Table of Contents
Ennyanjula: Abantu Bakyabuusabuusa nti Gavumenti Nnungi
Ekibuuzo eky'obunene obuyinza gavumenti bw'esaanidde okuteekawo era n'eba nga gy'eri empanvu, kyava mu bantu ab'eby'obufuzi. Buli sistemu ya bya bufuzi, okuviira ddala ku bibuga ebyasooka okutuuka ku matwale ga gavumenti aganene ennyo mu nsi, ereeteddewo obuzibu wakati w'obwetaavu obw'okufuga era n'ensonga enkulu ezilina okumanyisa enneyisa ya gavumenti. Okutegeera enzivuunikidwa kwa byafaayo okw'obufuzi si nkola ey'obweyambi mu kusoma obuyigirize obwa bulijjo; kuwanjula embeera ezeetaagisa okusobola okugonjoola enkanyi ezikwata ku by'obufuzi, empakaat'ensirinzi, n'okulwanirira eddembe eriwo mu bya byafaayo, era n'ensonga ezigobereberye mu kyasa ekyamakumi abiri mulamba.
Emirandira gya Gavumenti egy’Amaanyi
Etteeka ly’Ekyokulabirako n’Etteeka ly’Enkola
Nga tosoose kwekenneenya ngeri ez'enjawulo ez'obufuzi, kyetaagisa okutegeera engeri ez'obufirosoofo eziwagira oba ezikoma ku gavumenti. Enjigiriza z'abantu ezayolebwa mu kiseera ky'okukmanya, positiss nti gavumenti y'omu mateeka ekkirizibwa okukkirizibwa mu kufugibwa. Abantu nga Thomas Hobbe, John Locke, ne Jean-Jacques Rousseau buli omu yawa endowooza ez'enjawulo ez'endagaano. Hobbes, nga bawandiika wakati w'entalo y'Ekiwandikiro kya Cin, nga wattuuti [[FL:0] Leviatan era nga obufuzi obujjuvu bwetaasesesese okudduka embeera y'obutonde. Locke, okwawukana ku ddembe lya gavumenti, enkuumibwawo ku ddembe lyayo, ebizimbulukusaamu abantu mu era ne ku lwondekaagoosezza ensonga ez'obufuzi bw'ebyakungu eby'omulembedde mu mateeka eby'omulembereza. protooti, obwe, obwe yeeyongera okukiragira okukirse
Amateeka g’Omu butonde n’Ensibuko y’Eddembe
Endowooza egamba nti amateeka agamu mu butonde galina enkola ya njawulo mu butonde bw'omuntu era nti gategeerwa okuyitira mu nsonga ez'enjawulo. N'olw'ensonga eyo, abantu bataddewo ekkekkero ku buyinza bwa gavumenti mu Bugwanjuba bwonna. Abalowoozezza nga Cicero mu Rooma ey'edda ne Thomas Aquinas mu biseera eby'omu biseera eby'omumasekkati nga bagamba nti amateeka g'omuntu agaakolebwa galina okutuukana n'omutindo ogwa waggulu, ogw'obwenkanya obwa buli ggwanga. Kino kyakola nnyo ku ku kukulaakulanya amateeka ga samateeka era n'enzikiriza z'enzikiriza. [F: 0]
Ebyafaayo Byajjawo mu Bujjuvu ng’Edda Bikwata ku Gavumenti ne ku Nkomerero zaazo
Amawanga ag’Edda: Ensibuko y’Ab’Obuyinza
Mu Mesopotamiya, mu Mesopotamiya, Code ya Hammur ([FLT 1754 BCE]) yateekawo emu ku mateeka agasooka okuwandiikibwa, okuteekawo obuyinza bwa kabaka ng'ateekawo ekkomo eri amateeka agafuga mu kussaawo amateeka agabafuga. Mu Misiri ey'edda, bafaro baatwalibwa nga bakatonda abalamu, abakozesa obuyinza obwa nnamaddala ku bantu baabwe. Wadde kyali kityo ne mu nkola za autocraticss, enkcessssw'okuba nazo zaaliwo: obwetaavu bw'abakungu bannaa bakabona, n'okukugira okugoberezebwa kw'obufuzi. Mu ttendekero wa China ey'edda, yamanyibwanga mu nkola ey'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi.
