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Okutegeera Obutuufu bw’Etteeka lya Jim Crow: Ebyafaayo Ebinoonyezebwa

Ekiragiro kya Jim Crow kyateekebwawo amateeka mu Amerika ow'ebukiika ddyo ng'ekyasa ekya 19 n'eky'okutandika-20 ekyalagira abantu okweyawula mu langi. Amateeka gano agabannyirira obusosoze bwali bumu ku ssuula ezikyasinzeeyo obubi mu byafaayo bya Amerika, era gaatandikawo enkola ey'okunyigiriza abantu abatiini mu buli ngeri etuuka ku mbeera z'obulamu bwabwe eza buli lunaku.

Ebivudde mu mateeka gano tebyakoma ku Amerika ow'ebukiikaddyo, nga bikyusa endowooza n'ebikolwa by'eggwanga lyonna. Okutegeera ensibuko, okugatuukiriza, n'okugobererwa kw'amateeka ga Jim Crow, kikulu nnyo okutegeera okufuba okulimu ettuluba ly'enjawukana mu Amerika. Okunoonyereza kuno okusingira ddala kulaga engeri amateeka gano gye gaasaasaanamu, engeri gavumenti gye yalemererwamu okukuuma abadduga ba Black, era n'engeri enkola y'okweyisa mu ngeri eyo gye yaviirako gavumenti okubaako ne kye zikolawo mu nsonga ez'amaanyi.

Ebyafaayo: Okuva mu Buddu Okufuuka Obukaasa

Obuddu Bukoma era n’Ekisuubizo ky’Okuddamu Okufuulibwa Obuggya

Ku nkomerero y'olutalo lwa Civil lwa Ssematalo 1865, kyaviirako obuddu okuggibwa mu Amerika. Gavumenti yayisawo amateeka agaago mu kifo ekyandikyusizza eddembe ly'abaddu era n'okuteekawo obutuuze. Ekyaweerwa eky'okuwerezebwa eky'ekkumi n'omukaaga ekyawerebwa (1865) okuwerebwa kw'obuddu, ekiwerebwawo eky'omulundi ogw'ekkumi n'okubiri (1868) kyawagirwa abantu bonna abaazaalibwa mu Amerika era ne kikuuma abantu bonna nga bakuumibwa amateeka, ate okuganywerera ku kikumi na kimu (1870) ne kikuuma obuddunja ky'eggwanga ka kibe nga tekirina langi nnyingi.

Mu kiseera eky'okuzzaawo erabirira, gavumenti ya United States yayisa etteeka erikwata ku ddembe lya Civil Bill, eryali etteeka erisooka erikuuma obutuuze bwa Amereka ka babe nga ba langi ki. Mu kiseera ekyo, kyali kitegeeza ekiseera kitono eky'essuubi n'okukulaakulana eri Abaddugavu mu Amerika abaali baakateebwa. Radical Republicans, nga bawagirwa mu Army ne Freedmen's Bureaument, baafuba okuteekawo era ne bassaawo amateeka agaasobozesa abadduga abadduga okuteekawo obutuuze.

Okuva ku nkomerero y'olutalo olwo, amagye g'eby'amagye gaateekebwa mu bukiikaddyo bwonna okusobola okuwa obuyambi, okukuuma emirembe n'okukakasa abatuuze nti bagoberera entegeka empya ez'okuzzaawo entegeka.

Enkuka n’Okununulibwa nga Biweddewo

Ekyasuubizibwa eky'okuzzaawo ekiwandiikizo kyamaddala naye kyalaga nti ekiseera eky'okuzzaawo ekiramba kyawanyisizza ddala ekiseera kitono. Kyokka, ekiseera eky'okuzzaawo era n'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu mu Afirika. Ebyafaayo by'eby'enfuna bwe byagenda byeyongera era n'enkaayana z'ebyobufuzi mu bukiikaddyo bwa Southhomat ne gavumenti y'obukiikaddyo bwe zaamu. Baakozesa obuyinza bwabwe okukomya n'okulemesa abantu okufuna eddembe ery'okwefunira eddembe erya nnamaddala era n'okukyusa ebyabanga mu buddu.

Kyokka, oluvannyuma lw'omwaka 1877, era n'okulonda Republican Rutherford B. Hayes, mu bukiika ddyo n'ensalo, essaza z'omu bukiikaddyo, okugoba abaddugavu kyatandika okukugira eddembe ly'abaddugavu. mu myaka gya 1870, Democrats yatandika okumanyira obuyinza mu magye ga maddakkuta g'omu South nga mu kika ky'abaddugavu, nga Ku Klux Klan, White, ne Red Shirts baat'awulamu, era ne baggyamu Republican Republican decut, ne bateeka abadduuki b'omudduke mu kabukko nga bakasi mu kukennes ne ku kye bavvuunyisi ky'okuziyiza obululu obululu obuddumbi.

