Gavumenti Ezeefuga Zannyonnyolwa: Kiki Ekifuula Gavumenti ey’Eby’Obuwangwa Okuba ey’Enjawulo?

Gavumenti Ezeefuga Zannyonnyolwa: Kiki Ekifuula Gavumenti ey’Eby’Obuwangwa Okuba ey’Enjawulo?

Gavumenti ya Amerika ekola wansi w'enteekateeka ey'enjawulo ey'eyawukana ku gavumenti. Okutegeera enjawukana zino kikulu nnyo eri abayizi n'abasomesa. Okwawukana ku gavumenti, gavumenti y'ensi ewa obuyinza obugya butereevu okuva ku Mateeka, ekisobozesa abantu okufuna entegeka ez'enjawulo. Ekitundu kino kikebera obufuzi bw'eggwanga, bye kikwata, n'engeri gye kikola ku bufuzi bw'eggwanga. Bwe beekenneenya enkompola y'amateeka, amaanyi ga gavumenti, ektongole, ekkulu, ekko, n'ennyinyonnyonnyola empanyonnyonnyolebwa mu kkooti enkulu ez'amateeka, kisobozesa abasomero okusiima ennyo obukugunja obufuzi bw'ensi ya Amereka okumala ebyasa bibiri.

Efoomu y’Ekizimbe ky’Obufuzi

Fraderalism nkola ya gavumenti esobozesa obufuzi obwawula ab'obuyinza mu bibiina bya bannabyabufuzi. Mu Amerika, kino kitegeeza nti obuyinza bugattibwa wamu ne gavumenti z'eggwanga ne gavumenti za gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kyategeerwa mu ssemateeka w'Amerika, era nga kissaawo enteekateeka y'obufuzi obw'ensi yonna ate nga kisigazza obuyinza obumu ku gavumenti. Abatandikawo gavumenti okulemesa ekintu kyonna okuba eky'amaanyi ennyo, ne batandikawo "bufugamu'abantu" mwe bafugibwa bannaakyewaaw'obuyinza bwa gavumenti.

Emirandira gy'enkola za gavumenti giyinza okusangibwa mu mpaka ezaaliwo wakati wa Federalist ne Anti-Fedalist mu kiseera eky'okujjulula. Alipoota nga Alexander Hamilton zaawakanya gavumenti ey'amaanyi okukuuma obumu n'obutebenkevu mu by'enfuna, ate nga Thomas Jefferson yaggumiza obukulu bw'obufuzi bwa gavumenti. Okwesamba okwaliwo kwawawula obufuzi bwonna obw'eggwanga ne kileka obufuzi obulala bwonna mu matwale oba mu bantu — omusingi ogwagoogerwa ku Amerekawo mu Amereka Ekkumi.

Empandiika y’Amateeka Eba Efaanana Bulungi

Ekiragiro kya Amereka lye tteeka ekkulu mu nsi, era kinnyonnyola ekitundu eky'ensi ekifuga amatwale ga gavumenti. Ekitundu I, ekitundu 8 kirimu olukalala olusookerwako olw'obuyinza obufuga entegeka, ng'Akatundu II bwe kawa pulezidenti obuyinza, era Akatundu III katongoza ettabi ly'obukulu. Etteeka ery'omu Mateeka ery'ensi yonna likakasa nti amateeka ga gavumenti gabeegasa mu mateeka ag'ensi yonna agakontana, naye nga gavumenti y'ensi ekolera ku buyinza bwayo obw'omu mateeka.

Amaanyi ga gavumenti y’ensi gayinza okuteekebwa mu biti eby’enjawulo ebikulu:

• Amanya ag'ennamba: Bino bisengekeddwa bulungi mu kitundu I, Ekitundu 8 eky'amateeka. Bizingiramu obusobozi bw'okussaawo emisolo, okutegeka ebikolerwamu ebikolerwamu mu nsi yonna, ssente, okulangirira entalo, okugulumiza amagye, n'okuteekawo ofiisi mu bugenderevu. Obufuzi buno bwawandiikirwa buleme okukomako ate ne bwokka, nga bwoleka entebe z'obuyinza obwa waggulu bufuga.
• [[NKULULA]] Amakokkofu agakozesebwa: Obuwayiro buno tebulagibwa butereevu naye bwetaagisa okusobola okutuukiriza amaanyi agategerekedwa. Gayitiddwa mu ngeri nti ag'ennamba ezo gawandulidwamu era gayitibwa 'Fald Christmale'. Gaggibwa mu kyapa, era gasangibwa ku nkomerero y'Akatundu I, Ekitundu 8. Ekiragiro kino kiwa gavumenti obuyinza okukola amateeka gonna nga "agsaanira ne geetaagisa" gasobozesa obuyinza obwago okumenya ebigere byago, ne kisobozesa embeera y'eggwanga okukyuka mu ngeri ekyukakyuka.
• [[NKULA]] Buno bwe bufuzi obwa waggulu: Gano ge maulamuliro gavumenti y'ensi g'erina nga yeefuga yokka ku siteegi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, obuyinza obuyinza okufuga abatuuze n'ab'amawanga, n'okufuna ebitundu bitwalibwa ng'ebyetaali bya ggwanga olw'okuba amawanga gonna geegafuga. Wadde nga tegategeerwa ku lukalala olwo, Kkooti esinga obukulu ekkiriza obufuzi obwo okuba nga bwe bwetaagisa.