Buyonaani n’Abaruumi ab’Edda: Baagezaako Okunoonyereza ku Butuuze n’Amateeka
Enkasa za katonda zaatandikawo endowooza ezandisimbyewo endowooza oluvannyuma ku buyinza bwa gavumenti. Abatuuze mu Buyonaani, naddala mu Asene, baagezesa enkola za demokulase eza bannakyewa mwe baakoleranga emirimu egikwata ku mateeka n'okusala emisango. Kyokka, enkola eno yalina okubeera ey'eddembe lya basajja, abakazi, abaddu, n'abagwira. Demokulase mu Amereka era yalaga akabi akayinza okuteebwa okuva ku buyinza obusingawo, nga mw'otadde n'okuva okugoba abangi ku busommeetwaze.
Kkomyunizimu ya Ruumi yatandikawo enkola enzibu ennyo ey'obufuzi obwabakaabirizibwamu, nga n'ebitundu ebya bulijjo (bannaabwo) ebifuga oba abafuga nga demokulase (enkuŋŋaana ennene). Endowooza ey'okufuga amateeka, yeegattiddwa mu [ Tables[] era oluvannyuma mu nteekateeka y'amateeka ga Rooma, yateekawo omusingi ogugamba nti amateeka galina okufuga embeera y'eggwanga so si ga bafuzi abafuzi. Kino kyakyusiza nnyo endowooza eyagoberebwa oluvannyuma. Omukungu Omuruumizi Ulpian yannyonnyola omusingi nti "ekisanyusa omulambi w'amateeka," naye kino kyali kyenkanankanankana olw'okutegeera amateeka agaava mu nkola, ne mu ngeri y'ensonga ey'ensonga.
Ebiriwo mu Biseera eby’Edda n’Eby’Obulamu
Mu kiseera eky'omumasekkati, waaliwo okweyawulayawula kw'ab'obuyinza mu bitongole era n'okutandikawo kw'amatwale ag'amaanyi. Feudalismu yatandikawo enkuka ez'enjawulo ez'abaami, n'abalimi, era n'obuyinza obwasaasaanyizibwa mu bitundu bingi eby'obufuzi. Kino kyaleetawo ekifo eky'enkukunala ekyasobozesa ebitongole ebikiikirira okutandikawo. Magna Carta[[FL:1] mu 1215], nga kyava mu Kabaka wa Bungereza nga afugibwa bannakyewagguusibwako, kyatandikawo omusingi omukulu nti kabaka kennyini afugibwa amateeka. Wadde nga mu kusooka okuteesa okw'ebyobufuzi, Cargna yajja okukiikirira embaalizo. Palamentina, French, ne Corteskoong, ne Supersonsburgssssssssss, byava mu kiseera kya waggulu mu mateeka, nga bannassa mu mateeka.
Mu kiseera kya Renaissance baasobozesa bannabyabufuzi okufuna obuyigirize obwa bulijjo era ne batandikawo n'engeri endala ez'okulowooza ku by'obufuzi. Omumbowa w'ekika ekya Machiavelli [FLT] (1532]) yawa emboozi ey'okwekebejja amaanyi g'eby'obufuzi, okwawula amaanyi g'eby'obufuzi n'obulombolombo obukyamu. Wadde nga baagezaako okubutegeera ng'okuwagira obukyayinja obutuufu, omulimu gwa Machiavellelli ku bikwata ku nkolagana wakati w'empisa ennungi n'okufuga. Abaprotestantiakko beeyongera okuwakanya obufuzi bwa bakkusimu nga Martin Luther ne John Calvin baart baakgye baawagira obukulu mu by'eddiini okuleetawo enkambi ez'enkola ku by'enkola y'enfumbo.
