Mu bitundu byonna eby'Amerika, amateeka ga gavumenti gakola ng'enkola y'okukyusa enkola za poliisi, naddala mu kugezaako okwongera ku b'obuyinza obwa bannassaayansi abatono n'abakazi. Amateeka gano gategekebwa okwogera ku byafaayo ebifiibwako, okwongera okutereezebwa kw'abantu era ne gakakasa nti abakwasisa amateeka balaga nti abantu ba bulijjo bajjuulizibwa. Wadde ng'amateeka agabafuga tegateekawo emitindo gya poliisi, buli ggwanga litaddewo olukumbo ku mitendera nga(*to ku nteekateeka ez'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa okusobola okukaka okuteeka mu by'enkola mu by'embaliriraalyo(*tooka obukulembeddwa mu bibinja by'eggwanga ebitegekeddwawo. Ekitundu kino kikebera ennyimba ez'amateeka, ebigobeewandikiddwawo, n'obulagirizi obw'amateeka obupya, obugobeewandiikiddwawo ku nsonga eziba bigobeebiriwo.

Amateeka ag’Enjawulo agafuga Ensi

Ebibiina bya gavumenti ebikozesebwa mu kukuza essomero mu kukuza emirimu, ebikola ku mirimu gy'okugobererwa kw'amateeka bikola enkola ez'enjawulo ezisobola okugobererwa mu kuteeka abantu mu nfuna mu nkola z'amateeka.

Entegeka-yanjula n'okutandika puloguramu

Omuwendo mutono gwa gavumenti guyigirizza enkola eya sistemu eziterekebwa ku bawansi abatonotono n'abakazi abagenda okusasulwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebitongole bya poliisi mu Texas ne Illinois bikolera ku biragiro bya gavumenti ebyetaagisa omuwendo gw'abawandiisi okuva mu bibinja ebitwalibwa nga biwandikiddwa. Wadde nga omuwendo ogwo tegutera kuziyizibwa mu kkooti, bisigala nga biwandikiddwako ebyafaayo ebireetebwa ebyafaayo eby'okutongozaamu. Kyokka, amateeka mangi ku buli kaakati kabe k'abantu abeetaaga okufuna obuwandisi okuva mu bibinja bya bannannyini, nga gakozesa “baalimu n'obuwandikiro obwa bulijjo obuteereddwa obutonotono.

Abatunzi b’Eby’Eby’Obugagga n’Ebiganzi

Amawanga mangi gawagira butereevu ebitongole ebikola ku nkola ez'enjawulo ez'okussaawo enkola mu nkola. Ekitongole kya New York ekiwa obulagirizi ku bakungu ba gavumenti ab'ekika ekimu mu nsi eyo kiwa obuwagizi bwa gavumenti nga kiwa abakungu abatonotono n'abakazi obuwagizi ku ngeri ez'enjawulo ez'enjawulo ez'okulabiriramu emirimu. Enteekateeka za California ku by'emirembe ne Ttuutirationsssssssss associations of State of Society. Ssearts arrectory''''ensi yonna esobola okutegeeza okulanga, okukola nga badduukirikibwa, n'okuteekateeka ebitongole ebinoonyeze ebiva mu magbo agatali ga gavumenti.

Okutegeeza n'Okutataangaala

Ebisaanyizo ebilaga obulabisi kirimu enkola eziteekeddwa ku bantu bangi. Ebitongole nga kkumi na bibiri kati byetaagisa abakwasisa amateeka okuteeka alipoota eziraga obuwandikiro bw'eggwanga, obuwangwa, obuwagizi, obuwagizi obulala, n'obusawo obukolebwa ku bidiba byabwe. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ebiwandiiko bya California ebiragira abakwasi b'amateeka okukuŋŋaanya n'okufulumya ebitongole ebikola enziji, naye era n'okutegeeza nti waliwo okulembereza n'okulonda alipoota ku mateeka agak'okukyusa ebikolebwa mu by'obuwandisi. Mu ngeri y'emu, ebitongole bya Washington 20211 ebiwandikiro bya bannabyo ebitongole ebikyusaamu empagibwa mu ggwanga erinaawumba w'eggwanga.