Emirimu gy’Obufuzi Obukulu

Okusobola okutegeera ekifuula gavumenti y’eggwanga okuba ey’enjawulo, kiba kya magezi okwekenneenya engeri buli gavumenti enkulu gy’ekolamu.

Okusolooza Omusolo n’Obuyinza

Gavumenti erina obuyinza bungi ku kusasula abantu kinnoomu oba ebikolerwako. Omuntu yenna ku lulwe amaanyi gano makulu nnyo mu kuwagira enteekateeka za gavumenti, ezeeyimirizaawo eggwanga, ez'ebizito, n'enkola ez'oku kampuni.Espeed Constem, eyatongozebwa mu 1913, yakkiriza kakiiko akawagidde okukakaatira omusolo ogw'ensolo naye nga tegattiddwamu gavumenti, era kino kyeyongera nnyo mu ngeri ey'enkuna y'ensi.

Mu misolo gye tusasula mu kiseera kino mulimu okusasula emisolo, okusasula emisolo egisaasaanyizibwa ku butebenkevu n'emisolo gya kampuni, okulagira obusibe ku bintu ebivudde mu nsi endala, n'emisolo ku bintu nga amafuta n'omwenge. Obuweereza obw'ekika kya Learn Revenue Service (IS) busobozesa omusolo guno okusasula obuwumbi n'obuwumbi bwa doola buli mwaka. Amaanyi gano ag'eby'emisolo tegakkiriza gavumenti kukyusa ngeri y'eby'enfuna okuyitira mu kusasula emisolo n'ebibonero, era ne kulongoosa enkola y'eggwanga mu bitundu nga bino ebisobozesa amaanyi, obutwale, oba obusawo obukola emirimu gyobwa.

Okukyusa Obusuubuzi

Ekimu ku bitongole bya gavumenti y'ensi yonna ebikulu kwe kussaawo amateeka agakwata ku by'obusuubuzi mu nsi yonna wansi wa Commerce Claus (Artle, Chitego 8, Claus 3). Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti wabaawo enteekateeka ez'eby'enfuna ezikola awamu mu bitundu byonna eby'ensi era ne kiziyiza gavumenti ezimu okussaawo amateeka agakontana agayinza okutaataaganya omulimu gw'obusuubuzi.

Kkooti enkulu yannyonnyola bulungi ebikwata ku by'obusuubuzi mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. [FLT]Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall yannyonnyola eby'obusuubuzi okusobola okuzingiramu okwetaba kwonna, nga mw'okutambulira mu lyato. Ekiragiro kino kyasalawo nti gavumenti erina obuyinza ku by'obusuubuzi obuva ku nnyiriri. Empandika zino zaagaziwa zisobola okukomya emirimu egikwata ku by'obusuubuzi ne bwenkana obwa bulijjo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kkokko Kkomyo Kkoyiro y'omulembezo kya Claus Cesaas Ce okukugira okusosola ab'enjcamu mu mayumba, ne ku birala by'obulango (omusolo gwa waggulu mu kkooti y'olukiiko).

Ebyabuutikirwa mu Magye n'Emisango Egitali Gimu

Gavumenti y'evunaanyizibwa ku bukuumi bw'eggwanga era n'engeri y'okukolamu emirimu gy'abagwira. Ekiragiro kiwa Consell obuyinza okulangirira entalo, okuteekawo n'okuwagira amagye era n'okutumbula obuwagizi. Prezidenti, akulira amagye gannabyabufuzi, akulembera emirimu gy'amagye era n'akyusa enkola za bannaggwanga.

