Table of Contents
Okusobya kwa Demokulase
Gerrymandering kye ky'okukyusa enzigi z'amateeka mu bugenderevu okusobozesa ekiwandikiro oba ekibiina ekimu okulonda mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya. Wadde ekikolwa kino kya dda nga gavumenti y'omubaka, tekinologiya ow'ekika ekya kampati era ne bya bufuzi eby'ekika kya maanyi bikifuula eky'okukuba akasoosa okusobola okusalawo ku ngeri ebinaakolebwako nga akalulu kagenda okulondebwa nga kagenda okulondebwa. Ekitongole kino bwe kiba nga kigaana buli munnaka w'eggwanga okulonda okuba n'obunene bwenkana ate nga n'ababaka abalonde bakkiriziga okukkirizisaamu abantu mu bungi. Mu kifo eky'okuleka abalonde baabwe okulonda abawandikibwa, kibawandikiro. Mu kifo eky'okulonda abalonde, kibawandikiro bakkirizisaamu abalonde baabwe.
Ekigambo “gerrymander” kirina emyaka gyakatandika mu 1812, Gavana Elbridge Gerry ow'omu Massachusetts bwe yateeka omukono ku nteekateeka ey'okuwagira ekika kya Democratic-Republican Party ye. Ekimu ku bitundu ebipya mu Essex County kyayitibwa nga nnambalwa w'omukuŋŋaanya, era omukuŋŋaanya w'amawulire yasimbye ekiwandiiko kya poliisi “gerèmau." Erinnya lyanywera, era ekikolwa ekyo kyakolebwa ku bikwata ku by'obufuzi bwa Amerika okuva olwo. Wadde nga ebibinja bya Amerika byombi byenyigidde mu gerrymandering, obuwagizi bwabyo byeyongera nnyo mu myaka kkumi egiyise, olw'enkulembedde mu ku kalabbaamu ne ku kkooti enkulu ey'amateeka eyavaako ddala mu ku ku bukiiko olukulu.
Engeri Gerrymandering gye Ekolamu: Ekiwandiiko Ekina Ekiyitibwa Core Techniques
Ku kigero ekisingirayo ddala, okukuba zzaala kukozesa enkola enkulu bbiri.[1] Engeri gye bagezaakomu okunyaga abantu oba okubatwala mu nzirukanya, ekendeeza ku maanyi g'okulonda mu bibiina ebimu ate ng'essa essira ku buyinza bw'ekibiina ekimu.
1.okupakira
Okupakira kitegeeza okuteekamu abalonda abangi ennyo abavuganya mu disitulikiti. Ekigendererwa kwe kuteekawo ebifo ebitonotono “eby'obuteefukizi” eby'okuziyiza ate n'eby'okusaasaanya ebifisseeko. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa gavumenti eba ne 40% democratic coption ne 60% Republican ekivwoota, omuntu ayinza okuteeka abavwooti bonna ab'oku Democratical mu bitundu bisatu, nga buli kitundu kiriko 80% democratic lisive. Ebitundu ebyo ebisatu bina binaafunibwa Democrats, naye nga bisigadde musanvu biwanduulidwa mu ggwanga erimu ebitwalo 60%.
Okufukula ekikopo
Okusiba ekiba kigonjooleddwa ku kuteeka mu bifunvu. Mu kifo ky'okuteeka essira ku kuziyiza, badrowa baasaasaanya abawagizi baabwe mu bitundu bingi ne kiba nti tebasobola kufuuka abasinga obungi. Enkola eno ya mugaso nnyo naddala singa abaziyiza basaasaanya ebifo ebirala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa abavvuzi ba demokulase mu ggwanga lyonna, buli kitundu kiri 51% Republican ne 49% Democraticus, nga batwala ebifo byonna eby'okukkulira ekiwandikiro.
