amateeka amalala (nga obulombolombo bwa gavumenti mu Bulaaya) gatunuulira amateeka ga bamenyi b'amateeka mu ngeri ya njawulo.

Lwaki Amateeka g’Obumenyi bw’Amateeka Makulu?

Okutegeera amateeka tekuba kuyiga buyigirize buyigirize buyigirize, wabula kuyamba abatuuze okumanya eddembe lyabwe n'obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe, era kiyamba n'abakosebwa okusobola okugobererwa.[1] Okukuuma amateeka, abakozi, abasomesa, n'okukolera ku mateeka. Ate era, abantu abamanyi obulungi balina okuba abeetegefu okwenyigira mu kukubaganya ebirowoozo ku kulongoosebwa kw'amateeka, okusalirwa ekibonerezo, n'okwewala okusalirwa ekibonerezo, n'okwewala obubenje.

Bw'oba oyagala okwongerako olabe mikutu emirala egiba gigobereddwa, American Bar Association’s Criminal Project Ekipaadi kibaamu eby'obugagga bingi, ate Cornell Information Institute egoberera amateeka g'abamenyi b'amateeka kireetawo obufunze[ kye kintu ekifuula ekifuula obukyabudde obw'amaanyi okubbira.

fundikira

Amateeka g'abamenyi b'amateeka gakola mu ngeri ennungi era nga galina kye gakola ku buli mbeera. Okuva ku bbuuka ez'enjawulo ez'enkola eya tekimus ne abasajja okubuukamu era n'okutuuka ku bipimo eby'ennono eby'enkola y'omusango, buli kimu ku bikola mu kussaawo obwenkanya. Nga bitegeera bulungi enkola y'amateeka. "ebika by'obumenyi bw'amateeka" ebisaasaasaanyizibwa, oba onoonya okutegeera eddembe lyo, okumanya kuno kulina okubeera ekintu eky'okwerinda, era n'obukuumi obusobola okukuuma abawandiikibwa abamenyi b'amateeka nga busobola okutegeera engeri enkola y'amateeka gye .