Amaanyi gano gatwaliramu obusobozi bw'okulagaana endagaano (n'enkomera), okulonda ababaka, era n'okutegeera gavumenti z'amawanga. Gavumenti era ekuuma eby'okulwanyisa bya nukuliya, ebitongole eby'amagezi, n'amagye agayimiridde agayinza okussibwa mu maka ne mu nsi endala. Embalirira y'entengo y'eggwanga, eraga nti gavumenti erimu obuvunaanyizibwa obusingako okukuuma eggwanga okuva ku bulabe. Okukozesa amaanyi ga n'amaanyi ga nukutaganya eby'amaanyi nga Ssebutemba 11 buzze nga bulumbaganyisifu n'eby'amagye ebigenda mu maaso mu bitundu nga mu Buvanjuba bwa Buwala obw'ewala.

Mu nsonga z'omu nsi endala, Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza obuyinza obwa nnannyini pulezidenti obw'okufuga ensi yonna. mu United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936) , kkooti yagamba nti prezidenti alina eddembe lya nfuga mu mawanga, teriva ku mateeka gokka wabula ku bufuzi bw'eggwanga.

Okuva mu Buvanjuba bw’Ekiramu eky’Omu Ddoffaali

Gavumenti y'ensi erimu obuyinza obw'okukugira abanoonyi b'obubudamu — okuyingira, okusigala, n'okutwala mu nsi endala. Obufuzi obwo bwasibuka mu bufuzi bw'abantu abatali ba nfuga, era era bwesigamye ku nkola ya Claus (Dictle, Ekigaba 8, Claus 4), ewa kakiiko akafuzi obuyinza okuteekawo enkola y'obutonde.

Etteeka erifuga abatuuze ab'eggwanga lissaawo ebipimo by'ekitongole eky'okuva mu ggwanga nga U.S. era ne lissaawo amateeka agakwata ku bukuumi, enkola, oba enkola ez'obuddukiro. Gavumenti era efuga abatuuze mu U.S., nga bayisa abatuuze mu nsi eyo okusisinkana abantu ababeera mu nsi eyo, olulimi, n'okumanya byetaago ebikolebwa mu U. Eggwanga liba liko obukosezza obutebenkevu, naye liba nga lisobola okukkakkanya ku mateeka n'okuteeka mu nkola amateeka agafuga ababunnansi ageetakkirizibwa mu ggwanga, kasi nga agafuga amateeka ga gavumenti ga gavumenti ga gavumenti z'eggwanga tegakontana na mateeka ga gavumenti.

Obuweereza bw’Amabaluwa n’Ebifo eby’Okunoonyerezaako

Wadde nga kitera okwerabirwa, amaanyi ga gavumenti okutandikawo ofiisi z'amapositi era n'amakubo (Attikle, Ekitundu 8, Classia 7) gakozesezza nnyo mu kugatta wamu eggwanga. Postal Service ey'Amerika ewa obupapula obubaka mu buli ndagiriro z'ensi, okuwagira eby'obusuubuzi n'obubumanyirivu. Okugatta ku ekyo, ba Copyric and Patenment Claus (Ciste 8) bawa Abakozi ba gavumenti obuyinza okukuumira abawandiisi n'abayiiyandiisi eddembe ery'okukola emirimu gyabwe okumala ebiseera ebitono, okuleetawo ebizizo, n'okubutumbula ebigambo ebiba bitegekebwa n'okubumanya ebiba mu ttutumu. Ab'obuyinza bano bawagira obutongole bannabizineesi n'obudduuka n'ebyawumbi ebikozesebwa mu mulimu.

Emirimu gy’Ab’Obuyinza

Wadde nga gavumenti y’ensi erina obuyinza obw’amaanyi, waliwo ekkomo ekkulu eri mu Mateeka okuziyiza okukozesa obubi obuyinza.

Omulongo ogw’Ekkumi n’Obufuzi bwa gavumenti

Okulongoosebwa kuno kutujjukiza nti gavumenti ya gavumenti erimu obuyinza obutono era obw'empaka. Eggwanga lirina obuyinza ku nsonga gamba ng'eby'enjigiriza, amateeka ag'abamenyi b'amateeka, okukozesa amatabi, obufumbo, n'eby'obusuubuzi eby'ensi. Era likozesa obuyinza bwa poliisi okukuuma obulamu bwa bantu, obukuumi, n'empisa — nga gavumenti y'ensi eyo terina buyinza.

Kkooti enkulu ekuusizza ku nkola ku kkomo lino mu nsonga nga [[FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995) Kkooti gye yakuba olukunkunsi lwa emmu ezikwata ku bannaasomero [Fon-Essource Counts Zoons] kubanga okusitula emmumu okumpi ne si kye kyakosa obusuubuzi. Ekiragiro kino kyalaga nti mu kuzzaawo amaanyi g'eby'obufuzi, okujjukiza Congress, okutegeeza nti ebizibu byonna tebiri mu ggwanga. [FLT:] Pritz. [1997][FLT:], kkooti yakkiriza abakungu bannaakye mu mateeka okussaawo amateeka agafuga.