Amateeka ag'oku maserengeta gaateekebwawo sistemu eza bannaggwanga ab'eb'eb'ebbanja ery'ebbeemer okusazaamu ettendekero lya gavumenti (Reevenuments) era n'okuggyawo ebiruubirirwa ebya Bannamerika mu by'obufuzi ne mu by'enfuna mu kiseera eky'okuzza obuggya. Gavumenti zino ezo eziyitibwa "Reeeder" zaanoonyanga okuzza obugulumivu n'okuzzaawo enteekateeka ez'enkyukakyuka mu nfuga nga bwe kisoboka.

Ensibuko n’amakulu ga "Jim Kuw"

Ekiraga Akabonero Akalaga Ennaku

Jim Crow lye linnya ery'omuzannyi omusulo atali wa bulijjo (nga ddala Juk Jim Crow) lye yakola okuva mu 1828 muwandiisi waalyo, Thomas Dartmouth (Taata) Rice, era bangi baakoppanga omuzannyi w'emizannyo Joseph Jefferson. Akabonero kano ke kamu ku bubonero obukyasinze okusiiga ekifaananyi obubi obwakolebwa abaddugavu mu Amerika mu by'okwesanyusaamu.

"Jim Crow Laws" ggya erinnya lyayo ku muddu eyakolebwa era n'akolebwa "Taata wa ffayina wa Amerika tristrasy" Thomas D. Rice mu 1830s. Rice yagamba nti "Jim Cyrow" yasimbibwa ng'omuddu omuddu omusibe ataalina buyambi eyayimbanga era n'azina ng'akola. Yagula engoye ku muddu oyo enziina, asobole okuba nga "ya mazima" mu kifaananyi kye era n'agoberera ennyimba eya bulijjo eyayimbibwanga abaddu, olw'ekikolwa kye. Rice yazikolera mu langi ez'omuddu, ng'asaba okuziina n'ennyimba ze mu bulabisi.

Ku nkomerero y’ekyasa 19, abantu baali batandise okukozesa enkola ey’okwesanyusaamu okusobola okukiikirira enkola y’okutulugunya abantu mu langi.

Okuva mu by’Okwesanyusaamu Okudda mu Nnyangu z’Omu Mateeka

Ekyasa ekya 19 we kyaggweerako, Jim Crow yali akozesebwa okunnyonnyola amateeka n’obulombolombo abaddugavu bye baayisanga obubi ennyo.

Jim Crow lye linnya ly'enkola y'enjawukana mu langi, naye si mu masaza g'ebukiika ddyo n'ensalo, wakati wa 1877 ne wakati wa1960. Jim Crow yali mateeka agatali ga nukuta. Mu kiseera kya Jim Crow, Abamerika baatwalibwa okuba abatuuze ab'ekika ekyokubiri.

Engeri Omulala Gye Yayisibwamu

Obusosoze mu Bifo

Obusenge obwali buteekeddwamu enva enjawukana mu bifo ebitindigga eggaali z'omukka, amadiba g'amazzi, ebisulo, ebisulo, ebisulo, amaloboozi, amagombe, n'amadirisa agatunda ssente mu bifo eby'okwesanyusaamu.

Obusosoze bwakolebwanga mu bidiba, mu bisulo by'amasimu, mu malwaliro, amakomera n'amayumba g'abalwadde b'abalwadde b'obwongo.

Mu South Carolina, abakozi b'engoye enzirugavu n'enjeru baali tebasobola kukola mu kisenge kimu, kuyita mu luggi lwe lumu oba okutunula ku ddirisa lye limu.

Okukugira n’Ebiragiro Ebireetawo Obuntu

Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu 1935, Oklahoma yagaana abaddugavu n'abazungu okukolera awamu mu lyato. mu 1930, ebidduka byalaga nti abaddugavu n'abazungu baali benkanankana.

N'olwekyo, omuserikale taziikibwa, oba okukkirizibwa okuziikibwa, wadde okuziikibwa.

Obusosoze n’Obusosoze

Wadde nga mu masaza g'ebukiikaddyo omulundi ogwasooka amakanisa ga gavumenti gaatandikibwawo abavvuunuzi, ago agafunibwa abaana abaddugavu gaatwalibwanga nga wansi nnyo bw'agageraageranyizidwa n'abaana abazungu, wadde nga gaatwalibwanga mu nteeko z'eby'enfuna ez'obuwere mu South oluvannyuma lw'olutalo, obwetaavu bwa ppamba we bwakendereza eby'obulimi.

