Enkola Ennungi ey’Amaanyi

Mu byafaayo byonna, enkolagana wakati wa gavumenti n'abafuzi ebadde yeesigamye ku butaka obw'amaanyi: obwetaavu bw'obuyinza okukuuma emirembe n'okuteeka obuyinza mu kabi. Gavumenti bwe zivaako obunene n'obuyinza bwa demokulase, ebiva mu nsi byeyongerayongera okuva ku ebyo ebiva mu buwangwa, oluusi ebiva ku bwesige obubaawo okumala emyaka mingi. Okukendeezebwa kw'enkizo, okunyagibwa kw'entegeka, n'okubukomyawo obukodyosi si bye biragibwa bya maanyi nnyo. Okutegeera obukodyo obwo si kye kintu ekigobererwa obugobeeyambisibwa mu kukuuma demokulasebwa ne eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu.

Ekitundu kino kyogera ku bantu abaagwa mu mize egy’amaanyi gavumenti gye zaayigga, ne kiggumiza engeri gye zikozesaamu obubi ebintu ng’ebyo, era kiraga n’engeri abantu n’ebibiina gye biyinza okutereeza embeera.

Ensonga Lwaki Okukoma ku Gavumenti Kikulu

Endowooza nti gavumenti ziriko ekkomo eva ku Magna Carta (1215), eyalaga nti kabaka teyali wa waggulu ku mateeka. Gavumenti eza demokulase eziriwo kati zigoberera omusingi nti amaanyi galina okusaasaana, okukeberebwa, n'okulabirirwa. Bwe wataba gavumenti zino ezitagendererwa, ziyinza okwetaasa obuwagizi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ab'obuyinza mu ggwanga lya United States, baateekawo enkola eyawula obufuzi obwawukanyawo.[1]CUPUS, ekifuga amateeka agafuga, era ne kiziyiza ettabi lyonna okufuga.

Kyokka, singa okutya, ebizibu, oba endowooza nti abantu bafaayo nnyo ku mateeka, abantu abamu kye bagezaako okukola, tekiyinzika kusigala nga tuli bulindaala ne gavumenti bw'erabika ng'ewagira abantu.Ebyafaayo biraga nti, singa wabaawo embeera enzibu mu bwangu, tezitera kugobererwa.

Emisango egy’Ekibiina Egireetera Gavumenti Okunyigiriza

Aument of Deloological Bunnaabwo obugatta abantu mu Bufalansa (1793-1794)

Mu nsi ya Bufalansa, waaliwo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi ezaaleeta obuweerero, okwenkanankana, n'obumu mu nsi yonna naye omwaka 1793 we gwatuukira, gavumenti ey'enjawukana yali etandise okutwalibwa ng'entalo. Nga wansi w'obukulembeze bwa kakiiko akakola ku butebenkevu, akaakulemberwa Maximilien Robespierre, gavumenti eyateekawo Amateeka ga Suspens, yaleka omuntu yenna okukwatibwa. Wakati mu mwaka gwa 1793 ne Jjulaayi 1794, abantu nga 16,000, battibwa nga bafudde buko, emirundi mingi nga bavudde ku ku kugezesebwa.

Kyakulabirako kino kiraga engeri obuyonjo bw'endowooza gye buyinza okuviirako ebikolwa eby'ettemu okubaawo. Akakiiko akamazeemu obukyayi n'okuggyawo eddembe ly'abantu n'obuyinza obwali bufuga mu ngeri eyoleka enkola y'obufuzi obwa bannakyewa mu nkyukakyuka eyo. Obwenyinyigilaanyi obwa Robespierre bwe bwagwa bwennyini era n'okuttibwa kwa muntu yenna(mu Jjulaayi 1794) bwe bulaga nti tewali mukulembeze asobola kuba mukuumi mulungi bw'aba atandise okukola eby'obutujjuzi. Eky’okuyiga kyeyoleka bulungi: gavumenti bw'eba nga etandise okulaga nti okuwonawo kw'eggwanga lirina ky'enkyukakyuka wakati w'eggwanga lino, tewali muntu yenna ayinza kuteebereza butuufu.