Enkola y’Edda, Ey’Enkalakkalira n’Ey’Empisa

Enkola y’okukebejja n’okussaawo ensimbi eziyinza okukugira amatabi g’ensi eyo nga ekakasa nti tewali ttabi lya gavumenti erimu liba n’obuyinza obusinga.

• [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Obukeberezi obutuufu:[[Act:1] Akabonero kayinza okugobererwa mu by'ensimbi, kayinza okusazesa oba okuggyawo abalamuzi era n'okukkirizisa endagaano n'okulonda abafuga.
• [[Act:0] Akuuma mu ngeri ey'etuukirizaamu:[ Prezida asobola okussaawo amateeka, okulonda abalamuzi ab'ensi yonna abakkiriza okuwaako ekiwandiiko, era n'okulagira abakungu ba gavumenti.
• Kkooti enkulu eyinza okutegeeza amateeka oba ebikolwa ebitakkirizibwa okuyitira mu kukebera ebiba bitegekebwa mu kkooti. Amadimone (1. 3)[NT.[NT:1]

Okwawula ab'obuyinza mu ngeri eno kikakasa nti gavumenti teyinza kugaziya buyinza bwayo awatali kuziyizibwa ofiisi y'ettabi eddala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Prezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt bwe yagezaako okugaziya kkooti enkulu mu 1937 (kateefube ow'okukwasisa olukiiko olw'ekika kya quauti), Congress ne gavumenti bwe zaagaana, era akakodyo kano ne kagwa butaka.

Ekifo kya Kkooti Esingira Ddala Obukulu mu Kufuga okw’Amasaza

Kkooti esinga obukulu erina ekifo kikulu nnyo mu kutegeera Amateeka era n'okusalawo engeri amatwale g'ensi gye gayinza okukwatibwako.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Omusango guno gwassaawo emisingi ebiri egy'akabi: enjigiriza ey'amaanyi agateeberezebwa era n'obuyinza bw'amateeka g'ensi mu mateeka. Maryland bwe yagezaako okusasula Banka ey'okubiri ey'omu Amerika, Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall yasala nti Consell yalina obuyinza obw'okuteekawo banka y'eggwanga wansi w'enteetaago ne Ennungi ya Claus, wadde nga tteeka erya Ssemateeka terikkiriza banka ng'eyo. Marshall yawandiika mu ngeri ey'ebyafaayo nti "Guwanguya amaanyi ag'okusasula emisolo guzingiramu okuzikiriza," era bwe kityo gavumenti tezaayinza kusobozesa gavumenti okugaziyawulamu amatwale g'ensi era n'ebiwandiiko bya mateeka.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Mu ngeri eno, kkooti enkulu yannyonnyola bulungi engeri Congress gy'erina obuyinza ku by'obusuubuzi mu nsi z'ensi. New York yali ewadde obuyinza obw'okuvuga emmeeri mu mazzi gaayo, naye omuwaayitidde eyali akolera wansi wa layisensi y'eggwanga yasoomooza obwannannyini. Kkooti eyo yasalawo nti eky'obufuzi kya Amereka era nti eky'obusuubuzi kitwaliramu okutambula n'okugaziya ebintu byonna ebiva mu bitundu by'ensi ebisukka mu bitundu ekimu.

Mu Amerika, Lopez (1995) ne ku by’Obusuubuzi eby’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe, Claus

Oluvannyuma lw'emyaka mingi olw'ennyinnyonnyola za Claus Claus, United States v. Lopez yakyogerako nti olukiiko olwo lwalina okukifuula omusango gwa gavumenti okubeera n'ebyuma okumpi n'essomero. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti obwavuzi bwa gavumenti okubeera n'ensolo okumpi n'essomero. Ekitongole kya gavumenti kyayisaamu empanya obuyinza bw'eby'obusuubuzi kubanga omulimu ogwo tegukolangako kabi nnyo mu by'obusuubuzi. Omukulembeze William Rehnquist yagamba nti obwa ky'obusuubuzi si buyinza bwa poli era nti Consement Classiassion tezirimu n'obutongole obutuufu . Kkomyunity Active kiteekwa okulaga nti enkola ey'eby'obusuubuzi erina ku nsonga za gavumenti. Kino kyazza ekkomera mu [FFoct:2] mu Amerika.[2]

K'okabonero akasingako obukulu mu kiseera kino bwe butyo. [FLT][1] Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius (202) , akaasoomooza ekiragiro kya Affordcable Care Act Act. Kkooti yawagira ekiragiro eky'okukomya omusolo gwa Consentinti y'okusasula emisolo, naye nga yali ekkiriza nti tegikkirizibwa mu nteekateeka ya Ceko Classiasce kubanga tteeka lya gavumenti tekkiriza gavumenti kukola mulimu gwa bunnakyewaguzi.

