Ennyanjula: Obusobozi bw’Okukozesa Obuyinza Obutagwa Lubege

Amawanga agakola mu kussaawo amateeka, enkola y'enkola, n'okusala emisango, ngeri ya kulondamu amatabi. Enteekateeka eno yakolebwa mu bugenderevu Abatandikawo okuziyiza ekintu ekimu okufuna obuyinza obutakugirwa. Ofiisi emu bw'esukka ku mateeka gaayo, ekiyinza okuteeka mu kabi eky'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu n'obufuzi bwa demokulase. Gavumenti tezikomya bukomyawo obwawula obufuzi bwa gavumenti kyokka naye era ziyinza okuviirako n'okufuna ebizibu ebiyinza okuviirako okuteesigamya eddembe ly'abantu, okukendeeza ku bwesige obuwagizigi, n'ensonga lwaki kibaddewo, era n'engeri gye kiyinza okukebeekeberezebwa buli omu ku buli mutuuze ayagala okukuuma oriphabliki.

Okutegeera Amatabi ga Gavumenti

Ebiwaatiro by'amateeka biwa amaanyi ku matabi asatu ag'omukika ekimu, nga buli galina engeri ez'okuziyizaamu amalala.

  • [[Act:0] Obungi bw'enkola eno bulaga omulimu oguli mu kukola amateeka, okulangirira entalo, okutegeka entegeka y'enkola n'entandikwa yaabyo. Amaanyi agaategerekebwa gagobererwa mu kitundu I eky'amateeka.
  • Ekirabo ky'Edda kibala nti ettabi erikolera ku nkola eya CPU (Presidenti ne Bukulembeze): Buvunaanyizibwa obw'okukakaatika amateeka, okukulembera amateeka g'abagwira, okulagira abajaasi, n'okuteekawo abakungu ba gavumenti. Agumenti zipangisa obufuzi obwo mu Prezidenti.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Ekiragiro etteeka erifuga enneyisa ya ettabi erya bulijjo (kooti ez'omu n'ezo eza nnese):[[[FULT:1]] Lyatongozebwa n'amateeka agafuga abatataputa, era ne liragira ddala n'empaka zaalyo. Ekiragiro III kisalawo olukiiko olukola ku nsonga z'enjawulo.

Buli ttabi lyategekebwa okulemesa ebiruubirirwa by'abalala. Nga James Madison bwe yawandiika mu [[:0] mu lukalala olw'eby'ebbeeyi Na. 51, “Ebbeeso kiteekwa okukolebwa okuziyiza ettuttumu.” Ekigendererwa kyali okuteekawo gavumenti enfuze mu mateeka mu kifo ky'okussaawo ekifo ekimu.

Kiki Ekinyigiriza Gavumenti Okuyingira mu Buwangwa?

ettabi bwe litandika okukola ennyo mu ngeri esukka ku kkomo eryali liteekeddwawo ekkomo eryo oba bwe liba nga limenya amateeka g'ettabi eddala. Kyiyinza okubeera amateeka agamenya eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu (nga linyeenyezeddwa), ebitongole ebisussa ku kkomo lya gavumenti (nga lirina okukosebwa), oba etteeka erireetawo enkola mu kifo ky'okusala omusango mu kifo ky'okusala amateeka (omukodyo). Ennyinnyonnyola entuufu etera kwesigama ku ku nnyinnyonnyola y'empandika y'amateeka era n'embeera y'ebibaawo mu kiseera. Kyokka, omusingi oguli ku musingi gusigalawo: ekikolwa kyonna ekityonoona enkola ey'obusobozi ey'obw'obuyinza obw'okwawukana ku nkola eya demokulase.

Ebyokulabirako eby’Ebyafaayo eby’Okuyingira Obukulembeze mu Gavumenti

Aluen ne Sedition Acts (1798)

Akakiiko akafuzi kaayisa mu lukiiko olukulu olwa Aluen ne Sedition nga tekawa busongasonga, nga kafuula okusaasaanya “obulimba, obuswavu, n'ebiwandiiko eby'akabi eri gavumenti. Amateeka gano gaagendererwanga okukugira abantu okuziyizibwa n'okuyingira mu nsi endala. Abawandiisi b'amawulire bangi baasibibwa mu kkomera. Ebikolwa ebyo biraga nti abateesiteesi baamenya etteeka lya gavumenti eryali libateeguza ekiragiro kya Kusooka eky'okuyisa enziji z'eddembe. Baaleetera Thomas Jefferson okulonda oba okuddayo mu nsi endala.