Ekitangaala n’Okutandikawo kw’Amateeka ag’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe
Okutangaazibwa okw'omu kyasa eky'ekkumi n'omusanvu n'eky'ekkumi n'omusanvu kwali kukiikirira okukkirizibwa mu kulowooza ku buyinza bwa gavumenti. Abafirosoofo baatandikamu endowooza ezikwata ku ddembe ly'obutonde, okukkiriza, era ne ku kwawulwawo kw'ab'obuyinza abandibadde bakyusa ebitongole bya demokulase. John Locke's[ S [[FLD]]STISTISTIIN [:]] [1689]]) baagamba nti abantu balina eddembe ery'envuma, eddembe, n'ebintu, era nti gavumenti ebeerawo mu kukkirizo. Ebiteesobo bya Amerekawo, byayamba nnyo Abako.
Manteuk's[FON:1] Omwoyo gw'Amateeka () gwawanuza omusingi ogw'okwawula obufuzi mu bannaakyewa, ababukulembeze, n'amatabi ag'okusalamu, nga gagamba nti amaanyi ag'okussa essira mu kibiina ekimu gavaamu obutujju. Olusobano lwafuuka omusingi gwa U.S. Constitution ne decustomments okwetooloola ensi yonna. Abakuguseeko abagezigezi, Voltaire, ne Rousce, ne American Conseadiers, baakulamu endowooza ez'enkola ezisingawo ku ddembe okwogera, okukkirizibwa mu ddiini ez'enjawulo, n'obufuzi. Okukyukakyuka kwa Amerika (177517178) ne ku enkyukakyuka mu Bufalansa (19991999) kwaleetawomu ku n'enkola y'eby'ebyotoosoosoosooso mu nsi yonna. Kino kyasobozesa okumanyisa okw'ensonga ez'eby’eby’eby’obufuzi eby'obufuzi eby'eby’obufuzi eby'
Obufuzi obw’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe n’Ebigambo by’Ebufuzi bwa Gavumenti
Entegeka, Ekyusa mu Bufumbo, n’Etteeka
Gavumenti za demokulase zeesigamiziddwa ku musingi ogugamba nti amaanyi g'ensi n'ensi birina okuteebwa olwa ssemateeka. Ekiragiro kya Amereka, nga kirimu enkola y'okukeberera abantu n'enkyukakyuka, enfuga, era ne Bill of Rights ekuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu, byassaawo ekiteeberezo ekigo ekigo ekigondeddwa amawanga mangi. Endowooza nti gavumenti eririna okugoberera amateeka agafuga enkola y'amateeka agafuga enkola y'obuteetwaze.
Okufuga amateeka kukwetaagisa abantu bonna n'ebitongole byonna, nga mw'otwalidde ne gavumenti, okugondera amateeka. Omusingi guno gutegeeza nti amateeka galina okubeera nga ga bantu bonna, nga gategeerekeka bulungi, era nga gagobererwa mu ngeri y'emu. era kitegeeza nti obuyinza bwa nnannyini buyinza buteekwa okukozesebwa mu mateeka, kkooti ziteekwa kwetongoza, era nti abantu balina okuba n'obujjanjabi mu mateeka okusobola okukosebwa. Amawanga agalina amateeka gaago galaga ebitiibwa by'obulyinjaanyi, okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna, n'obutebenkevu mu by'ebyobufuzi.
