Okutegeera Obuwabuzi: Essomero Ery’Olukiiko Olukulu

Enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti y'ensi n'ebitundu byayo ne gavumenti z'ensi kisigibwa mu nkola y'ebyobufuzi mu United States. Enkola eno ey'obufuzi etandikira ku mateeka, emanyiddwa nga Constitution. Framers yatandikawo enkola gavumenti y'eggwanga gye zisigira ab'obuyinza so ng'esigaza gavumenti zonna obutaweebwa gavumenti oba obutaziweebwa buyinza. Enteekateeka eno eteekebwawo mu nkola z'amateeka ga n'amateeka ga gavumenti gaamu: Amateeka ge n'empandika mu mateeka ga gavumenti; Akatundu VI kalimu amateeka ga Suprecy Clace, agatongoza amateeka g'ensi eyo nga amateeka agafuga ennyo; era n'obuteekkumi obuteresebwa obuyinza bwonna obutaweebwa gavumenti oba bantu. Okutegeera enkola eno esobozesa okutegeera emitindo gy'amateeka n'enkyukakyuka mu mawanga.

Amaanyi ga Gavumenti Ekola Obunene

Gavumenti efuga ebika bisatu eby'obuyinza: nga buli kipande kimenyamu, nga kiraga, era nga kigendera wamu.

Amaanyi Agaaweebwa

Ekiragiro kino kiwa Consert ekkomo eryawulamu amagye mu Article , Ekitundu 8. Bino bitwaliramu amaanyi ag'okusasula emisolo, okwewola ssente, okutegeka ebitongole eby'omu ssaza n'eby'amawanga, okussaawo ofissi, okutandikawo ofiisi ez'amasasi, okutandikawo entalo, okuyimiriza n'okuwagira amagye agafuga, era n'okuteekateeka embeera z'eby'eby'eby'obusuubuzi. Ekirabo kino kiwandikiddwawo nti, okusobola okutegeka ebitongole eby'eby'obusuubuzi n'eby'eby'enfuna ne ebikozesebwa mu makubo, ne mu ngeri enfunze.

Ebintu Ebiyinza Okukozesebwa Claus n’Amaanyi Agamu

Ekisaanyizo ne EnTERous Claus [1] era mu Kitundu 8=Graadings Consells, obunene bw'okussaawo amateeka gonna "agsaanidde era agasaanira" mu kutuukiriza obufuzi bwago. Enteekateeka eno y'ekirwako kya kkooti enkulu ey'awaakirizibwa okusooka okuba nga yatongozebwako kkooti enkulu mu [FL:0]] McClulloch v. Maryland[1819] [FLL:1]. Kkooti Kkooti yali ekkiriza nti Constantikitikiti y'eyinza okuwamba banka ya ggwanga konna wadde nga tteeka lyali tekkiriisaamu mu lukuukko, kubanga banka eyo yali ngeri esaanira okukwasisa ebitongole ebikola ebitegekebwawo, okuva mu ku sinzeeko enziganya ebibiina.

Ebirala Ebiriwo n’Ebya Claus

Amanya ga gavumenti gamu ne gavumenti ez'ensimbi. Gano gazingiramu amaanyi ag'okusasula emisolo, okwewola ssente, okuteekawo kkooti, okuteekawo empagi z'amateeka, n'okukwasisa amateeka. Amateeka ga gavumenti bwe gakontana, ekitongole kya Supremacy Claus kiragira nti etteeka lya Claus lifugebwe. Kino kitegeeza nti teriyinza kuteekawo mateeka agafuga enfuga oba ebiragiro, wadde nga ensonga erina obuyinza obw'enjawulo. Enjigiriza ey'okugoba abantu ku mateeka / defirence", gikireetera oba okulagira obubonero obwa mu kifo gavumenti w'elondeddwamu okufuga ennimiro.