Enternament ow’omu Japan (42)

Oluvannyuma lw'okulumba Pearl Harbor mu Japan, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt yawa ekiragiro ekya KGB [9066], nga kikkiriza Abajapaani abasukka mu 120,000 okuggibwa mu ggwanga lya Japan era nga bateekeddwa okusibibwa mu kkomera. Abajapani nga bali wakati w'abantu b'eggwanga lya Amerika (2/30,000). Abajaasi baagamba nti kyali kyetaagisa okusobola okukuuma eggwanga lya Isiraeri lyonna, naye nga tewaaliwo bujulizi bwonna obulaga nti obutali bwesigwa. Oluvannyuma kkooti enkulu yawagira ekiragiro mu [FLD:0] Koritametsu v. United States (19444), kye yasalira omusango ogw'okulagisa obutuufu okulagibwa mu kkooti y'eggwanga.

Ekikoola Watergate (192-1974)

Omukulembeze wa gavumenti Richard Nixon yakola emirimu egimenya amateeka nga mwe mwali okumenyamenyesa, okukoma, n'okulemesa obwenkanya. Bwe yanoonyereza ku ekyo, Nixon yawa olukusa era n'agaana okukolagana n'okukolera awamu. Ssaze ekyamulagira okufulumya emitwe gy'ebitongole bya Oval Office mu [FLT] United States [b'..[FLT]. Yayawuliriza, n'alekawo. Watergate. Yaleka okuteekawo ekyokulabirako eky'enkalakkalirako mu [[FLT:] era kyalaga nti okukeberezebwa n'embalirira mu nkola eya bulijjo ey'okutegeka ekitongole ekikolebwa, n'ebitundu ebimala mu nteekateeka ya kko.

Marbury v. Madison and Judicial Magedo (1803)

Omulamuzi omukulu John Marshall kye yayogera mu Marbury v. Madison yassaawo omusingi ogw'okunoonyereza ku nsonga.[1] Amaanyi g'enkiiko okuyisa amateeka mu buwangwa. Wadde nga kati ge maanyi ag'amaanyi erina akakwate n'ekifo kya balamuzi, abawakanya eddiini mu kiseera ekyo baagamba nti gakiikirira enkonkolero eziba zikkiriziddwa olw'okuba Amateeka tegawa bukulu. Ekiseera bwe kyagenda kiyitawo, okunoonyereza ku kkooti kwafuuka omusingi gwa mateeka ga Amereka. Omusango gulaga nti ekyo ekiba okusooka kirabibwa nga kye kiteebereddwa okuba eky'obuvumbuzi oluvannyuma kiyinza okukkirizibwa okukola omulimu, era ne kiggumiza amaanyi agafuga mu by'omulembe oguva mu mateeka.

Okukwasisa Amabbanga kwa kkooti (1937)

Nga baweddemu amaanyi olw'ekangavvu lya kkooti enkulu eyasala etteeka eririna obuyinza ku ttuluba lya New Treat, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt yawa etteeka okwongera ku musango ogw'omukaaga. Abakuutivu baagamba nti okugezaako okwo kwali kusekererwa kwa gavumenti era n'okukyusa endowooza za kkooti. Ekibuuzo ekyo kyaziyizibwa nnyo era ne kilemererwa. Kyokka, kyaleetera kkooti okuggya emitindo gy'eby'enfuna ku nkola y'eby'eby'enfuna. Kkooti eyo n'eba ng'eraga nti ebaddenga ekitabo ekiwandikiddwawo eky'okugezesa amateeka ga gavumenti.

Olutalo olw’e Vietnam n’Eby’Okulwanyisa Ssematalo Andes (1903)

Prezidenti w'ekitongole kino yaleetera Kongress okuyisa mu nkola Ekiwandiiko ky'Olukiiko lw'amateeka ekya ne kikomya omutwe gwa Nixon, era ne yeetaaza pulezidenti okubuuza ku kkomera eryali ligenda okugobererwa nga bwe lyali nga ligenda okulagira obuwambe. Etteeka lyagezezzaako okuddamu okulangirira etteeka lya Consert Congress wadde nga lyalina amaanyi okuva olwo.

Ebiva mu Kukozesa Obungi

Okununulibwa kw’Abantu

Abazannyi ba gavumenti bwe basukka ku mateeka gaabwe, eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu litera okufeebezebwa.Alien ne Sedition Acts, okuteekebwawo kw'Abajapani, n'okulabirirwa kw'eggwanga byakulabirako bya maanyi nnyo.

Abantu Bataddemu Obwesige

Gavumenti bwe zitegeera nti amateeka gagobererwa oba nti abakulembeze tebabonerezebwa, okukkiriza mu bibiina bya demokulase kwonooneka. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa emyaka egiyise kulaga nti amatabi gonna asatu gagenda geesittala, nga kw'olesebwa olw'entalo n'obukuubagano obuva mu nkula.