Mu bukiikaddyo bw'Amerika mu bukiikaddyo okutuusa mu myaka gya kkumi egyasooka mu kyasa ekya 20. Mu kiseera kya Jim Crow, amaterekero g'ebitabo eby'abaddugavu gaali tegakyafunibwa nnyo. Okugaana eby'obugagga eby'omulembe guno kyaleetawo ebizibu bingi ne kiviirako Abaddugavu b'omu Amerika okufuna obuyigirize obwa waggulu n'okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna.

Okusoberwa n’Okusosolwa kw’Eby’obufuzi

Jim Crow yasobola okuggyamu obulagizi mu Amereka obwalimu enfuga yaabwe mu by'obufuzi. Abaddugavu baawebwa eddembe ery'okulonda nga bavvuunula emisolo gy'okulonda abaddugavu, primmaries abazungu (Bademocrat bokka be baasobola okulonda, era n'okugezesa abazungu okubeera bannabyabufuzi ("Ono nga byonna bikolebwa mu byafaayo bya Amereka").

Obukodyo buno obw'okusoosanya bwali bwewunya nnyo. Mu 1896, Louisiana yalimu abavvuzi 130,334 abaddugavu. Nga wayiseewo emyaka munaana, nga 1,342, 1 ku buli kikumi, baali basobola okuyisa mu mateeka ga gavumenti amapya. Okuva mu 1896-1904, tewaaliwo kalonda mu langi mu bukiikakkono bwa Carolina yenna agiteeseteeseteese.

Abo abaali batasobola kulonda, baali tebasaanira kuweereza mu magye g’abalamuzi era nga tebasobola kudduka mu bifo bya bufuzi ebya bulijjo, baabulawo, kubanga baali tebasobola kukyusa magye, era nga n’ebigendererwa byabwe byabuusibwa amaaso.

Gavumenti Ekola Obubi Esooka Yalemererwa

Kkooti Esinga Obukulu Ewa Obusosoze

Gavumenti, naddala kkooti enkulu, yakola kinene mu kukaka abantu okuzzaamu Jim Crow Consect. Congress yayisa akakwakkulizo akakwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu mu 1875 akaakuuma okukkirizibwa mu bifo ebya lukale ebifaanagana, naye kkooti enkulu yakigambira ddala nga tessa kitiibwa mu Kivil Rights Cases (1883), nga yagamba nti wadde nga gavumenti tezandisobodde kwenyigira mu bikolwa eby'okutuluguza, etteeka lyagobererwa mu bukyamu okukugira ebikolwa bya nnannyini.

Ekintu ekyasinga okwonoonebwa kyajjawo mu 1896. Omusingi ogwo gwagobererwa ku mitendera gy'eggwanga n'egw'ebitundu era nga gumanyiddwa nnyo n'okusala omusango 'gwaddala' mu Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Mu Plessy, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti gavumenti bwe zaawa abaddugavu obulagirizi mu mateeka era ne eddembe erikkirizibwa mu mateeka, zenkanankanankanankana n'ery'abazungu, zandisobodde okuteekawo ebibiina eby'okweyawulamu okusobola okutaasa eddembe lino. Kkooti, nga 7-2 akalulu ke kawagidde etteeka ly'okusosola nti okusosola abantu ab'enjawukana mu mawanga tekwawukanya okw'enkola.

Mu ngeri emu, Plessity yali ategeeza nti waaliwo ebibiina bibiri: ekimu ky’abazungu, era nga kirimu abantu ab’enjawulo; ekirala, abaddugavu, abali mu bwetaavu n’abanyoomebwa.

Endowooza Enkyamu Ekwata ku ‘ Kwenkanankana Naye ’

Enjigiriza eno eyawukana ate nga yenkanankana, ekkirizibwa okukkirizibwa ebifo ebibeeramu enjawukana naye ekakasa nti ebifo ebyo byenkanankana. Kyokka, okulingana kuno tekwajjawo. Kyokka, mu nkola, ebizimbe n'emirimu egyakozesebwanga abaddugavu mu Amerika tebyabanga bwenkanankana, era nga buli kiseera bitwalibwa nga bya wansi era nga tebikyatwalibwa nga bitono, singa byaliwo ddala.

Wadde nga mu ndowooza eyo baateebereza nti enjigiriza ey'okweyawulamu yali efugibwa ebifo ne by'entambula, ebifo by'Abamerika ebya Afirika byali bitono nnyo era nga bifiibwako butono bw'obigeraageranyizza n'ebifo by'abazungu mu Amerika; emirundi egimu, tewaaliwo bifo bya baddugavu. Enjigiriza eyo yali nfumo bufumo.