Engeri Ab’Obuyinza Obunene gye Bakemamu Ettaka

Kkooti enkulu ewawula amateeka mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Amateeka ga gavumenti bwe gatabangawo mu lulimi lwa ssematalo, kiyinza okubaawo mu nanyinyonnyola enkalu singa etteeka lya gavumenti liba nga lifuga ne kiba nti terirekawo ngeri nkulu ssatu ez'okununula: n'ennyinyonyi ezin'okuteefuteera [[[FLT:], bwe kiba nti Convention esalawo okussaawo amateeka mu ntegeka y'ensi; , ebiva mu mateeka agafuga, gasalawo okukireetera okuteekawo envumbo ez'enkalakkalirako, n'okuteekawo amateeka agafuga yonna, n'okuteekawo obuteekiso mu bifo ebitali bimu. Entegeka y'eby'ebitundu eby'okusasula mu nsi, n'okusobozesa okuteekawo obuteetteeka mu ngeri y'okuteekawo obusika. nyingi, ekitongole ekitongole ekitegeka obutuufu eky'okutegeka obukulembeze ekitongole ekikolebwa mu nsonga ezibaliraawnya okuk'okuva mu n'okuyingiza mu n'okuyingiza mu n'okuyingiza

Ekiragiro kino kikebera ebifa ku kkooti enkulu. Ekiragiro kino kikebera engeri eyo ey'okuzuula mu mpandika eya CPU.[NT:0]. Legal Information Institute'okuzuulamu enjigiriza ez'okununulibwa[

Amaanyi Agali mu Kugula n’Okugaba

Ekimu ku by'okukozesa eby'amaanyi ennyo gavumenti ya gavumenti by'ekola mu masaza oba mu bifo kwe kwe kufuula Claus, ekiwa Congress obuyinza okusasula omusolo era n'okusaasaanyiza ku lw'obulungi obwa bulijjo. Gavumenti enkozesa obuyinza buno okuwa gavumenti obuyinza obwo okusobola okugobererwa ebizingirwamu, nga emirundi mingi egoberera enteekateeka eziba ziteekeddwawo. Omutendera guno, oluusi guyitibwa "fiscalism," gukkiriza gavumenti okutereeza engeri gye kiyinza okugonjoosaamu mu bitundu gye kiyinza obutawanyisa buyinza kukyusa ngeri y'okukwata ku nsonga.

Nnyimba n'ebigambo eby'obubonero

Ebiragiro ebikolebwako biweebwa mu ngeri bbiri enkulu. Ebirabo ebisookerwako bikkirizibwa ku bigendererwa ebitali bimu, gamba ng'entambula oba obuyigirize abaana bye bafuna nga babaako bye babaako obuwagizi obutono. Bino biwa gavumenti obuyinza obw'enkola ku ngeri ssente gye zikozesebwamu. obukalu obwa bulijjo bugaana okuweebwa aw'enjawulo, nga bwe kivaawo gavumenti okusalawo okutegeka eby'okutegeka ssente mu kitundu ekimu, gamba ng'okukulaakulana kw'ekibiina oba emirimu egikolebwa mu bantu.

Emirimu gy’Ago Agamu n’Enyinza z’Eby’Obufuzi

Buli kiseera Kooti ekubiriza essomero okussaawo amateeka agafuga enkola y'eggwanga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ensawo z'empandika z'eryanganga mu magye zigwa zateekebwawo ku gavumenti okusobozesa ewandikiro 21 okutuuka ku myaka 21 okuteekako obutwale bw'okunywa omwenge mu kifo kya 0.0.08 ku buli kikumi. Kkooti enkulu ewagidde embeera zino okuziwagira kasinga zitegeerekeka bulungi, nga zikwatagana n'ensonga zonna ez'ekitongole ekyetaagisa mu programu, ate teziri zigoberedde zigoberezebwa. [FLD] [FLD]] NY [0]V. Sebelius (02][FLT][12]]]], Kkootikko yasaze enteekateeka y'okukwata ku nteekateeka y'okudduuka kw'amateeka agayinza okumenya etteeka lya Affordatuulwamu.

Kintu eky’Obusuubuzi: Kaali Kakonge k’Essaawa Ekiwandiiko Eky’Ebyafaayo

Ekiwandiiko ekyo kisobozesezza gavumenti okuba n’obuyinza ku bitundu by’ensi ebitali bimu.