Okukyusa Endowooza z’Eby’obufuzi

Omuntu bw'asumululwa, emirundi mingi aba alwana olutalo olw'amaanyi olw'okwesasuza, naye omu ku bannabyabufuzi abagezaako okwesasuza, ekyo ne kiyongera okuleetawo enjawukana.

Okusobya ku Lukiiko Olusalirako Omusango

Bwe banyegenya, kkooti ziyinza okusabibwa okuzza obutereevu ekiragiro okuzzaamu emirembe. Omusango ogumenyesemenyebwa mu nsi nga Brouchtown Sheep & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1852) (1952) mu kkooti enkulu mwe gwalagira nti Pulezidenti Truman tasobola kunyangirira mibaala gya kyuma mu kiseera kya Ssematalo .[1][FULT] Ate, bwe kiba nti abakungu bannassaayansi bennyini bayinza okumenya amateeka agafuga enkola ya bannakyewa w'enkola mu kukkiriza enkola ya Croicion, ekiyinza okusobozesa abakkiririzaamu okugoba abakkiririza mu nkola ey'okuzzaamu mu ku ku mateeka.

Engeri Ebiri mu Kabi n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo enkola ezitali zimu okuziyiza ettabi lyonna okufuga:

  • [[AK:0] Olukalala lw'ennamba ku mukulembeze: Consert esobola okukomya akalulu ka prezidenti nga akkiriza oba bhita bbiri, okugaana oba okugaana okusemba oba emikono, okugoba pulezidenti oba abakungu abalala, n'okufuga embalirira ku ntegeka, era n'okukebera ebikolebwa mu bukulembeze.
  • [[NKULA]] Legislative Chesches ku Lukiiko Olukulu: Consert eteeka obunene bwa kkooti enkulu, esalawo enfuga ez'empandika, eremesa abalamuzi okusala emisango, era etegeeza enzivvuunuzi ez'amateeka okuggyawo enfuga.
  • [[Act:0] Ebbanga ku Mutemwa:[[FULT:1] Prezidenti asobola okussaawo amateeka, okuyita enkuŋŋaana ez'enjawulo eza Congress, era n'okusemba amateeka.
  • Ebbanga eriri ku lukalala olwo, Prezidenti alonda abalamuzi ab'ensi yonna, asonyiwa oba okusonyiwa, era ayinza okukakasa ebiragiro bya kkooti.
  • [[NKULU] judicial Sekero ku Bukulembeze n'Okwawulawo:[[FULT:1] Kooti ziyinza okufulumya amateeka oba ebikolwa eby'obukungu nga ziyitira mu kunoonyereza ku nsonga. Bannyonnyola amateeka era bayinza okuteekawo ebiragiro okuziyiza ebikolwa ebimenya amateeka.

Okukebera mu ngeri eno kiganyula buli ttabi bwe lilwanirira enkizo zaalyo era singa abakulembeze ba buli omu aba avunaanyizibwa ku nsonga ze.

Ensonga Ezikwata ku Kugobererwa mu Buwanguzi

Obulagirizi bw'Ekitongole n'Obukulembeze

Obukulembeze bw'omulembe guno busobodde okuweza amatwale ga gavumenti mu kiseera kino. Abakugu mu by'obufuzi bagamba nti ebiragiro bya bannakyewa tebirina kudda mu kifo ky'amateeka, ate abakuumi balaga nti okussaawo amateeka mu mateeka kwe kuba nga kwetaasa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omukulembeze Obama’Deferred Action for Childhooms (DACA) ne Pulezidenti Trump ya gavumenti okuwera enziga z'empaka za gavumenti zaakiriwo, naye nga balaga nti amateeka gaalina okukkirizibwa.

Ebintu Gavumenti by’Ebyetaagibwa n’Ebyayo

Okuva mu bulumbaganyi 9 oba 11 obukolebwa ku ofiisi y'ettabi, programu z'abalabirizi zigaziyizza nnyo. Olukalala lw'ebitongole ebikola ku by'obwannakyewa. Olukalala lw'eby'obudde, n'okukuŋŋaanya ebikolerwako bya NSA ebikolebwa mu kyamalanga, n'okukuŋŋaanya emikutu gya kompyuta mu kyamalanga obunene obwa bulijjo, byereeseteesezza bingi nnyo ebizingirwawo ku nteekateeka ey'okuna ey'okuwereza. [[FLLT:0] ACLU v. [20], ekibiina eky'okubiri kyasalawo nti empapula z'amasimu ga ne n'amasimu gago gaatwala obukwafu, byayisa ekiragiro mu kifo eky'okujjuza obukulembedde.