3. Okusiba n’Okubba
Bukodyo buno tebutera kuba bwa bulijjo naye era butwaliramu n'obukujjukujjukujju. Kino kikolebwako ng'endagiriro y'awaka mu disitulikiti emu ekikiikirirwa ekiwandikiro kimu, nga kiwaliriza abantu babiri abatuuti okuvugagana. Kino kinafuya nnyo ekiwandikiro oba ekimenyayo. Kimenyamu ekiwandikiro ekiva mu kibiina ekimu nga kiyisibwa nga kiwandikidwa omuva mu kibiina ekimu ekimu, era nga kiwaliriza ab'ekiwandikiro okukikoleramu ekipya. Kino kikaluba olukalala olw'okuwangula mu ngeri ez'okuwangula. Bannabyabufuzi bwe bakikola, bakikola nga tebakyusizaamu bannaabwe mu nkola zaabwe ez'okutumbula. Bannabyabufuzi bakkuyisa mu ngeri ey'okubonereza oba okubonereza abo abanoonya okuwangula. Bannabyabufuzi mu ngeri gye bakikolamu. Bannabyalabuukanya. Bannabyala
Ensonga Lwaki Okugoba Omwonoonyi Kizibu kya Maanyi eri Demokrati
Gerrymandering tekiyamba bantu kuwangula buwi bifo ebirala − naye era kyonoona enkolagana wakati w'abalonde ne gavumenti yaabwe.
Okuvvuunuka Ebirowoozo Ebireetawo Ekaafiiri
Gavumenti bwe ziba nga “zirina obukuumi” mu kibiina kimu, okulonda kufuuka kwa makulu. Mu masaza mangi agategekebwa, empaka eza bulijjo zibaawo, obuwagizi obwa nnamaddala we bukendeera era nga n'abantu abamu beetaagira ddala ebibaagaawe. Kino kisiikiriza buli kibinja okuteeka obukiika n'ebbeeyi mu kifo kya waggulu, okwongera amaanyi mu kunoonyereza okw'ebyobufuzi. Okusinziira ku 20222 okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ekitongole kya Brennan for Justice, abalaaw 10.S ebituula ku nnyumba baatwalibwanga nga bakuba empaka oluvannyuma lw'okwewandibwa 20202020.
Ebifa ku butategeeragana
Gerrymandering akkiriza abantu okuwangula ebifo bingi nga bafiiriddwa obululu. Mu 2018, Democrates yawangula okulonda okw'ensi yonna nga bakuba obululu 8.6 ku kigero kya butundutundu kyokka n'afuna obutundutundu bwa 235.[1] Olubala olw'entebe olubadde lufunda okusinga bwe lwandibadde, olw'okuba layini eza Republic zibadde mu bitundu nga Ohio, North Carolina, ne Wisconsin. Mu ngeri ez'amaanyi, ekiwandikiro kiwangula 45% obwa kalulu y'obutebenkenkenke, kiyinza kutwala 60. Kino kikontana n'omusingi gwa democracy Trease.
Okugatta Obutono bw’Abantu
Wadde nga mu 1965 akakwate ka Cowing Rights kalina okulagira nti disiturikiti tezikendeeza maanyi ga kulonda abantu abasosoze mu langi oba olulimi olutono, okugoba abantu mu bitundu ebitono kiyinza okukosa abantu abatono ennyo. Okupakira omuwendo omunene gw'abavvuoti mu disitulikiti emu kiyinza okuleetawo “obutosi obwa disiturikiti obwa "" naye era kikendeeza obuyinza bwabwe mu bitundu ebiriraanyewo. Mu ngeri ezimu, kibawandikiro ekiwandikiro ekitono mu bukwasifu mu bitundu bya dipulooma ne kinafuya obuyinza bwabwe mu by'ebyobufuzi. Omuze guno ogumanyiddwa nga empala enkola y'ebiva mu n'enkanya enkola z'amawanga, gusibuka mu kkooti, naye nga gulina ekigendererwa eky'okusala ekiva mu langi ekibanguyira.
Okuvunaanibwa n’Okukendeeza ku Buvunaanyizibwa
Abawi b'amateeka bwe babaako bye beeterekera okuva ku ddisiturikiti yaabwe buli lukumi, baba n'ensonga ey'amaanyi ebakubiriza okwekuuma. Abawagizi mu bitundu ebikuumibwa bayolekagana n'obuzibu obutono obuyinza okubaleetera obuteefiirayo, okukendeeza ku kye baba basazeewo, n'okwemalira ku biruubirirwa by'obulyi bw'eggwanga mu kifo ky'ebyetaago by'abantu. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa University of California, Irvine kwakizuula nti okugattika abala amateeka mu bifo ebyo, kiyinza okwongera ku bukakafu nti abawi ba mateeka bajja kulonda emigwa egibakwata ku bibiina era ne babuusa amaaso endowooza eya lukalu ku nsonga gamba ng'ez'eby'okusasula emisolo, n'enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z'obudde.