Ekizimbe Ekipya Kisobozesa Obugazi Okugaziwa

Nga 1930 tezinnatuuka, kkooti enkulu emirundi mingi yalina endowooza ntono ku buyinza bwa congress obw'eby'obusuubuzi, era yakugira okutambula ebintu mu nnyiriri z'eggwanga. Okwettuwala okw'amaanyi kwaleetera abantu okweyongera obungi. Mu mbeera nga Wickard v. Filburn (1942)[FL:1], kkooti yasalawo nti Convention eyinza okutegeka omulimu gw'eby'obusuubuzi ne guba nga eŋŋaano etali ya zza obunene mu byayo. Nfumbo, okufaananako n'omulimi alima eŋŋaano esobola okuganyula obusuubuzi mu n'obusuubuzi obw'ebifo. Ennyiikivu mu by'obusuubuzi buno, ennyimba eyo yasobozesa gavumenti okukolagana n'eby'enfuna.

Olutalo Olubaawo mu Kkooti

Okuva mu 1990, kkooti enzijuvu yatandika okussaawo essomero eririna ekkomo ku ttendekero ery'eby'obufuzi eriyitibwa Rehnquist. United States v. Lopez (1995], kkooti yakuba olukunkumuli lw'ensolo za Gun-Estual School Act, nga zikutte nti okusitula emmu ewangibwa okumpi n'essomero tekirina kye kikozesezza kya bya bugagga. United States v.

Okusuubuzintira Enjigiriza za Claus ez’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe

Sistemu ey'okuyitako mu lukiiko lwa Leopez y'ekyetaagisa okusobola okutegeka ekitongole kya Congress mu nkola y'ekitongole kya Chost Claus, omulimu gulina okuzingiramu engeri z'eby'obusuubuzi mu nsi emu, oba emirimu egikwatagana n'eby'obusuubuzi mu nvirondo. Gavumenti ne bw'esigaza obuyinza bungi ku nsonga z'eby'enfuna, Kkooti erina okulaga olujja olw'okussaakakwa mu nkola ya Convention nga n'enkola egenda mu bitundu eby'eddaala, nga mu mateeka, ng'amateeka, obubbi bw'eby'enjigiriza, n'enkolagana wakati w'amaka. Ek'obukkessi obwa Classi obwa Supt , nga mw'ebuva n'okukuŋŋaanya ebitongole ky'ensonga ez'eby'eby'eby'obusuubuzi, nga mw'ewanjufu w'empala, nga mu kkooti enkulu:[3]

Empagi z’Empisa n’Omuteeso ogw’Ekkumi

Ekitongole eky'Ekkumi kikiikirira amateeka ga gavumenti, nga kibawa "masaza agataaweebwa Amerika Constitution, oba agawereddwa Amerika okusinziira ku mateeka ga gavumenti, nga galondeddwa mu ggwanga oba mu bantu." Ekiragiro kino kirimu amateeka okusobola okukuuma obufuzi bwa gavumenti mu nsonga z'omu kitundu.

Abakulembeze ba Poliisi n’Enjigiriza Ezaali Ziterekeddwa

[[NKULA:0] Buyinza bwa gavumenti okutegeka embeera z'obulamu, ez'obutebenkevu, ez'obutebenkevu, n'ez'empisa z'abantu baazo. Bino byonna byogera ku bifo ebinene: entegeka z'eby'obulamu, okutegeka n'okukozesa amatabi, okuyingiza, amateeka g'obufumbo, amateeka g'abamenyi b'amateeka, n'eby'enjigiriza. Gavumenti gafuga emirundi mingi essaazisaamu embeera z'obuwangwa, wadde nga ziyinza okubawaliriza okusaasaanya okuyitira mu ssente oba okuteebwa. Kawumpuli w'empala ko , okufulumya amatwaze ga poliisi, nga bagasa ebiragiro ebya bannabyamatabi nga bikuumibwa ku kitebenkenkera, ebiragira ebiwandikiro, n'eby'obuyigirize mu by'obutongole bwa bya magye.