Ebirowoozo by’Okuyingira n’Ebikwata ku Kukozesa Pope

Gavumenti nnyingi galina ebisaanyizo ebikuusibwako okusobola okukomya omulimu mu bitundu ebitono era n'ebitongole ebinoonyeza obuyigirize. Amateeka gayinza okulagira nti ebitongole biwandiike okukola emikolo egikolebwa mu bifo ebya bulijjo ebiyitibwa Black oba Latino, okukolagana n'abayizi abali mu ttendekero ez'enjawulo, oba okukola amakubo agagobererwamu abaana okuva mu magye aga wansi. Amateeka ga Maryland gasemba Recruitment and Reent Titlect Force gawand ekiragira ekiwandibwa (naaw'amateeka agamu gaagala) abawandikiro okusasula obukiiko bw'abamenyi b'amateeka era n'obuteeyambi mu ku abo abagoberera enkola z'eby'amateeka eby'awula. promosso zikola ebikolebwa mu mikutu gino.

Amateeka Amakulu ag’Empisa Gali mu Bujjuvu

Wadde ng’amateeka agafuga enzikiriza ga njawulo gakolebwa mu mawanga mangi, agamu ku go gaakulanyizibwa olw’enkola zaago.

California

California kye kikolwa eky'obukambwe mu kukozesa amateeka ga gavumenti okukyusa engeri z'enkola mu ba poliisi. Ekitongole kya gavumenti kino kiwaliriza amasande gonna okuwandiika enkola ezingiramu enkola ez'okusikiriza abakazi n'abantu abatono. Mu kiseera kya SB 960 2020, ebitongole biteekwa okuwandiika emirimu gyabwe n'ebivuddemu, naye nga bigaana okuteeka ssente mu nfuna y'eggwanga mu kifo eky'okusasula ssente. Okugatta ku ekyo, California egaana okuteeka empandiika y'enjereere mu ku mulimu. Mu butuufu, enzivvuunuzi ya URI eyo ekkiriza “okuyingiza n'okuyingiza abantu mu n'okuyingiza ebibakwata ku bantu mu n'okukakanyalanyalaze.

New York

New York ebaddeko oludda oluwagizi mu by'enjula n'eby'empandika. Act y'ekitongole kya Police ekya 2020 kyalimu enteekateeka ezikolebwa “Ebitongole eby'Abamale n'Abakazi-ebbeeyi" mu nteekateeka ezikwata ku kukwata ab'amateeka okukwatibwa, era hofisi ya gavana akwasizza ekidiba ky'abawagizi mu kunoonyereza. Ekibuga New York, nga kipikiriziddwa gavumenti, kyagoberera enkola ya“ Shoversity Hiring Inficietice". Ekireetera abo abagenda okulondebwa okuva mu bitundu eby'obumenyi bw'amateeka okuteekako mu bungi era n'obutongole bwa poliisi obutono. Wadde nga waakawumbi 2023, alipoota okuva mu ssaza ewandiisi yakizuula nti obutono mu bitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebikulu ennyo ebikola omulimu gw'okuvvuunula amateeka, era nga kyongera okuteeka essira ku ku ku kkomo.

Texas

Etteeka lya Texas likkiriza okukakasibwa mu mirimu gya gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde n'okugobererwa kw'amateeka mu mbeera ezimu. Ago g'e Texas Commission on Law Enforcement (TCOLE) geetaagisa amasannya gonna okusobola okukuuma “enteekateeka ey'okuteeka mu nkola ey'okuwandiisa” era gayinza okuleetera obutakolayo n'enjawulo mu mirimu gy'ekibiina okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa. Ebibuga ebimu, gamba nga Houston ne Dallas, bigoberera“ enkola ey'okuwandiika obuwandiisi” ebibajjukizo ebiteekebwako abantu abatono abawandibwa nga bawandiikibwa abawandiikibwa abawandiikibwa abawandiikibwa abawandiikibwa abawandiikibwa aba data. Kyokka, okuziyizibwa kwa Texas okw'ebyaweekwanya okumanyisa obutongole mu by'ebyaweretwa.

Illinois

Illinois yayisa omulimu mu 2021, nga gulina ekyetaagisa ebitongole byonna ebikuuma amateeka okusobola okuyisa “obukalu era n'okuteekamu” ebigo ebyo ebigoberera Amateeka n'okugoomera enkola y'okutendeka n'okugobererwa kw'Emitindo gy'amateeka mu Illinois. Oluteko luno lulina okusala enkula y'obukodyo obw'okutendeka abakazi n'abantu aba langi. Amateeka era galagira abawagizi bonna okusosola abawa emirimu n'abawa emirimu okusosola.