Ebyokulabirako eby’Ebyafaayo n’eby’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe
Salamande Eyasooka: Massachusetts 1812
Gavana Elbridge Gerry yasooka okukuba ppaapa mu buwandiike bw’essaza eriwagirwa waggulu okulaga ekitundu ekiwanvu ekikyasinze okugobererwa ng’omusaasa omuwaabi yalabikira mu Boston Gazette.
Mmaapu z’Amambuka ga Carolina
Mu 2010, Lipolansis yakuba mmaapu z'obukugu mu nsi eyo ezikyasinze okuba ez'amaanyi. Mu 2012, nga 49% ey'abagenda okulonda ab'omu Amereka mu kifo kya Amerika, abantu ab'omu Republica bawangula obutuuzi bwa 2022 mu bitundu 13 ebya gavumenti. Oluvannyuma lw'okusoomoozebwa kwa mirundi emingi, kkooti y'ensi yakuba mmaapu bbiri ez'ekika kya ssemasaza ng'etakkiriza kulonda langi ezigina mu 2021. Kyokka, maapu eyagobererwa mu 2021 nayo yawaanibwa, era n'etuuka ku kkooti enkulu eyasalibwawo emitemwa gy'enkola eyamenya amateeka. Omusango ogwo gulaga okusala olubala wakati w'ensalo za madaalimu ne kkooti z'eggwanga mu 2021.
Wisconsin: Trick: “8-6”
Mu kawbikko k'e Dipulooma mu 2011, ekitongole kya Republican kyakuba pulaani eyabasobozesa okuwangula 60 ku bifo 99 (61%) nga biriko 48.6% ku byombi ebikola akalulu. Kkooti ya disiturikiti yakikuba ng'enkola eya bulijjo errigal gerryder mu 2016 (Gill v. Whitford), naye kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yeewala okubuuza nti abakungu ba gavumenti abo tebalina kukkiriza.
Maryland: Ekyokulabirako kya Demokulase
Partisan gerymering si y'empandika ey'amaanyi mu nsi ya Riphabliki. mu 2011, Democrats yasika mmaapu mu lukiiko olukulu mu 2011. Ekiragiro Republican coption gye kyava nga kisaasaanya Democratats mu bitundu ebirala. Kino kyavaako: Democrats yawangula ebisalo 7 ku 8 mu nnyumba mu kalulu wa U.S. nga 60% ebya kalulu, wadde nga buli lupapula lwalimu 35% ebyavwootaagibwa mu ggwanga. Mu 2018, kkooti ya gavumenti yafuga mmaapu y'empandika y'ekitongole ekifuga gerrymander, naye Kkootikko ya Ssese mu ku kijulirwamu, era ne yeewala ne ku nsonga ey'amaanyi.
Okufuba mu by’Omu Mateeka n’Okulongoosa
Okutuukirira kwa Kkooti ey’Oku Ntikko
Mu kusalawo okw'ekika ekya 2019, Ruuko v. Ensonga enkulu , kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika yagamba nti okugoba abamenyi b'amateeka mu mateeka tekikkirizibwa. Ekitongole kino kitegeeza nti “tekikola mu bwenkanya kubanga tewakyaliwo“ mitego gya mateeka” agafuga. Omusango guno gwazizibalibwawo bulungi oluggi olw'okumenya amateeka ageesigamiziddwa ku buwandise, okusumulula omugugu ogwo ku kkooti, ne ku ngeri gye gukkirizaamu okuguwandisaamu. Okuva [FL:3], kkooti mu mawanga nga Ohio, South Carolina, Pennsylvania, ne New Mexico, ziwanjula empigiro, ne kkomola ektongole ekiremya essw'amateeka.