Eddembe ly’Obuntu Kikomo ku b’Obuyinza
Entegeka z'abantu mu nsi yonna ezaatandikibwawo oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo II zikiikirira enkola ey'amaanyi ennyo eyinza okumanyibwa ku buyinza bwa gavumenti. Ekirangiriro ky'eddembe ly'obuntu era n'endagaano eziddako bissaawo emitindo egikwata ku bantu kinnoomu nga bayisibwa mu masaza, nga babikka ku ddembe ly'abantu ery'enfuga n'ebyobufuzi (nga eddembe ery'okwogera, enkuŋŋaana, n'eddiini, n'okukukugira okuboonyabonyabonya okubonyaabonya n'okusibibwa) era n'eby'eby'enfuna, n'ennambalo (nga eddembe ly'eby'obuyigirize, obutuufu, obutuufu, obutuufu n'enkwakulirizaamu mu bulamu. Amateeka g'ensi yonna gakkiriza nti eddembe ly'okutulugunya abantu, liba lya n'okutuukirizibwa mu nkola eyakolebwa mu ku kkooti z'obumenyi bw'amawanga.
Obuwanguzi n’Eby’Amaanyi Ebyawulwawo
Sistemu za divisions zisobola okugabanyamu ab'obuyinza wakati wa gavumenti ez'omu masekkati ne Buyindi ne zisobola okukebera ebiwandikiro. Enteekateeka eno esobola okukuuma obwetwaze, okusuza ebitundu eby'enjawulo, era n'okukola obwetwaze okusobola okukebera enkola z'amateeka. United States, Bugirimaani, Canada, Australia ne Buyindi zonna zikozesa enteekateeka za gavumenti ez'ensi yonna, wadde nga n'enjawukana ez'amaanyi zifaanagana. Kyokka, enteekateeka ya dederalism teriimu bizibu. Esobola okuleetawo obuzibu. Ziyinza okusobozesa okuziyiza enkola y'eggwanga, era mu bitundu ebimu ekkiriza gavumenti z'ebitundu okumenya amateeka okumenya eddembe eryawula eddembe erina.
Okusoomooza Okuli mu Buwangwa bwa Gavumenti
Obulyi bw’Enguzi n’Okuddirira kw’Enkola Okussaamu Obussibwamu Obuddukiro
Obulyi bw'enguzi bwe butyo nga bufuga gavumenti, era nga bufuga mu ngeri ey'ebiruubirirwa ebyabwe ku bwabwe. Nnyoonya okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Bugoonoona enkola z'amateeka, bwonoona eby'obugagga bya bantu, era bukomya obwesige mu bibiina bya demokulase. Okulwanyisa obulyi bw'enguzi kikwetaagisa okuteeka obulyi bw'enguzi mu nkola ez'enjawulo, obukiiko obusobola okulabirira, okugobererwa kw'amateeka agakwata ku bulyirikiti, n'obukuumi ebiyinza okukugira okuziriisaamu anti y'eby'enguzi. Ebibiina ng'ebyo ng'ebyo Tranparancy International [S] era n'okupikirizibwa okuteeka mu nkola enzigezo ez'enkyukakyuka. Okukulembejja okw'amaanyi mu mawanga aganene ga gavumenti, nga n'enkola y'amateeka era n'ennene y'amateeka ebitongole ebigo.
Okuddamu Okugoberera Associalist n’Okuddawo kw’Eddembe
Mu kyasa ekya makumi abiri mulamba, ensi nnyingi ziyisiddwa mu buwaŋŋanguse nga demokulase, nga abakulembeze mwe balondebwa mpolampola okusaanyawo ebitongole ebya demokulase. Kino kitera okutwaliramu obulumbaganyi ku balamuzi, okukugira eddembe ly'eby'empuliziganya, okunyigiriza enkola ez'okukuba amaloboozi, n'okuziyiza amaloboozi. Hungary, Turkiya, ne Venezuela bye bimu ku ebyo ebitera okuyogerwako, naye ebireeteeyirwako ebikwata ku ku ku kuddirira kwa demokulasebwa kwa demokulase, okussibwa mu nkola eya demokulase. Abakulembeze b'obuyinza bakozesa olulimi oluganzi okuwooleza obuyinza bwabwe, nga bagamba nti "matuufu" eri abakulembezevu mu bibiina ebikyanguyibwa n'obulabe. Kino kikuleetedde okussaako essira ku bukulu bw'amatwale, n'obutebe bw'onzinziko.