Enjigiriza Egirabula Ekiragiro

Ekiragiro kino kyateekebwawo nnyo mu enjigiriza ey'ekiragiro , egaana gavumenti okwawula akakiiko ka gavumenti mu by'eggwanga okuteekawo amacala oba abakungu baago okuteekawo enkola ez'okufuga. Omusingi guno gwagobererwa mu New York v. United States [[FLT] [FLT]] [3], gye yakoma okukomya amateeka agafuga ebiteetaasa gavumenti okuwamba gavumenti omutwe gwa g'amasa oba okuteekako aw'okuteekako kasaze mu bbugwenya, era n'eggumizibwa mu [[FOLT:4] Printz.[1997] [FLT:] [FLT], ogwagamba nti gavumenti teziragira bakunguulira abakungu ba mateeka okukebera ebikongobereberwo mu nkola ya Bractive. Active Active Arrgyptions Garcerner

Bufuzi bwa Dillon n'Obuyinza bwa Gavumenti ya Nnansi

Gavumenti eza nnawookeera('b'amawanga, ebibuga, ne disiturikiti ez'enjawulo) tezoogerwako mu mateeka. Mu mpandika y'amateeka , gavumenti ez'omu kitundu birina obufuzi obwo bwokka obwaweebwa gavumenti z'eggwanga oba amateeka. Mu mateeka, kitegeeza nti ebibuga n'ebiwandike bya gavumenti, bifuuka bitonde bya gavumenti, ebifuga okuggyako nga ssemateeka awantu w'amateeka. Mu mateeka ga gavumenti, obutundutundutundu bulina obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza ku bibuga ne ku buli kika kya gavumenti, nga tewandikirowo singa samateeka agafuga tegawateekawo bufuzi bwa gavumenti ez'enjawulo. Ate era nga gavumenti zifuga gavumenti ezimu ziresezza gavumenti ez'enjawulo.

Entalo z’Ekika ky’Abo Abagaba Obuwagizi

Enjawukana eziwerako ezibaddewo wakati w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti ziraga okukajjana kw'olutalo wakati w'ab'obuyinza ba gavumenti.

Okukakaatika Amateeka ga Marijuana n’Amateeka g’Ekitongole

Wadde nga gavumenti ziremereddwa okukuza enjaga wansi w'ekitongole ekikola ku by'ensawo, ewandikiro, gavumenti nnyingi ziwambye ekikansa kya kansa n'eky'okusawo. Kino kireetawo okukontana wakati w'amateeka ga gavumenti n'egw'eggwanga. Gavumenti ekola enteekateeka ey'okugobererwa okuyitira mu bulagirizi obuweebwa ekitongole kya Kkomyunizimu era ekitongole kya gavumenti ekikola ku by'amateeka okugobererwa eby'okujjanjaba, naye okukakanya kw'amateeka kusigala. Okugaba kwa gavumenti kwa gavumenti kwa k'ebitongole bya gavumenti okugaba, banka ezikola ebizinono ebikolebwa mu by'obujjanjabi, ate n'abakozi abakozesa eb'olujapa lwonnabi mu mateeka kiziyiza okugo.

Obufumbo obugabanyizibwamu

Kkooti enkulu ereeseewo okukolagana obulungi n'eggwanga eryo, naye eggwanga lyeyongera okukola obulungi mu kitundu kino. Gavumenti ezimu zikwasizza amateeka ageetaagisa abakwasiddwa amateeka okukolagana n'ab'obuyinza obutongole obufuga obuyingira mu ggwanga. Ate endala zikomye enkola "soosa" mu ngeri entegekebwawo. Kkooti esinga obukulu esazesezza amateeka agafuga obutereevu okusala ababunnansi, nga mu Arizona v. United States (202), agaasse enteekateeka ezitali zimu ez'omu S. 1070. Kyokka, galina obuyinza ku mirimu gy'ababunnyinnyinna ababunnyinna, n'okutuuka ku bulungi bwa mu bantu, ne ku kutwala layisensi za bavu z'abavugiroyibulimu, n'okuyingiza mu lukusaamu z'amateeka g'omutirye.

Entegeka n’Obuyinza bw’Eby’Eby’Obutonde

Etteeka ery'obutonde era ge mataba agamu agafuga gavumenti. Etteeka eririna obuyinza ku nkola y'ekitongole ekikola ku biddukanya ebikolerwa mu mmeeri ne mu ggwanga. Eggwanga liyinza okussaawo emitindo gy'obutonde bungi era ne lisigira ab'obuyinza ba gavumenti okussaawo emitindo gy'enkola mu bidumba. Obudde buno bufuuse ekifo eky'enjawulo, gavumenti egezaako okukomya obwetwaze bwa California ne California nga ewandisizza obuyinza bwayo okuteeka ku bukuumi obunene obw'okwonoona obutonde. Obukankankanyi obuliwo wakati wa California ne gavumenti zigenda mu nkola y'ekikongodde nga nkola y'enkola y'obukyungi obw'obudde.