Okukolera Awamu n’Obuteefiirayo

Wadde nga gavumenti ya gavumenti yaalemererwa okukuuma abatuuze abaddugavu, yayongera ku busosoze mu ggwanga. Woodrow Wilson yatongoza oludda olumu mu mulimu gwa gavumenti. Ku nkomerero ya Ssematalo I, Disitulikiti ow'e Columbia naye yasalibwawo ddala. Gwali ekibuga ekikulu eky'eggwanga nga kifugibwa gavumenti, kyafuuka kibuga Jim Crow.

1914 Buli ssaza ery'omu bukiika ddyo n’ebibuga eby'omu bukiika kkono bingi byalina amateeka agaamusalamu obusosoze ku Baamereka abaddugavu.

Ettemu n’Okutiibwa ng’Ebizimbe Ebikubirizibwa

Okutulugunya n’Obusosoze

Abo abaagezaako okujeemera amateeka ga Jim Crow baakwatibwanga, baasalirwanga amasasi, baasalirwanga ebibonerezo, baasibibwanga mu makomera, baakolebwanga ebikolwa eby'obukambwe era battibwanga.

Obutemu obwo bwe bubadde nga bwe nnalabula bannaggwanga bannaggwanga abaddugavu 161 mu mwaka 1892, era nga buno buyinza okuba nga bwaviirako abaddugavu mu Amerika okuwakanya enkola y'eggwanga.

Ku Klux Klan yeddamu okukozesebwa mu kiseera kya Jim. Ku Klux Klan yalimu abantu obukadde 3 mu kiseera we baawunzikanga. Kumpi ekitundu ekimu eky’abagilimu baali babeera mu matwale g'obubuga, era wadde nga mu bukiikaddyo bw'Amerika baali bawagirwa nnyo, Klan yali ya maanyi nnyo mu Amerika.

Okufaayo ku Bulamu n’Endowooza z’Abantu

Abakulembeze b'eddiini bangi n'abasomesa baayo baayigirizanga nti abazungu be bantu abalonde, abaddugavu baakolimirwanga okubeera abaweereza, era nti Katonda yawagiranga obusosoze mu langi. Amakanisa gaawagira obusosoze mu mpisa ne galaga nti obwawula obusosoze mu mawanga bwava eri Katonda, ne kibufuula ng'enteekateeka y’okunyigiriza okw’abantu eteekeddwawo mu kifo ky'okulabika ng'eyatumibwa Katonda.

Bannasayansi abakugu mu by'enkula y'obuwangwa, abakugu mu by'enkula y'obuwangwa, n'abakugu mu by'enkola ya Darwin, ku buli muyigirize, baakakaatika endowooza nti abaddugavu baali ba wansi mu magezi ne mu buwangwa bw’abazungu.

Okuziyiza Abaddugavu n’Ekizimbe ky’Abantu

Abaasooka Okwenyigira mu Bikolwa ng’Ebikolwa by’Abakulembeze

Wadde nga mu kiseera kya Jim Crow kyali eky’okunyigiriza, era ekiseera Abamerika bangi okuva mu nsi eyo we baabeerera abakulembeze, baawakanya amateeka.

Munnamawulire ow’omu Memphis Ida B. Wells yafuuka omulwanyi nnamige mu kuwakanya amateeka agaamulwanira ddala oluvannyuma lw'okugaana okuleka emmotoka eyateekebwawo abazungu bokka.

Ekitabo ekiyitibwa Souls of Black Folk ekyafulumizibwa W.B.C. Du Bois kyagamba nti: “Essaawa z'eby'obulamu zaayamba nnyo mu kutegeera era ne mu kujolonga abasosoze mu kyasa eky'amakumi abiri. ”

Okuziyiza Entegeka ya Yakuwa

Olukiiko lw'eggwanga oluyitibwa Negro lwatandikibwawo mu kibuga New York era ne lutandikawo ekitongole ekiyitibwa National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).

NAACP yafuuka ekibiina ekisingayo okukulembera ennyo eddembe ly'abantu mu kyasa ekya 20, nga bakozesa okusoomoozebwa mu by'amateeka n'okumenya amateeka okusaanyawo ebiwandiiko bya Jim Crow. Engeri gye baakwatamu abantu nga bayita mu kkooti za kkooti, yavaamu ebibala mu myaka gya 1950 ne 1960.