Omulimu gw’Okutegeka Obuddukiro
Ebigambo bingi byebyewandisizza okuggya amaanyi agafuga entegeka okuva ku bavvuunuli b'enkola ne bagaleka eri ababunyigiriza. Ebyokulabirako ebisingayo obulungi bye bino: Arizona ne California, ebikozesa obukiiko bw'abantu okulonda mmaapu ez'enkola n'ez'okussaawo kawyiro. Mu 2018, Michigan, Colorado, ne Utautanie zikozese ebipimo ebya kyewatumbula. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti maapu eza 'awunzi' zivaamu okuvuganya okusukka mu waggulu era zikiikirira bulungi ebibangirizi by'eggwanga. Conference of Legastivation of Legastigastituess ekuuma olukalala olujjuvu olw'ebifaananyirimu ebiva mu butoffanyiri. [[FLT:]
Okunokolayo akafuzi n'ekiragiro ebirala
Abakozi ba Kompyuta bawayirizza enkola ya kompuyuta okulonda ebifo ebyesigamizibwa ku bintu ebitali bya lukunkula, gamba nga, okugatta, n'okukuuma abantu nga balaga nti baagala okumanya. Ebitabo nga “ Bipartisan Gerrymering Algustolit”[[FLL:1] ebyakuyizibwa abanoonyereza ku Yunivhesiti ya Dukentalbal 1, bisobola okusobozesa abavvuzi b'enkulembedde mmaapu ezitaba mu kifo kyazo okuzigeraageranya ne pulaani. Ebirango ebimu, nga Virginia, kati byetaagisa badrowa okukozesa data era n'okuwagira buli nsobi mu lujjudde okuva ku misingi egikwata ku ndala. Kyokka, abanoonyereza bagamba nti ne “ba nga nnukuta zaafu” zisobola okuleetawo enfu mu ngeri enfumo enfuumuulo bwe zirondebwa.
Emisango Egiwakanya Obukulembeze
Kusoomooza kw'omu mateeka kweyongera mu kkooti z'amateeka. Mu 2023, kkooti enkulu ey'omu Ohio yakuba mmaapu n'enkulembedde mu lukalala eza Republican nga zitwalibwa ng'enkola eya bulijjo, ekiviirako emmaapu ezaakakasibwa okukozesa mmaapu eza kkooti okussaawo akuuma ebipimo 2022. Mu ngeri y'emu, kkooti enkulu mu Pennsylvania essaza lya 'Plain Pennsylvania' enzivvuunvunuzi'egoonya mmaapu y'eggwanga mu 201818, okujuliza obuwanguzi obwa bulijjo. Obuwanguzi buno bulaga nti kkooti za gavumenti ziyinza okuggalawo kookereza, ssemateeka ne ku nsonga za gavumenti ne zisobola okuwa abalamuzi ebizizo. [[FLD][FLD]
Endowooza Esingawo ku Demokulase w’Amerika
Ng'oggyeko ebyo ebiva mu kulabika kw'ebivaamu amangu ago, okugoba obululu kyongera amaanyi mu kuvumirira abalonde, n'okuleetera gavumenti obutabaako kye bagakolera. Abavvuoti bwe bawulira nti si kikulu okukomya eddoboozi lyabwe olw'emboozi gye bawa, bagwa wansi. Okunoonyereza 2020 mu Journal of Politicism [ Kukizuula nti abavvugibwa mu bitundu eby'amaanyi si kyangu okukkiriza nti bannaakyewa.
Gerrymander era abateesiteesi b'abakulembeze b'amateeka okuteeka essira ku kusoomooza okukulu mu kifo ky'okulonda abalondedde obululu, nga babakubiriza okufuna ebifo eby'okumpi ennyo. Kino kiyamba mu kuteeka mu nkola olukalala lw'okukuba kampeyini ne kampasi za gavumenti. Obuteeyambi bw'okuyisa enkyuuka mu nkola y'enkola nga ebinoonyeze ku nkyukakyuka ez'ekikula oba ssente ezikozesebwa mu nfuna y'ebintu, bwe buba buli miganyulo gya bulijjo eri abakungusibe abalina ennyo okweraliikirira ku kusoomooza okutali kwa ku ddyo oba ku kkono okusinga okufiirwa okulonda okwa bulijjo mu disitulikiti.
Waliwo n'ennyiriri endala ezitayinza kubuusibwa maaso. Act efuga enva enjawulo wakati wa froutiki n'eggwanga ereme okukkirizibwa, naye omuwaatwa ogw'okusala langi guyinza obutategeerekeka. Shelby County v. Horer, kkooti enkulu eyasattulula amateeka agaetaagisa enfuga n'enkola ez'okusosola mu langi okusobola okukkirizibwa mu ggwanga nga tennakyusa enkola ez'okulondamu. Ekiragiro kino kyaggulawo oluggi okuzza obusokerooteevu mu bukiikaddyo bw'amasaza. A222 Lipoota ku Kikiiko kya Kitongole kya Civic ne ku ddembe abantu ebingi ebyasalibwa mu madaala aga Blawuluuni ne mu Latini.