Maryland

Maryland’s Police Accountability Act eya 2021 yatandikawo “Enkyuuka n'Enkamante” esobozesa enjawulo okweyongera. Grants zikkirizibwa okukiikirira ebibiina ebikolera awamu mu kooleji za Bannabura ez'omu biseera eby'eddaala n'e yunivasite (HBCUS). Ekikolwa kino era kitaddewo ekiruubirirwa eky'okukakasa nti ebizimbe eby'enkyukakyuka mu bibiina ebipya b'enkola y'eggwanga b'ebitundu ebikola ebwengula byoleka omuwendo gw'abantu abali mu nsi eyo mu myaka etaano egiyise. Wadde nga tebigasseeko, biruubirirwa ebyo bitaddewo mu bikulembeze obutongole obukolerwamu obukolerwamu n'obubuganjabiina obugenda mu ku buganjabiina obukolerwamu n'okuyingiza obutuufu.

Obuzibu mu Mateeka ne mu by’Eby’Obufuzi

Mu kukozesa amateeka agafuga enkula y'ekikula n'eky'ekikula, mu kifo eky'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'ekikula, mu kkooti enkulu mu Amerika, PenyaCity of Richmond v. J.C.Croson Co. [1998] ne Abatunzi ba gavumenti baasaze.[NKULA].[N'Akaawuka] era Inc. v. Peña[FLT]] [195] [195]) baakakasa nti enteekateeka yonna eya gavumenti erina okukkirizibwa okusigala nga ewandikiddwa mu ggwanga era nga terina kulongoosebwa. Kino kitera okulaga nti okugoba obusosososoze kukolebwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Kyokka, kkooti ezisembayo zikkiriza enkola ya kkooti ezimu zikola enkola eziziwagiramu mu nkola ey'okusosola.

Gye buvuddeko awo, Kkooti enkulu eya 2023 ewagidde Abateesiteesi ba Fair Adgicts v. Harvard (ekyaviirako okukkirizibwa okuva mu ttendekero erikwata ku langi okuzingirwamu) kye kyaviirako okusoomooza enteekateeka zonna eza gavumenti ezigendera ku langi ez'enjawulo. Kkooti nnyingi ez'omu California zikwasizza obukwasiro okuva ku nsonga za poliisi, nga mw'otwalidde ne Texas ne Colorado. Ekivuddemu kino, abawijalagi bangi mu gavumenti bakubiriza ebibiina okuteeka enkola ey'okukwata empaka mu kifo ‘ eky'okutuuka ku ku ku langi. ’ Ng'okulabirako, obulagirizi bwa California bulaga nti okunoonyereza okw'okuva mu mawanga n'okukwata amabala kuteekwa okuggula enteekateeka zonna ez'okuva mu ggwanga ne okugattika.

Ebirowoozo eby'omu digiti ya Gender tebiriimu mutindo gwa waggulu.[1] Naye era kyetaagisa obujulizi obulaga nti abakazi basosolwa olw'edda. Eggwanga nnyingi ziwagidde enkola ez'abakazi abalondebwa okusala ku poliisi mu byafaayo era ziraga nti abakazi tebatera kukozesa maanyi agasingako n'abakazi mu bitundu ebirala. Kyokka, ebifo eby'omu mateeka biteekwa okubaamu amazzi mangi era n'ebitongole biteekwa okuwandiika obulungi enkola yaabyo.

Emiganyulo n’Obulungi: Data Kye Ziraga

Okupima engeri amateeka ga gavumenti gye gakwata ku ngeri za poliisi ez'enjawulo kyewumbi. Alipoota eya 2022 okuva ku National Institute of Justice yazuula nti mu kunoonyereza okwakolebwa, wabaddewo okweyongerayongera kwa 12% mu bantu abawerera ddala emyaka etaano, okugeraageranya n'okweyongerayongera kw'ebitundu 3 ku buli kikumi mu mawanga awatali mateeka. Kyokka, alipoota y'emu yalaga nti abafuzi ba poliisi babadde badduka bunene ddala ku bantu 12% okutuuka ku 13% mu myaka 20 egiyise. Kino kiraga nti okunoonyereza ku bantu abo abawandisizza mu nkola ez'enjawulo mu by'enkola y'okulabirabo kuyinza okubaamu okulabika kuyinza okulabika obulungi, naye tekusobozesa nkyukakyuka mu ngeri ya maanyi.