Engeri Ebintu Gye Bitambulamu mu Kitundu n’Obuwangwa Obutabaamu Bbala

Wakati wa 1915 ne 1920, 500,000 ne 1 obukadde okuva mu bukiika kkono, okuva mu 1920, abantu abaddugavu ab'omu bukiika ddyo baagenda mu bibuga eby'omu bukiika kkono, ne mu bukiikaddyo. Amateeka g'omu bitundu bya Amerika eby'omu bukiika kkono obwa Bukiika kkono okutuuka ku 00,000 ne 10,000 ge gaasobozesa abaddugavu abangi okutandika okumanyibwa mu bitundu bya Great Hugtion mu kitundu ekisooka eky'ekya 20. Olwo nti emirimu gyali gyali gimala nnyo mu byalo bya South, Amerika bangi baagenda mu mambuka g'obukiikakkono, mu maserengendo, ne mu bugwanjuba bwa Bugwanjuba bwa Bugwanjuba.

Olukiiko oluyitibwa Harlem Renaissance lwatuwa abayimbi ababuuka omuliro nga Cover Ellington ne Jelly Roll Morton, abaawandiika ebitabo nga Zora Neale Hurston ne Langston Lursers, abazaana n’abayimbi, gamba ng’omuwala eyasooka Josephine Baker, n’abakugu mu by’obufirosoofo gamba nga W.B.

Entandikwa y’Okuyingira Obuwagizi

Ssematalo II n’Ebikolwa eby’Okwewala

Ssematalo II yaleetawo okupikirizibwa okulala okusobola okulingana. Pulezidenti Franklin Roosevelt yafulumya Olukalala lw'ebitongole 8802, ekyaggyawo okusosolwa mu mirimu egikwata ku by'obuddukiro era n'etandikawo ekitongole ekirabirira omulimu. Mu kukwata ekifo ekyo, abakulembeze abaddugavu, nga mw'otwalidde ne A. Philip Randolph, baasazaamu olugendo olusooka olw'eggwanga eriziyiza obusosoze okuva ku kkopi y'ekitongole ekiyitibwa Rracrapion.

Olutalo lwalaga okukontana okuliwo wakati w'okulwana ettima ez'abasosoze mu nsi endala era nga n'okunyigiriza abantu okuva mu langi okutwalira awamu. Jesse Owens ye Mumerika eyasooka okuwangula omudaali gwa zaabu guna mu mukolo gwa Olimpiya emu. Obuwanguzi bwe yalina mu mizannyo gy'okuvuganya bwali buwakanya enjigiriza za Adolph Hitler ey'okufuga Aryan. Abaddugavu mu Amerika abaddugavu baawagira olutalo ne beewandisizza mu ttendekero ery’obwa ery’obutuuze.

Obumu ku bukulu bwa gavumenti bwava mu kkooti enkulu mu 1954. Nga Maayi 17, 1954, ku ttuntu, abalamuzi omwenda mu kkooti enkulu baayisa mu nkola kye basazeewo mu kkooti ennya, nga kati bali mu ttuluba lya Brown ku ludda olw'enjigiriza. Baakitwala nti okusosola abaana mu langi mu masomero ga gavumenti, ne mu masomero agamu, kikosa abaana abatono ennyo. Kino kyamenya amateeka g'amateeka n'embali 14 ate ne kikoma.

Mu 1954, olubala olw'ebika bya gavumenti olwayisibwa kkooti enkulu mu kkooti y'Amerika mu kkooti y'ekitongole emanyiddwa ennyo eky'omu Brown bw'et'olengerera wansi, olukalala lwayisalibwa mu kkooti y'eby'enjigiriza ey'omu Topeka.

Kyokka, okutongoza omusango kwali kizibu. Mu bitundu ebimu, kyatwala emyaka mingi okulaba nti okusalawo okwo kukolebwa, ate kooti ya Warren Crow yeeyongera okufuga nga yaawufu ku nsonga endala nga Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. mu Amerika (1964). Okuziyiza okumalirizibwa kw'entalo mu bukiikaddyo bw'Amerika kwalaga nti obuwanguzi mu mateeka ku bwa South tebwamala.

Akakiiko Akakola ku Ddembe ly’Ekitongole n’Ekiruubirirwa Ekirungi

Ekibuuzo eky’Okuddamu

Mu 1950 ne 1960, waaliwo okweyongerayongera kwa maanyi mu nkola za scawroots scrivis okwawaliriza gavumenti okuwakanya Jim Crow. Era, 1960 Greensboros yatuula ku kawumpuli nga yeesasuza okufulumya ebbaasa okwa ttale nga atudde ku F. W. Woolworth Company mu bannabyabuzi abakulu. Nga wayiseewo emyaka esatu, wakati wa 200,000 ne 300,000 abaali beenyigidde mu lukuŋŋaana olw'okuwakanya Jim.C.