Ate era, okukuba z'amateeka kuyinza okunafuya omusingi gwa “omuntu omu, okulonda omu” nga batandikawo ebitundu ebirimu abantu ab'enjawulo. Wadde nga Kooti esinga obukulu yasazesezza ebitundu okwenkanankana n'abantu, obugwagwa obutono obukkirizibwa, era nga n'ebiwayi eby'emmaapu bisobola okukozesa empanvu ezo okuggya amaanyi ku buyinza. Emirundi egimu, amasaza gaawudi agaawuka gaawukako abantu bikumi na bikumi byokka naye nga emiganyulo egiva mu ku ntegeka kwa dipulogulamu gibagirwamu.
Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso: Enzijuvu Zisobola Okukendeera?
Okulwana n'okugoba abamenyi b'amateeka kukyali wala nnyo. Wadde nga Kkooti ey'Enfuga eggadde oluggi ku sututi eza gavumenti, okukyusiza omutindo gwa gavumenti era n'okukyusa embeera zeyongerayongera. Ballot kye kimu ku bintu ebisinga amaanyi mu Michigan, Colorado, ne Virginia bye bakoze okusobozesa abantu okukola emirimu egyabwewaawo. Kyokka, emirimu gino tegituukiridde: giyinza okukwatibwa abo abalondeddwa gavumenti, era emitemwa giyinza okuvaamu mmaapu ezikkirizibwa okukola ekibiina kimu.
Tekinologiya awabula era n'akabi. Bannasayansi basobola okulonda mmaapu era ne bakozesa enkola za zombi ezikwata ku nkola za kompyuta. Naye era basobola okuzuula nnamba ezo eziba ziteekeddwawo amangu okusinga bwe kyali kibadde. Ekimu ku bintu ebiyinza okukolebwa kwe kukakasa nti okuzza obubaane mu ngeri eyo kwalabika, nga kuliko data n'obujulizi obwa buli muntu. Abakuutira abamu baagoberera etteeka eriziyiza okugonjoola ensonga ez'enjawulo, nga mu ngeri eyo, nga Freedom to Vote Act, erinaakwetaagisa okugoberera ebiragiro ebizingirwamu naye amateeka ng'ago gayinza okugobeetaagoberezebwa mu kkalukusa.
Ekibuuzo ekirala kwe kukozesa ebifo ebiwerako nga bigoberera enkola eya Ziraw ne Repalska. Munsi ya sistemu emu, singa akakiiko kafuna 40 ku buli kikumi ku buwandike, 40 ku buli kikumi eky'ebifo we katuula, ka kibe nti zigenda kweseeseetuka ki. Ebitundu nga Maine ne Nebraska bagezaako okulonda akalulu n'enkyukakyuka endala, naye okukyusiza ddala mu kye bawandisizza kiyinza obwetaaze kiyinza okukwetaagisa okukola enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu by'amateeka.
Ekiragiro eky'okutandika okuyingiza abantu mu by'obufuzi kyesigamye ku kumanya n'okwegatta. Abatuuze bangi bwe beeyongera okutegeera engeri y'okukyusaamu enkola ya disitulikiti, okupikirizibwa okw'okuleetawo enkyukakyuka. Ebibiina nga Common Cause, League of Women Voters, ne Brennan Center for Justice byeyongera okuwakanya mmaapu eziriwo. [[[FF:0]
fundikira
Gerrymandering si kintu ekikyaliwo mu kyasa ekya 19. Kiremesa nnyo okussaawo demokulase. Bifeebya, amaloboozi agaawulamu abantu abatono, bikomya obwesige, era ne b'awa amaanyi. Wadde nga enkola eyo yasimba amakanda, eby'okulwanyisa okugilwanyisa byeyongera amaanyi: ebitongole bya gavumenti, enkola ya demokulase, algoric tram, n'ekyuma ekikubirizibwa abantu. Ekikoomizibwa mu kukyusa okumanya okumanyibwa mu nkyukakyuka. Awatali nkyukakyuka, okulonda kwa Amerika kweyongera okuteekebwa ku sistemu abantu abatwalibwa okuba abalonde. Ekkumi eriddako, ebinaddako kijja kuba nga bikulu nnyo okulaba obanga abafuzi babadde bikozesebwa mu ku demokulaakulaafu.