Obukwafu n’Engeri ey’Okukwata Omuze

Kino kireetedde ab'obuyinza okuteeka essira ku mulimu gw'okussaawo enzijanjaba y'amateeka mu White House. Abamu bagamba nti okukkirizisa kwa Consell ekifo kyayo mu mateeka kuba kuteeberezebwa buzibu okuzza obukwasiddwa obwetwa. Okuleka enkola eno n'okulekawo amatwale gaayo, oba okulemererwa kw'obuvunaanyizibwa. Okuleka et'obuyinza mu nnyimba n'okugoberera enkola ya Katonda, kuviirako okulekawo amatwale era ne kinafuya enkola ey'okufuga.

Okukugira Okusalirako omusango

Olukiiko lwa kkooti bwe lusalawo mu ngeri esobozesa obuwanguzi okutandikawo amateeka amapya, abanoonyereza balyogerako nti bagusalira ku ntebe. Ensala z'amateeka nga Roe v. Wade [1973] era [kolutementi]] Oberges v. Hodges[20] bye bisaliddwawo nga bisaliddwawo mu kifo kyabyo. (2015] Empakaalwa ku nsonga ezikwata ku kkooti ezikwata ku nsonga mu kibiina kya demokulase. ettabi lirina okuba nga lirina okuteekawo ekkomo erikuuma eddembe lyalyo n'okussa ekitiibwa mu b'amatabi agalondeddwa.

Okukuuma Abalabe Abasinga Abo

Obuyigirize n’Obukuumi

Okumanya kye kisooka mu kwekuuma obusobozi bw'eggwanga. Okutegeera Amateeka, emirimu gya buli ttabi, n'enkola za buli lukunkumulizo, biwa abatuuze amaanyi okumanyira ddala bwe guba gwe gukomye. Amasomero, emikutu, n'enteekateeka z'abantu birina okuggumiza okubeera nga bisomebwa mu mateeka. Ebibiina nga 'FLT' Etterekero ly'eby'embaliro biwa buwagizi okusobola okuyiga.

Okuvunaanibwa

Abatuuze bayinza okukakala ku mateeka agayamba okuteeka mu nkola enkola eyo. Okuwagira entegeka z'abantu kinnoomu gamba nga Eddembe ly'ekitongole mu Amerika eriwandikiro kiyamba okumanya engeri gavumenti gye ziyinza okuddukanyaamu emirimu gyayo. Okupikirizibwa kwa gavumenti kuyinza okukaka abantu okuyisa obulungi omulimu gwayo. Era kitwaliramu abakungu abawerako, okweyingiza mu kagambo, n'okukozesa kkooti okusoomooza ebimenya amateeka.

Okwenyigiramu n’Okuwagira Omulimu gwa Yakuwa

Mu kulonda okutali kumu, `/federal', ssemasaza'''''''''' kirina okuleetera abakungu okussa ekitiibwa mu mateeka bwe baba nga batya okulonda. Okulonda mu kalulu kiba kikulu nnyo mu kukebera obuyinza bw'abalamuzi. Ate era, okulonda ebifo eby'okulamuzi we bisobola okusobozesa abalamuzi okuba n'obuyinza.

Enkola ey’Okukyusa

Abamu bawa amagezi ku kukyusa enkyukakyuka mu byuma okusobola okukendeeza ku kabi ak'okumeesaawo abo ababa bakomyewo. Bino bitwaliramu enzivuunula z'ekigambo ku kkooti enkulu, nga kyetaagisa okusala emisango mu ngeri ez'enjawulo mu nkola za bannakyewa, okunyweza okwanganga ebisale by'amateeka, era n'okuzuukiza abateesiteesi abafuzi abangi (Kkooti enkulu gye yaviirako INS v. Chacha[). Enkyukakyuka yonna erina kukolebwa mu ngeri ey'amagezi okusobola okwewala okutaayinza okuvaamu ebiyinza okuva mukiwandukula okuva mu kyewa.

Ekifo ky’Abatolamusaayi

Ekibuuzo ekitongole ekikola ku by'amatabi gonna kiwa obukakafu ku ngeri y'okuyisaamu obubi amatabi.

fundikira

Gavumenti bwe yabunyisibwa, yakikolako nga tekigootaanye nnyo. Enkola ya Amerika ey'ensi zaawukana era n'ebiruubirirwa ebigikwatako yakolebwa okusobola okugonjoola ekizibu kino, naye yeesigama ku kwenyigira ennyo mu mirimu gy'amatabi gonna esatu n'abantu kinnoomu. Ebyafaayo biwa eby'okuyiga ku kabi akali mu buyinza obutakugirwa, okuva ku Alien ne Sedition, okutuuka ku mu nteekateeka z'okulambula. Bwe bategeera ebyafaayo bino era ne basigala nga banyiikivu, abantu mu Amereka basobola okukuuma ebbeeyi n'okwewala enkomyansobi yaabwe. Obukuumi obutuufu obufuga obuteekuusa obubeetaagisa okugoberera Amateeka.