Obukalu buno awamu n'obulala obungi obw'omu bukiikaddyo bwonna, bwaleetawo akabi mu mpisa gavumenti k'empanvu ke zitasobola kubuusa maaso. Television alipoota ez'emirembe ez'okutulugunyizibwa poliisi ebwanja n'omuliro, zaaleetera ensi okupikirizibwa mu by'obufuzi okubunyigiriza gavumenti okuyingira mu nsonga z'ensi. Ebibiina nga NACP, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, ne Ssettentir Nondiv Coordinating Coordating Coodating Comment, byakola wamu kaweefube w'eby'eby'amateeka, n'eby'ebyobufuzi.

Akakwate ka Kkooti Ek’Eddembe ly’Omukaaga 1964

Okutwalira awamu, etteeka Jim Crow lye yasigaza lyasaanyizibwawo n'Akakiiko ka Civil Rights aka 1964 era ne Voing Rights Act eya 1965. Akkaadi y'Eddembe ly'obuntu yali eteekeddwa okuyisa etteeka erisingayo ddala erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu okuva lwe lyakomezebwa buyimbisibwawo.

Akiwandiiko kino ekya Civil Rights ekyakolebwa mu 1964 kyakugira obusosoze obwava ku langi, langi, eddiini, okwetaba oba ensibuko y’ekitonde, gamba ng’okusosola mu mirimu, mu bifo ebya lukale, n’okulonda.

Etteeka eryo lyawa abawaabi obuwandiisi enkola ereme okukkirizibwa mu mateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu agaali gateekeddwawo, nga gavumenti esobola okumalawo obusosoze mu kifo ky’okugamba nti obusosoze tebulina mateeka ga gavumenti.

Atteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu eryayisibwa mu 1965

Akiwandiiko ekyo kyawa obujulizi obwali bukwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu obwa 1965, era kyawagira nnyo mu mateeka agaakolebwa mu kukyusa etteeka ery’okulonda nga kiziyiza gavumenti n'eggwanga okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku kulonda agasosola abantu ab'ebiti bimu.

Mu kakwate ka Coing Rights Act kaavaamu ebirungi bingi kubanga kaazingiramu enteekateeka z'okulonda mu bifo ebya bulijjo ebibaamu okusosola.

Ebikolwa Ebisingawo

Amateeka agafuga enjawukana mu ssemasaza gaasaanyizibwa mu nkola eya Loving v. Virginia mu 1967. Kusalawo kuno kwasattulukuka amateeka agagaana obufumbo obw'ebika eby'enjawulo, nga kuggyibwawo ekimu ku bika ebikulu eby'amateeka agaasembayo Jim Crow.

Congress eyisa mu kakwate ka Civil Rights aka 1964, Voing Rights Act of 1965, era ne Fair House Act of 1968. Mu Long House Act y'omu Virginia (1867) kkooti eyisa etteeka eritali lya bukulembeze mu mateeka. Bino byonna bikomya bulungi ekiseera Jim Crow we kyabeererawo.

Eby’Obusika bya Jim Crow Ebyagenda Biddawo

Obutasosola mu Ngeri Erungi

Kyokka, okukulaakulana kwa myaka gya 1950 ne 1960 tekwamala okukendeeza ku kulemererwa kwa bannabyabufuna oba okusosoomoozebwa okwava mu kiseera kya Jim Crow. Abannamerika abaddu baasigala baakulaakulana kitono nnyo mu kyasa ekyaddirira obuddu.

Ekyasa kya Jim Crow kyaleetawo enkyukyuka mu by'obugagga, obutamanya bya buyigirize n'enjawulo mu bantu ebitayinza kumalibwawo olw'okukyusa kw'amateeka. Ekyasa kino kyali kikolwa eky'okukulaakulana okw'amaanyi mu by'enfuna n'eby'enfuna, nga mw'otwalidde n'abo ab'omu maka gaabwe abajja nga bagenze mu bitundu bya Bannaggwanga oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo ow'omunda. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Bill, Federal House Auglisemental, ne kampuni endala eza gavumenti eziwandiika abantu obuyambi obw'enkulembedde okufuna obusobola okufuna obuyigirize, eby'amayumba, emirimu, n'obudduukirikibwa n'obusuubuzi, nga baaza abaddukimbi bangi abaddugavu. Mu kiseera kye kimu, enteekateeka zino, enteekateeka zino tezisobozesa bannazaamu bannazaamu baddugattirwamu, era ne bannaza ab'obuddugavubuka.