Olupapula lw’Amerika olw’Abajapaani: Wartime Hysteria and Racial Prejudice (1942 - 1946)

Oluvannyuma lw'obulumbaganyi ku Pearl Harbor, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt yawa ekiragiro kya 'Olden 906', nga kikkiriza Abajapaani nga 120,000, nga bano baali bantu ba Amerika basatu mu ttaano. Baatwalibwa mu nkambi z'abasibe ezaali zeetooloddwa ebisibe, nga bafiirwa amayumba, ebizimbe, ne eby'obugagga. Oluvannyuma etteeka eryali liragira nti amagye //amagye gaakakasibwa obutakkirizibwa olw'obujulizi; tewaaliwo Mujapani eyasalibwanga omulabe oba omulabe mu kiseera kya lutalo.

Kkooti enkulu yawagira obusosoze mu Korematsu v'. United States (1944), nga kusalawo okwasalibwawo okuva olwo. Mu 1988, gavumenti y'Amerika yeetondera era n'ewa omugogo gwa doola z'Amerika nga zisobola okusasula buli omu eyawonawo. Ekyo kiraga engeri okutya gye kuyinza okuggya obukuumi mu mateeka, era n'engeri abajulizi gye bayinza okulemererwa okukebera singa endowooza z'abasinga obungi zikkirizibwa. Era kiggumiza akabi ak'okusasula obuddukirizo obutereevu mu kifo ky'okweyisa mu ggwanga oba mu ngeri abantu gye beeyisaamu.

Stalin's Great Consuming Ityen (1936-1938) kye yazuula.

Joseph Stalin's Great Coffix yali omu ku bantu abaatwalibwanga mu gavumenti okujeemera abantu baayo, era nga n'ekyuma kyayo. Mu kiseera ekyo, poliisi y'omu Soviet Union (NKVD) yakwatibwa, yatulugunyizibwa era n'etta obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu nga batwalibwa okuba abalabe b'abantu. Mu ebyo bye baagezaako okutta mwalimu abakungu b'ekibiina, abakungu b'ekibiina, abayivu, n'abantu aba bulijjo.

Okugoba abantu okwaliwo tekwasikirizibwa olw'ekika eky'amazima naye Stalin yali ayagala okumalawo omuntu yenna ayinza okuba omulabe oba obutakkiriziganya naye. Empandika y'obufuzi ku bikolwa eby'ettemu n'obubaka yaziyiza ekikula kya buzibu bwa gavumenti.[1] Obunene bw'okusaasaanya obwa poliisi obwakolebwa ku bantu abasukka mu 600,000 okutuuka ku 1,200,000 okutta abantu abawerera ddala obukadde n'obukadde 2.000, bulaga ekibaawo ng'eby'okukebeewandisizza obukulembebwa. Ekyayiga kiri nti, bannaakyewa bannaakyewa bannaakyewa bal'enkola nga bwe baba nga tebakyalina kye basobola kukola.

Nazi Germany: System Demokrase (1933-1945)

Adolf Hitler okusibuka mu buyinza si kwe kuggibwawo kwa demokulase kyokka. Oluvannyuma lwa demokulase froutiki mu 1933, akakwakkulizo ka 'Reichstag' kaaleka Hitler okuba nnaakyemalira, ne kemesa Tteeka lya Weimar. Gavumenti eyo yaggyawo ddala okuziyizibwa okw'eby'obufuzi, n'okussawo poliisi, era n'eteekawo amateeka agakwata ku nsala y'abasibe.

Kyakulabirako ky'Abanazi kiraga engeri enkola z'amateeka gye ziyinza okukozesebwa mu kumalawo demokulase mu nsi. Gavumenti eyo yeefuula ng'ezikiriza abantu mu mateeka. Kye tuyiga kiri nti, ssemateeka w'amateeka aba wa maanyi ng'abantu abasobola okugooleka. Ekiragiro bwe kityo kiba nga gavumenti bw'ekola nga omukulembeze omu oba ekibiina ky'omufuzi omu bw'eyagadde.