Obujjanjabi n’Ekirabo Ekitayinza Kusaasaana

Ekiragiro kino kyasobozesa okuleetawo enkola eya AffordIble Care Act okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu k'enkola eya gavumenti, naddala mu NFIB v. Sebelius. Nga wayiseewo kaweefube wa Medicaid, ACA yakola enteekateeka mu ngeri esobozesa enkalu z'enkyukakyuka mu by'obujjanjabi okuba nga zisobola okukolamu enkyuukanyo ku nsonga z'obujjanjabi. Enkola eno eyinza okusobozesa enkyungibwawo okumanyisa oba okukendeeza ensalo z'eby'obulamu. Enkola eno egoberera enkola eno eraga engeri esobozesa enzigiro ez'eby'eggwanga okuziganya envanyuma z'obuyinza.

Enkola y’Amaanyi mu Ntegeka Enfuge

Amaanyi agali wakati wa gavumenti y'ensi tegakoma. gakyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa ku nkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi, okulonda abalamuzi, okukolagana n'abantu mu ngeri ezitabangula gamba nga nnawookeera oba obuzibu bw'eby'enfuna.

Gavumenti bwe ziba n'ekifo ekikulu. Omuntu bw'afuga mu lukiiko lwe lumu era ne mu bukulembeze, amaanyi ga gavumenti gayinza okugaziwa ng'obufuzi bw'ensi obufuga. Gavumenti ez'enjawulo oba gavumenti ez'ekitongole kya gavumenti ziyinza okuleetera gavumenti okuddamu okussaawo obuyinza bw'eggwanga. Okulonda ab'obuyinza mu kkooti enkulu, naddala mu kkooti enkulu, kiyinza okukyusa obuyinza bw'eggwanga okumala amakumi g'emyaka. Okulonda abalamuzi abawagira obufuzi oba obuyinza ku gavumenti kuyinza okugonjoolerawo empano mu nsonga enkulu.

Era ebibiina ebikola ku ntegeka y'abantu nabyo bikyusa. Mu myaka gya 1960, entegeka ya gavumenti ey'okussaawo entegeka z'abantu yeesigama ku buyinza okuvvuunuka oluvanyuma lw'eggwanga. Gye buvuddeko awo, kampuni ezikola ku kuwandiisa enjaga mu mateeka, okulingana kw'obufumbo, n'obukuumi bw'ensi n'obutonde zikozesezza engeri ezo zombi okusobola okutuuka ku biruubirirwa byazo. Obusobozi bw'ensi okukola nga "Ekkolerowoozo ebya demokulase" ebiyinza okumanyisa amateeka g'eggwanga.

Okutegeera obulungi eky'enkyukakyuka mu nkola ya gavumenti, Conference of State Legislatures kibawa kansa ku FAQ ku ntegeka ya gavumenti egoberera enkola ekolebwa mu nkolagana wakati w'eby'eggwanga.

fundikira

Enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti y'ensi n'ebitundu n'ebitundu esangibwa, y'emu ku ngeri enkulu era ey'emirembe mu Amereka. Gavumenti y'erina amaanyi ag'enjawulo okuyitira mu kubalibwa, okukkirizibwa, n'okukolagana okw'enjawulo, okuyitira mu nkola y'obufuzi, ey'ekika kya Claus, ne Suprematy Claus. Kyokka, Amereka n'eky'ekika kya kkumi n'eky'okufuga ebiwandiddwa mu mateeka bireme okusobola okukuuma embeera y'obutebenkenkevu, naddala ku maanyi ga poliisi ne gavumenti z'ekiwandikiro. Ek'aweemboozi eriwo wakati wa amagye ga ga Claalyo(*'akolera ku mateeka, ebigo, ebigo, ne by'ebyobufuzi, birongootaataakula bulungi embeera z'ensi mu Amerekawo. Amawanga agaddako, okuva ku ku kukyusa eby'obutebenkenkenkevu mu by'obudde, okusobozesa embeera y'obutebe bw'eby'eby'eby'ebyuma bya sayansi okumanyika ne kufuga enkola y'ensi okusigala mu ngeri y'obu