Okuyamba Abalala mu Nsobi z’Eby’Omwoyo Kituzibuwalira

Mu 2013, kkooti eyitibwa Roberts, mu Ssekukkulu y'e Ssekukkulu ey'e County v. Honger, yaggyako etteeka eryateekebwawo akakwakkulizo ka Court Rights akaalagira nti gavumenti z'omu bukiikaddyo bw'Amerika zeetaaga enkukakyuka mu kulonda. Amasaza mangi gaasalawo enkyukakyuka mu mateeka gaago agakugira abantu okulonda. Ekyo kyagooya omutwe ekimu ku bintu ebisingayo obulungi mu kukuuma eddembe ly'okukuba vvuwa obululu era ne kyongera okulaga nti okulwanirira eddembe ery'okukuba obululu kyenkanankanankanankanankanankanankana n'okulonda.

Obusosoze mu Ngeri Ezikolebwamu mu Amerika ey’Edda

Ekyama kya Jim Crow tekikoma ku mateeka agakwata ku njawukana mu langi. Obusosoze n'okweyawulamu biri mu buyigirize, era n'amasomero agali mu bitundu omusangibwa abaddugavu gafuna ssente n'ebintu bitono okusinga eby'abazungu. obwenkanya bwa gavumenti bulaga obusosoze mu kusibibwa, mu kukkakkatirwa, ne mu kusalira omusango.

Okweyawulayawulamu mu bibuga bingi mu Amerika tekweyongera okuyitira mu mateeka amatuufu aga Jim Crow, naye okuyitira mu mbeera z'eby'enfuna, ebikolwa eby'okubanja, n'eby'enkola eby'enkalakkalira eby'okugatta obusosoze mu byafaayo.

Obukulu bw’Okutegeera Ebyafaayo

Okutegeera ebyafaayo bya Jim Crow ne gavumenti kyeyagala okusobola okukola ku nkyukakyuka mu ngeri abantu ab'eggwanga erimu gye bali mu mbeera eyo. Engeri gye baayisaamu ab'eggwanga eddala, ettemu eryakozesebwa okukkaanya, n'engeri gavumenti gye yakolera awamu okubukuuma, biyamba okunnyonnyola ensonga lwaki obusosoze mu langi bunywevu oluvannyuma lw'ekirabo kya Civil Rights Movement.

Okufuba okwawulamu Jim Crow era kuwa eby'okuyiga ebikulu ebikwata ku nkyukakyuka mu mbeera z'abantu. Kyoleka nti okuwangula mu mateeka wadde nga kyetaagisa, tekumala wadde nga tekukyaliwo kukwata n'okugobererwa. Kyoleka obukulu bw'okuteekateeka enkula y'omuddo nga zigattiddwa awamu n'okusoomooza okutali kwa bulijjo. era kiraga engeri gavumenti gye ziyinza okudduukirira abantu mu nsonga ez'ekika kyayo singa zitegekebwa bulungi era nga zigobererwa, era nga zisobola okuba za maanyi nnyo okukuuma eddembe ly'obuntu.

Bye Tuyigira ku Kufuba kw’Eddembe ly’Obwannannyini mu Kiseera Kyonna

Obuvunaanyizibwa Obusingawo

Ebyafaayo bya Jim Crow biraga nti gavumenti z'omu nsi teziyinza kwesiga buli kiseera okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu abatono. Kiba kya magezi okusobola okuggyawo enjawukana mu bantu, era nga kyetaagisa okulabirira gavumenti okusobola okuziyiza okuddayo ewaabwe. Okuddirira kw'Akakiiko akakola ku Kkomo lya ddress n'okukuba akalulu mu bitundu ebimu kulaga ekiyinza okubaawo singa abakwasisa gavumenti bakendeezebwa.

Amaanyi g’Okugumiikiriza

Mu nkola y'amateeka n'enkola ya NAACP, bannalukalala baagezaako okuwaliriza gavumenti okukugira gavumenti okutuusa mu kiseera kyayo we kyatuukira.

Engeri Enkukukamo y’Okutuuka ku Kigero eky’Ekisibo

Okweyongera okwoleka nti okusobola okufuna ettuttumu erya nnamaddala kitwaliramu ekisingawo ku kuggyawo obutereevu amateeka agaba gaaleetawo okunyigirizibwa, okuva ku bugagga okutuuka ku butamanya bwa bujjanjabi bw'eby'obulamu. Okutegeera kuno kutegeeza okukaayana okukwata ku nkola ez'enkola gamba ng'okwekakasa, okwewombeeka, n'okunoonyereza ku buteeso mu nsonga ezizzeewo mu byafaayo.