Ebitundu eby’Okubuuliramu, Empandiika y’Ebintu n’Engeri Empya ez’Eby’Obukugu
Enkyukakyuka mu by'enkola nno za tekinologiya zireesewo okusoomooza okutali kungi. Amagatte gayinza okusobozesa enzivuunula z'eby'empuliziganya, entambula, ne kampani z'abantu okubeera n'obudde obw'enjawulo. Ebiruubirirwa ebikwata ku kwetuliraaza obwabwe ku bantu b'ensi byeyongedde nnyo okumanyibwa ebikolerwa ebitongole bya bannasayansi. Mu kiseera kye kimu, ebitongole by'eby'obugabuzi eby'oku n'ebyuma bya gavumenti bifuuse ebiyamba okusaasaanya pokopoko, ebiva ku bannantamenti, n'okusaasaanya kw'eby'amasannyalaze. Okusoomooza okwo kuleetawo enkola y'eby'okwerinda, nga ebigoolekawo ebiteeyambisibwa mu Bulaaya-Europe'okutaawulamu, nga ebikolebwa ebitongole ebikola ebireeteeyambisibwa mu ku bukuumibwa obwa demokrase. Ekiragiro kino kisoomooza kisobozesa okuteekawo enkola ey'okwerinda obwa nnakyeko.
Okukuba Popokolo n’Okusoomooza eri Obuteefuga
Okuyitirira mu bibiina bya populist mu lukujju lwa demokulase nnyingi, kuleetawo okusoomooza okw'enjawulo ku nsalo z'obufuzi. Abakulembeze ba Populist bagamba nti bawa obutuufu obuyinza okuwakanya ab'enfumbo ab'enfuga ab'enkan'enkan'akes', nga beefuula ng'eddoboozi lyokka erikkirizibwa mu ggwanga. Batunuulira okukugira okutali ku bukulembeze nga kkooti, ennyimirira, n'ebyuma, n'enkola z'abantu okusobola okulondoola obufuzi obwa demokula, nga "oba okulemesa abantu okumanyibwa ennyo." Populisssssss kwekali okuteeka essira ku ddembe n'enfumo za gavumenti ezisinga obungi. Waddewo obuyinza bw'eby'obufuzi obwa demokulase.[8]
Okwo kukomekkereza: Ebyafaayo Ebiyigiriza Abafuzi
Ebyafaayo by'obufuzi bubuuziganya buli kiseera wakati w'obuyinza n'eddembe. Okuva ku mpagi z'amateeka mu Mesopotamiya ey'edda okutuuka ku nkola z'okulabirako ez'enkola ez'omu kyasa ekya makumi abiri musooka, buli kiseera kibadde kibuuzibwa engeri y'okukozesaamu obuyinza bw'eggwanga okusobola okugootaanya enkola ya gavumenti, okuleka enkola z'enfuga, obwawula obufuzi, obufuzi, obufuzi, n'eddembe ly'abantu bikiikirira engeri z'abantu ez'okutuukirizaamu ekizibu kino. Kyokka, ebikoleddwa bino tebirina bukuumi obw'olubeerera. Buli mulembe gulina okuddamu obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okukoma, obw'okuvunaanyizibwa, n'ensonga z'ensonga z'obufuzi, n'okukyusa emisingi gy'obufuzi bwa demokulase mu mbeera yaagwo. Okutegeera eby'obufuzi eby'omulembe tekutegeeza bunnanguvu mu by'obukulembe bw'obukulembelembe bw'obukulembe bw'obukufunja; eddembe eri abayinjanjabi ebitongole eby'okulwanirira eddembe okulwanirira eddembe okulwanirira eddembe ery'eby'obukunnyonnyola, tuteekwa okuba n'ensonga ez