Empaka ez'omu kiseera kyaffe ezikwata ku bufuzi bwa gavumenti

Olw’okuba gavumenti z'ensi zaawukana, ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku buyinza tezikyaliwo mu by'obufuzi.

Kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti gavumenti teyinza kuteeka mu kabi gavumenti okufiirwa ssente ezikozesebwa mu kugaziya ekifo eky'okubeera abafuzi singa zigaana okugaziya ekiwagizi eky'obufuzi. Okuva olwo, gavumenti ezimu zasalawo okubunyisibwa ne zikolawo omulimu ogw'okusaanyawo obuyinza bwa gavumenti, era abavuzi b'amateeka bagamba nti ssente zonna ez'okuyita mu madiini tezisobola kukendeeza ku buwaze obw'okufuga.

[[NKULU:0] Ensongala: Act etereeza embeera y'obudde ne Ceaner Water Act kiwa ekiragiro ekifuga environmental Protection Agency (EPA) obuyinza obugazi okukugira enfuga y'obutonde. Ate era eremesa amateeka ga EPA, nga gagamba nti bayitise ku ngeri y'okukozesaamu ensi n'okukwata ebigikwatako. Kkooti enkulu ekozesebwawo mu ngeri nga [[FLT:] era ne [FLT:] Virginia. [2], ePA (2007)], ekikakasa obuyinza EPA bw'ekozesebwa okutegeka ebikongojje.[FLT]

K'endwadde ez'obulamu: Kawumpuli y'ekitongole kino yalaga obukuubagano obuliwo wakati w'obulagirizi n'ebikolwa bya gavumenti. Gavumenti bwe yawa obuwandiike bw'obujjanjabi bw'eggwanga n'okubuwanyisa eddagala, gavumenti kye yasinze okuba n'obuyinza ku by'obujjanjabi bwa bannakyewa, nga mw'otwalidde n'okulagira obukwasiro n'okusiba ku n'okusibawo ebitongole ebikola ku nvuzi. Gavumenti ezimu zaasamba obutongole bya gavumenti byamenya amateeka ga gavumenti ne kiviirako okulwana mu by'obuyinza obwa gavumenti mu kiseera kya kabenje.

[[NKULA]] Enjigiriza: Obuvunaanyizibwa obw'omu kitundu, naye gavumenti esobozesa enteekateeka nga esobozesa essente (mu ngeri eyo, ttikiti ne Theopen and the Child Lead Beyind Resel es Genet). Okukaanya okukwata ku kuyingiza ebigikwatako mu biyingizibwa, okugezesa, n'okulonda ebisomebwa mu masomero kweyongera mu kiseera kino.

fundikira

Okutegeera amatwale ga gavumenti z'ensi kikulu nnyo okusobola okutegeera engeri Amerika gye zifugamu. Okwawula okw'enjawulo okw'ensi, ekkomo ly'amateeka, n'ekifo kya kkooti enkulu byonna bireetera enkola y'eggwanga ey'ebintu okweyongera okubaawo. Gavumenti y'eggwanga yabaliriranya era n'esobola okugonjoola ensonga ezikwata ku nsi yonna — omusolo, obusuubuzi, obutunzi, obutunzi, obutuuze, n'ebirala bingi — nga bwe kituuka ku buyinza bw'ensi.

Abasomesa n'abayizi balina okwenyigira mu nsonga zino okusobola okukulaakulanya engeri ez'okunaanyizaamu enzimba ya gavumenti ya Amerika. Nga basoma ku mateeka, obubonero obuleetawo enkyuuka, nga [FLT]] Mcloch v. Maryland[[FLT]][[FLT]] ne [[FLT:] United States] v. Lopez[, ne mpaka ezibaawo ku n'enjawukana ezibaawo wakati w'eggwanga, tezitegeera ngeri gavumenti gye zikolamu ate n'engeri amaanyi gaayo gye gagezesebwamu era n'okumanyibwa. Obuwanguzi bw'eggwanga mu Amerika bwe bukongoberezebwa obutuufu mu nkola ya si kye businziira ku ngeri y'okuteesa kwa gavumenti ne mu ku bumu obwa bulijjo.