Akawunzi: Olugendo Olutaali Lutuufu

Ebyafaayo ebikwata ku mateeka ga Jim Crow ne ku ngeri gavumenti gye yadduukiriramu ebika bya Amerika, bikiikirira ekimu ku ssuula ezikyasinzeeyo okulabika obubi ennyo era nga kirimu obukakafu obulaga nti amateeka ga Amerika gasobola okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu mbeera z'abantu. Okumala emyaka nga kikumi, gavumenti z'omu bukiikaddyo, nga gavumenti z'ensi eyo zikolera wamu, zaakuuma enkola ey'okunyigiriza abantu ab'ekika kya Balaaya mu buli mbeera y'obulamu bwabwe.

Gavumenti yasooka okuyisa Jim Crow nga tefaayo ku buwagizi obw'amaanyi obwali busingawo. Ebyo kkooti enkulu bye yasala nga Plessy v. Ferguson byawa olusaago olwa ggypt okusobola okuggyawo enjawukana mu ggwanga, ate ba prezidenti ne Congress baabuusa amaaso okumenyebwa kw'amateeka g'Abaddugavu mu Amerika. Ekyo kyasobozesa Jim Crow okubeera omunywevu nnyo mu Amereka, ne kiviirako obusosoze obw'ennakusso okusaawula okw'ensi na buli kati.

Kyabatwalira amakumi g'emyaka okubeera abavumu aba Black America ne bannaabwe okukaka gavumenti okubaako kye bakolawo. Enteekateeka y'amateeka, enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola ya Civil Rights Movement, n'obujulizi bw'abantu bangi abaateeka obulamu bwabwe mu kabi okugezesa obwamuyawulamu oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera kyaleetawo embeera mu nteeko mulembe z'obufuzi. , akakkebe k'amateeka Gavumenti ya Voing Rights aka 1965, era n'amateeka agagobereberye agago gaago gaagobereddemu Jim Crow.

Kyokka, eky'okulabirako kya Jim Crow kyeyongera okuleetawo obusosoze mu Amerika, era kiraga nti obusosoze mu by'obugagga, mu by’enjigiriza, mu by’obulamu, ne mu bwenkanya, buzingiramu ebizibu bingi ebyaleetebwawo abantu abatulugunyizibwa ekikumi.

Kiraga nti n'enteekateeka z'okunyigiriza ezikyasinzeeyo okuba ez'amaanyi ziyinza okuziyizibwa era ne zikyusibwa nga zigoberera enkola eya bulijjo. Kino kiraga obukulu bw'okugatta awamu enzivuunula z'amateeka n'okuteekateeka ebizikwatako. Era kiraga nti gavumenti bwe zikola ebintu mu ngeri entegeke obulungi era ey'amaanyi, zisobola okuba eky'amaanyi ennyo okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu era n'okuleetawo enjawukana.

Nga tweyongera okumeggana n'ekiragiro kya Jim Crow awamu n'ekika ky'eggwanga ekigenda kyeyongera okugootaana, tuteekwa okujjukira ebyasibuka ku bantu abaaliwo mu kiseera ekyo era n'obuvumu bw'abo abaalwanagana nakyo. Okumeggana kwabwe kutujjukiza nti okukulaakulana k'entegeka gyeyoleka naye nga tekwewalika, era nti eddembe eryafunibwa lyalina okukuumibwa n'okwanganga, era nti omulimu gw'okuzimba eddembe erya nnamaddala ery'obwenkanankana n'ogw'abantu gusigala nga terikoma. Okusobola okumanya ebikwata ku ntegeka obusosoze mu byafaayo by'abantu n'okufuba okugonjoola enjawukana wakati w'amawanga, okukyalira Olukiiko lw'eggwanga n'Edde ku Drembe lya Kintuwa kya Kitundu kya Bannakyeru ne ku Ddibaanyi ya Kitundu kya [[FLT:]].

Enzijikira y'oyo asobozesa gavumenti okukaka abantu okunyisibwa okuva ku ntegeka y'abantu, y'enkyukakyuka enkulu mu buyinza bwa Amereka. Kyokka, enkyukakyuka eno esigala tetuukiridde, ng'okusoomooza okwakayita okulonda eddembe ly'envuma n'okweyawula mu langi bwe kulaga. Okutegeera ebyafaayo bya Jim Crows, engeri gye byasibukamu, ettemu eryakozesebwa okugobererwa, era n'okufuba okw'okuliggyawo, kyetaagisa eri omuntu yenna amaliridde okumaliriza omulimu ogw'okulonda enjawukana mu Amereka.