Emisango Egyali Gizzeewo Gye Giddawo: Chile ne Contemporary Venezuela

Mu 1973, omuduumizi w'amagye Augusto Pinochet yawamba gavumenti ya Chile eyalondebwa mu nnyanjula y'olutalo. Gavumenti ye yawaanya Congress, ebibiina by'eby'obufuzi ne b'abalabe nkumi na nkumi. Ekiragiro kya Pinochet ekyawandiikibwa mu 1980, kyategekebwa okuyingiza mu magye era ne kisobozesa amagye okuvunaanibwa ne bwe kyabanga kimaze okufugibwa abakungu ba gavumenti. Kyatwala emyaka mingi era kyatwala ekiseera okuwozesebwa (nga mu Sipeyini) okusobola okuvunaanibwa mu bujjuvu.

Mu Venezuela, Prezidenti Nicolás Maduro aggyewo ebitongole bya demokulase ebyaddala okuva mu 2013. Olukiiko lw'eggwanga olwasekererwa olw'okuziyiza okukolebwa, Kooti Esingirayo ddala yafukizibwa abantu abeesigwa era okukuba akalulu ne k'okukuba akalulu. Ek'entalo n'ebbula lya maanyi byaleetawo akabenje mu bantu ate gavumenti ekozesa amaanyi okukomya obuteesitezi. Kkombo y'obukodyo Venezuela eraga nti abakobatemu bawagguufu tebakoma ku byafaayo ebyabangawo obukujjuzi.

Ebiziyiza Enzimba

Bwe tutegeera obutuufu bw’obuzibu obwo, kituyamba okumanya obubonero obutulabula.

Amaliba n’Ebizibu Ebiba Bikoseddwa

Ettabi lyonna (lyawula ab'obuyinza mu ngeri entegeke obulungi, era nga lirina okusala emisango) lirina okubeera ne bye likola byombi. Ssaintson bw'efuuka ekikongo ky'enkobyokkobyo eri nnampala oba bwe ziba n'abalamuzi abagoba gavumenti, enkola elekera awo okwetereeza. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Hungary wansi wa Viktor Orbán, okulongoosebwa n'okufuga kw'ebyuma eby'obufuzi, byonna bireeseteesezza eb'enkola za demokulase eza demokulase. Ekiragiro Europe Union kye kivumirira enfunda n'enfunda ebikolwa bino, naye nga wabaddewo mu maka bikoma.

Okutuukiriza Obukulembeze mu Kiseera Ebizibu

Gavumenti zitera okujuliza obutyabaga nga `wayinjawa', nnawookeera, okugwa kw'eby'enfuna, okusattulula okw'amaanyi.'Akabonero aka USA PATRIOT (2001) kayongera amaanyi mu kukebera oba okusiba ebibamba mu linnya lya bannalukalala. Mu kiseera kya kawumpuli w'ekiwayirizi, ensi nnyingi zaateekawo enkola ez'okwerinda n'okunoonyereza ku kompyuta. Wadde nga wabaddewo ebiteeso nga wabe wabeteesa, akabi kalina okubaawo ekiseera oluvannyuma lw'akabenje. Mu mawanga agatali gamu, gavumenti zikozesezza ebiragiro eby'obujjanjabi okuziyiza oba okulumba abalwanyiiganyi.

Okusumululwa kw’Emsumuluzo y’Abatuuze olw’Engeri Ennyo

Tekinologiya ow'ekika kino akola ku nkola z'obw'okulabirako. Okutereka obujulizi mu maaso, okumanya ebifa ku maaso, n'okulagula obupoliisi kusobola okuleetera obulango obutono obw'enkwaso okubuteeka mu nkola. Mu China, enkola ey'okukkubira ab'obuyinza amabanja okwetongoza abantu ebaamu okulabira ku gavumenti nga zikozesa ensimbi n'enkola z'abantu, era nga zisobola okubonereza abo abavudde ku mpisa ezikkirizibwa mu gavumenti.