Ekiragiro kino kisuubira nti embalirira y'okutendeka n'okugoosa ziyinza okulabika nga nnungi. Era mu Amerika eziwa obuyambi obuva ku nfuna ey'okusemba okusobozesa okutendeka n'obuwagizi bwa ssente mu myaka esatu egyasooka. Kyokka, Maryland ne New York zifunye obuzibu bwa maanyi: abakungu ba gavumenti baawunzi n'abakazi bazze bakolagana n'ebitongole ebibafuga, era amateeka agava mu gavumenti gagamba nti “Okwasisa enkola y'okuteekateeka obukwasifu ne okuttanira obulembejja obutereevu.[2]

Abakugu abamu bagamba nti amateeka g'ensi gayinza okuleetawo akabi mu ngeri etasuubirwa. Abakola abamu abeeraliikirira nti omuntu asobola okumanyibwa mu mateeka ne bafiirwa ebisaanyizo eby'okutuukana n'abantu abeetaaga okutwalibwa mu mateeka, ne basuula obutuufu bw'obukuumi mu bantu, ate abalala ne bagaana okuteeka obutuuti obutonotono ku bannabyabufuzi nga bassawo obulango obutonotono obubaweereddwa. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekibiina kya Urban kwakakasa nti ebitongole ebikola alipoota nga birina alipoota z'amaanyi, ebitongole ebikola ku by'obukulembeze obupya byago naye ne bilemererwa okutumbula ebisaanyizo ebiva mu bifo eby'obukulembeze obutono ennyo, ne kileka abakungu abanene bangi n'abasajja.

Okusoomooza n’Okuvumirira Bikozesebwa

Ng'oggyeko okubuuza ebibuuzo ebikwata ku mateeka, waliwo okusoomooza okutali kumu okukyeyongera. Ekisooka, amatabi ga poliisi mangi gawakanya ebiruubirirwa eby'enjawulo nga gagamba nti galemesa enkola ey'okuteeka mu kifo eky'okukulembera abantu n'okuwagira enkola eyo. Mu bitundu ebimu, endagaano ezigasabibwa ziremesezza amateeka okusobozesa abantu okukaka obukwasiddwa amateeka. Ekyokubiri, ebitongole bya poliisi okusobola okukwasisa amateeka ga gavumenti byeyongera okukendeera, ne kiba kizibu okusikiriza abo abawandisizza ebiwandiiko, era ne kiremebwa okuva mu bibinja by'ebyenfuna. Ebyasatu, ebizibyasatyo nga ebizigizibwa obunene ebya poliisi ebikolebwa mu si bya muwendo nnyo.

Endowooza z'abantu ez'enneekusifu era zirina kinene kye zikola mu nkola eno. Mu bitundu omuli enkola ya poliisi ey'okuyisa obubi ennyo, abantu batono bayinza obutasobola kugoberera ekitongole kye kimu ekimanyiddwa nga empisa ez'obugwenyufu. Gavumenti ezimu zikozesezza obulabirizi bw'eggwanga okutandikawo enkola ez'okuyingiza abatuuze mu mirimu egitali gimu mu nsi, gamba ng'okusobozesa abantu okufuna obuwandisi. Eky'ekivuddemu, enkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi ziyinza okukyuka: enkyukakyuka mu sistemu oba gavana ayinza okuviirako okutandikawo programu ez'enjawulo, nga bwe kirabibwa mu Arizona ne Tennessee mu myaka egyakayita.

Obulagirizi n’Enkyukakyuka mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Nga beeyongera mu maaso, abassaawo amateeka mu gavumenti beetegereza enkyukakyuka ezitali zimu okusobola okulongoosa amateeka agafuga abantu, kyokka nga bakyakolera ku mateeka ago.