Obulagirizi n'Obulagirizi bw'Emikutu gy'Ebigambo

Gavumenti bw'efuga engeri obubaka gye butambulamu, esobola okuleetera abantu okubutegeera era ne kibaleetera okulekera awo okukolagana n'abantu. Mu Russia, emikutu gy'empuliziganya gireeteddwawo era amateeka agavumirira "amawulire agatali gamu" gakozesebwa okusiba abawaayiriza. Kino kisobozesa gavumenti okutegeeza obubaka obwayo obwa nnamaddala, ne kiremesa abantu okutegeera nti be bakuguse.

Bye Tuyiga mu Kukuuma Abatunyigiriza

Wadde nga tewali nkola ya gavumenti ntuufu, waliwo emisingi egimu egisobodde okutuyamba okuziyiza oba okuzza obulabe ku gavumenti.

Ekkeberezo ly’Enkola

Ng'ekyokulabirako, etteeka erya nnawookeera, amasomero g'eddwaliro, ne gavumenti z'omu Amerika ez'amaanyi, byetaagisa nnyo. Enteekateeka ya gavumenti z'Amerika esaasaanya amaanyi mu bitundu ebitali bimu ne kifuula kizibu eri obuyinza obuyinza obusinga obunene okufuga. Kyokka, okukebera kw'empandika kuba kwa maanyi nnyo nga bwe kiragiddwa mu nkola ezibeewanirira. ettabi bwe ligaana okugoberera ebiragiro bya kkooti oba singa abakulembeze bagaana okussa ekkomo, enteekateeka eno egwa.

Abantu ab’Eby’Eby’Obufuzi n’Ebikuba z’Amabaluwa eby’Enjawulo

. .C.E. entegeka z'abakungu ba gavumenti, ebitongole eby'eby'obuwangwa, ebikola eby'obusuubuzi, n'ebitongole by'eddiini nga bisobola okuwakanya okulumbibwa. Ekibiina kya Univataryation mu Poland (1980s) kyalaga engeri enkola z'abakozi gye ziyinza okusoomooza gavumenti ey'amaanyi. Mu ngeri y'emu, okukuba amawulire amateefu gago nga ageeyisa olukunkumuli, okwanika abakungu. Ebibiina nga [FLT:] Amnesty International ne Ekiwandiiko ekya Human Rights Watch Tower

Okusomesa n’Okuyingira Obufumbo

Abantu abayivu abategeera obulungi eddembe ly'obusobozi bwabwe tebatera kugumiikiriza bukodyo. Okuyigiriza kusaanidde okuba nga kulimu ebyokulabirako eby'edda eby'abo abaakwekebwa, obukulu bw'enkola ey'okugonjoolwa, n'enkola ez'okutereeza. Okwenyigira mu mulimu gw'okulabiriza, n'okwekalakaanya mu mirembe byonna bisobola okulwanirira eddembe lyabwe. Kitebe kya National Constitution n'ebibiina ebirala bisobola okusobozesa abantu okuyiga ebikwata ku mateeka.

Okunyigirizibwa kw’Ensi Yonna n’Okuvunaanibwa

Ebibiina n'omukago mu nsi yonna biyinza okulemesa abakugu. Kkooti za demokulase eza European Union ku kika kya 'bumu' okusobola okumanyisa oba okumanyisa oludda lwa demokulase'''. Zireetedde ensi ezimu okufugibwa obulungi. Okufaananako kkooti ez'ensi yonna ezikola ng'ezeeyisaamu emisango mu bantu. Naye, enkola ng'ezo tezituukiridde; amawanga ag'amaanyi ebiseera ebimu gawagidde ab'enkola ez'enjawulo obutabaako musango. Kkooti y'ooooomwenkanyaze eriwo oba eddembe ly'abantu. Ekkootikko ya Personalsenti

Ebiziyiza Endagaano n’Okwejjukanya Ebiba Bizzeewo

Ekiragiro kino kitwaliramu enteekateeka ezitakkirizibwa kukyusa.[1] Okuziyiza enkyuuka kw'ebisaanyizo oba empewo okugobererwa amangu. Okussaawo emitwe ku buyinza obwa kawumpuli kikakasa nti ebimenyese ebiba bizzewo tekigenda nga wazzewo kuddawo kuddawo kasita wabaddewo endagaano. Ekiragiro mu mawanga nga South Africa ne Canada gataddewo amateeka agagobererwa obudde era ne gasemba enkyukakyuka.

Engeri Ekizibu gye Kikolebwamu mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Ebintu Ebiba Bizze ku Mikutu gya Disitulikiti

Gavumenti leero zikuŋŋaanya empapula nnyingi nnyo ku bantu, nga tezikkiriza bujulizi. Okubikkulibwa kwa NSA mu 2013 kwayoleka kaweefube ow'okukuuma obuwumbi bw'abatuuze era n'okukulembereza programu za Internet. Abakugu bannasayansi bagamba nti programu ng'ezo ziziyiza obutujju bwa bannalukalala, abakkirizisa eddembe ly'abantu okulabula ku ddembe ery'okwogera n'okuyisa obubi.

Obufuzi bw’Ago Ago n’Ebibia bye

Gavumenti bwe zikozesa algoritirizi mu kusalawo nga zituukiriza ebiba bisaliddwawo, gamba ng'okugoba obukwasiddwa, oba okugobererwa mu bya poliisi, akabi ak'okukebererwa, kayinza okweyongera singa enkola za poliisi ezo ziba n'obukujjukujju oba nga ziwayiziddwa. Eby'okuteebereza obwa pulojekiti mu bitundu ebibeeramu abantu abatono bye baagala okulabibwa, kiba kizibu okuwakanya ebiva mu ku kuba bafuzi.

Okukuba Populi n’Etteeka ly’Amateeka

Okuyitirira kw'abakulembeze ba populitiki mu matwale ga demokulase mangi kugezesezza ebinnyonyola ebitongole. Abakulembeze nga Donald Trump, Jair Bolsonaro, ne Viktor Orbán baalumba abajulizi, abakuba amawulire, ne ba bannabyabufuzi, nga bagezaako okusaasaanya obulumbaganyi nga "okugoba abantu aba bulijjo" oba okulwanirira "baliwo ddala." Okuvuunika kw'amateeka kuba kwa kabi nga bwe kibadde. Omukulembeze bw'agaana okuwangula oba okuleetera abalabe okukulumya, oba okukulumya ebifa mu nfugo.

Ekikolebwawo mu Kabi k’Enkuba n’Enkyukakyuka ez’Omu Bwengula

Enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka mu nnyingo z'ensi ebeerayo era nga tekyetaagisa gavumenti kubaako ky'ekolawo mu bwangu. Kyokka, tewali n'omu ku ba ba buyinza asobola kusalawo kutuuka ku busimba oba kugaana kussa ssemateeka aw'omu ttaka. Wadde nga kino kyangu, ne kiziyiza enkola za demokulase okugoonya okugootaanya n'okukendeeza ku bukakafu obukkirizibwa. Entegeka z'eby'obufuzi okusobola okukola enteekateeka ez'okuteekawo amateeka agafuga, agakendeeze ku kfunze nga ziziyiza okupikirizibwa okw'eby'obufuzi, nga bwe kirabibwa mu .

Olugero: Okuba Obulindaala obw’Olubeerera ng’Embaga ey’Okweyagaza

Okunoonyereza okukwata ku gavumenti okwakolerwa kulaga ekintu eky'enkukunala: amaanyi gayinza okugaziwa okuggyako nga galimu nnyo. Okuva ku nguudo z'e Paris eziwaggudde ddala obwegugungo era n'okumenya amateeka agafuga demokulase mu Hungary, enkola ezo ziddamu. Enzijanjaba zitegeerekeka bulungi(checks) n'ebitongole ebigaba, eby'amasasimu ebya ddembe, eby'obuyigirize, n'okuvunaanyizibwa mu nsi yonna.

Nga Thomas Jefferson bwe yagamba, “Empeera y’eddembe kwe kuba obulindaala emirembe gyonna. ” Buli mulembe gulina okubeera obulindaala kubanga okukemebwa kw’abakozi tekuggwaawo lubeerera.