Okunyweza Okumanya Kwe n’Okuvunaanibwa

Ekimu ku bisinga obukulu si kwe kubuulira buwa alipoota kyokka naye era n'okuteekawo obubonero obulaga nti ebivaamu biba bya makulu singa omuntu takolera ku ebyo ebiba bitegekeddwa. California elowooza ku tteeka erikwata ku ssente ezijja okukozesebwa gavumenti okusobola okusobola okuzuula bye baagala, nga lifaananako n'engeri ekitundu eky'obuyigirize gye kikolera mu matendekero. Ate era gavumenti endala zekebejja engeri y'okukozesaamu “obubonero obuteekebwa ku mikutu gya siteesitemu” okutuusa obubaka ku biwandikiro nga busobola okufunibwa mu kiseera kyennyini ekya bulijjo, nga kisobozesa ebibiina by'abantu okubaako ensonga ze bibawandisizza.

Wazzewo e Programu za ppline

Amakampuni ga gavumenti geeyongera okusemba ebitongole ebitendeka abayizi ba siniya n'aba yunivasite okuva mu matendekero aga wansi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, akakiiko ka Washington I-940 (kaasussa aka 2018) kaasasudde obukadde bwa doola z'obukadde 5 mu kaweefube “Enjigiriza za Polikisi Cadet” okuleetera abavubuka okuteeka mu bitundu omuli obumenyi bw'amateeka bungi. Ebivuddemu biraga nti programu ng'ezo zoongerako ennamba ez'okwegayimirizaamu era n'okulongoosa nga zikulaakulanya ekirowo eky'okubeera mu kifo kya bannakyewa omulimu.

Okutendekebwa n’Okunyigirizibwa

Virginia ekitongole ekiwa abawagizi emirimu nga kikendeeza ku busosoze mu mirimu egikolebwa ku bantu bonna abakozesebwa. Ekiruubirirwa kwe kukendeeza obusosoze mu bibiina ebikola emirimu, okukeberebwa n'okukeberebwa mu ngeri gye bituukirizaamu ebya bulijjo. Enkyukakyuka 2020 ezikolebwa mu nkola za poliisi mu Virginia zitegeeza nti omuntu omu ku buli kakiiko akakozesa akkirizibwa okuva mu kitongole ekiwandikiro. Okugatta ku ekyo, gavumenti ezimu ziddamu okuteekako obukodyo n'emitindo egy'okutegeera abakazi abateesiteesi mu kifo eky'okutandika okukola ebigezo eby'enkola mu magye.

Obukuumi Obuweebwa mu Mateeka Olwa Abali mu Mitendera Egitali Gimu

Mu kuddamu ekibuuzo ekyo, eggwanga likola amateeka agakkiriza “okuyingira mu nkyukakyuka z'enkula oba mu bitundu ebirala nga tegakozesa namba namba z'ekikula mu kulonda abantu abangi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, etteeka eryatandikibwawo ekitongole kya National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) likubiriza ebibiina okunoonyereza ku ngeri abantu gye bayinza okufuniramu obuyigirize obwa bulijjo n'okuteekawo ebiruubirirwa naye ne ligaana enzijjuvu ezikwata ku ngeri y'okulondamu abantu abawandiddwa. Enkola eno egendererwa ku kukozesa obukajjanja obw'enjawulo nga kikyakubiriza ab'enjawukana mu bantu okunoonyereza.

fundikira

Amateeka ga gavumenti agafuga abapoliisi abatwalibwa okuba abatono n'abakazi gayamba nnyo mu kuteekawo amateeka agawerako. Okuva ku California nga alipoota z'e HBCU ezikwata ku nkola za Victoria ne New York, enteekako z'amateeka ez'enjawulo era nga zikyukakyuka. Wadde nga n'obuzibu obukolebwa ku bakungu ba poliisi busigala nga bukyaliwo, obujulizi bulaga nti okuteekebwawo kwa gavumenti okukolebwa okusobola okuteeka amateeka mu nkola.[1] Engeri zonna ezikolebwamu zisobola okuteeka ssente mu kawere, era n'okukulakulakula kw'akulanyizibwa kw'apiyungibwa kw'empakago, okusobola okumanyisa obulungi obuwanjula, era n'okumanyisa. emirundi egina mu biseera eby'omu maaso, enkyukakyuka zijja kweyolekera ku ku kubaako n'okulabira mu nkola eno enkulu. Ebiva mu mateeka eby'okulambula obukulemberwa mu kkooti eby'ebitongole eby'ebiragiro by'ebiragibwa mu kkooti eby'ebiragibwa abantu gye beeyongera.