Kkooti y'enkola ya kkooti egoberera amateeka. Enkola eno esobozesa abantu okugonjoola obutakaanya, okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu n'entegeka. Abayizi b'amateeka, abasomesa, oba abo bonna abaagala okutegeera ebiwandiiko bya mateeka, okutegeera olugendo olw'ensonga nga() okuva ku mulundi lwe basooka okwemulugunya kulondebwa okutuuka ku mulamuzi ogw'enkomerero era nga n'ebyolekawo. Ekitundu kino kiyinza okumenya ekigero kyonna eky'okugonjoolwamu, era nga kisobozesa abantu okukituukiriza mu nkola eya kkooti y'Amerika, nga bawaayo kakwate engeri y'ensonga y'omunda gye etambulamu okuyitira mu nteekateeka y'amateeka. (Emisango gigoberezebwa gigoberera enteekateeka y'emu naye gikwata ku gavumenti era ne ku bukuumi bw'amateeka obusingako.) Ofisse, ojja kuba n'oteemitindo egituufu, ojja ku kutegeera bulungi enkola ya gavumenti, n'okusalawo ensonga y'ensonga enkulu.

Okutegeera Obulungi Ebitundu Ebimu eby’Ebyakolebwa mu Kkooti

Nga tebannabuuka mu mitendera egikwata ku nsonga, kikulu nnyo okutegeera engeri ensonga gye zikolamu. Amerika erina enkola ya kooti bbiri: kkooti z'ensi n'ez'ensimbi. Buli kkooti z'ensimbi zirina obuyinza bwayo naye nga abakulembeze ba njawulo bwe bumu. Ku musingi ogwo, waliwo kkooti ezisalirako emisango, gye basooka okuwulira n'okuzuula byonna ebijulirwa. Ng'okusingako ku zo ziba zijjuulizo, eziddamu ebyo ebisaliddwa mu kkooti z'amateeka. Ku nsalati eyo ye kkooti esinga obukulu eya U. Ku n'ebwo kkooti enkulu ey'amateeka, ne ku kkooti enkulu eri mu kkooti z'eggwanga (eyitibwa Kkooti esinga obukulu oba enkiiko ez'ebijuliro).

  • [[Akabonero:0] Kkooti ez'omu ttuluba [[FULT:1] (nga mu kkooti za disiturikiti, kkooti za gavumenti za Amerika ezisinga obukulu) – zino ze “bannaawula ebiba bifunze.” Bawulira obujulizi, bakebera abajulizi, era ne basala emisango. Emisango egisinga obungi gikomye wano.
  • [[NKULULA]] Ebiwandiiko[[NKULU:1] (mu ngeri etegeeza nti kkooti z'olupapula olw'empandika, oba kkooti ez'oku Apper) ez'omu Amerika tezinoonyereza ku nsonga zonna ezizikwatako. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, zooka lipoota ezo zoogera ku nsonga obanga amateeka gaago gaayisibwa bulungi era ne bwe kiba nti ensobi ezikoleddwa mu kunoonyereza zikolako.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Kkooti ezisinga obungi[[KATANDIKA] (nga kkooti enkulu, oba kkooti ez'omu Amerika) – zino ze kkooti enkomeredde. Zibaamu misango mitono nnyo, nga gitera okuzingiramu ebibuuzo oba obukuubagano mu kkooti entono.
  • [[AKYONGERA] Kkooti eziragiddwa[[[LT:1]] – ebyokulabirako bizingiramu kkooti eziwawaanyisa obwetwaze, kkooti ez'omusolo, ne kkooti z'amaka. Zikola ku butaka obw'enjawulo nga zigoberera enkola n'obukugu.

Okumanya ensala ya kkooti ki y'eddewule. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti z'ensi yonna zisala ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka ga gavumenti, okusala obutuuze obw'enjawulo okuva mu bitundu eby'enjawulo nga birimu omuwendo gwa doola z'Amerika 75,000, n'ensonga ezimu nga zikkirizibwa mu makubo ag'enjawulo. Kkooti z'eggwanga zikola ku nsonga ezisinga obungi nga mw'otadde n'okagwagwagwa, obubenje, n'ebintu ebirala. Okusobola okubbira mu mazzi, genda mu maaso, laba ekiwandiiko U.S.

Okunokolayo Amateeka: Ekigezo eky’Okugaba

Ekiwandiiko kino kiraga ebyo abakkirizi bye bawaanyisa, era n'obuyambi obuba buteekeddwawo. Ekibuuzo kino kiteekwa okuba nga “kyetongoozebwa bulungi” kitegeeza nti kirina okubeeramu ebigambo ebimpimpi era eby'enkukunala ebiraga nti omuwolereza alina obwannannyini okuweebwa obuweerero, nga bwe kyetaagisa Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Rule 8) n'amateeka agamu.

Okuteekateeka Okwemulugunya

Okusobola okukendeeza ku kwemulugunya, kyetaagisa obumanyirivu era ne ssaayansi.

  • [[Act:0]Juridictionation ebiwambe[[[AK'AWULA]] – ebinnyonnyola lwaki kkooti eno erina obuyinza okuwulira omusango.
  • [[Act:0] Enkakasa ey'ebifo[[KALULA:1] – kye kimu n'ebyo ebizze bibaawo nga bisengekedwa mu mpandika eya bulijjo, ebiragiddwa mu bitundu ebiba biwandiikiddwa mu nfunze.
  • '[[NKULULA]] '[[AK' -' - omuwendo gusobola okwawulawo enjigiriza emu ey'omu mateeka (egeza: okugwa ku kiwandiiko, obutalaga bukwasiddwa bukwasiddwa oba obukujjukujju).
  • [[Act:0] Essaala ey'okudduukirira[[[KITONDE]] – eddagala erigobereddwa liteekwa okusalirwamu (ebiva mu kusalirako obusale, obuweerero, n'okukusumulula).

Olw’okuba baba tebalina nteekateeka nnungi ya kwemulugunyiza, bwe batandika okunoonyereza, bamala ebiseera bingi nga bakola ebiwandiiko ebyo okusobola okubiggyawo.

Okukolagana n’Omukulembeze wa Kkooti

Ekibuuzo bwe kimala okumalirizibwa, munnamateeka akiwandiisa ne kampuni. Kino kiba kyetaagisa okusasula akansawo akasawo akawerako (nga enkumi ntono ennyo eza doola mu kkooti ya gavumenti; ssente z'eggwanga zikyukakyuka) era n'okuwaayo ezo ezaasooka awamu ne kopi ezimala. Abakolobezi ba gavumenti bayinza okusasula omutemu nga baliwa akaweefube mu kiwandiiko.

Omulimu ogubindabinda

Ekiragiro bwe kimala okusasulira, omuwayiriza alina okutegeeza omuwayitibwa mu kkooti. Kino kiyitibwa “bukodyo obw'oku nkola.” Omukkooti ateekateeka olukalala lw'awerebwa (kiwandiiko ekiragiddwa kkooti era nga yalagira omuwawawaabi okulabika n'okumwegattako) era n'aweereza wamu n'enkunkumuli y'ensonga. Obuweereza buteekwa okukolebwa okusinziira ku mateeka agakasa. Obuweereza buteekwa okukolebwa nga butuukana n'obukwasingirwamu: okutwala omuwayitidwa, okutwalibwa eri omuntu ow'emyaka egisaanira mu nnyumba y'omuwayitisi, oba, mu nsonga ezimu, okuyitira mu ku positaaweefube oba mu ngeri ekoleramu. Obuweereza obw'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'omuwerebwa bugo busaanidde kubanga buwandiisi enko. Singa omulimu guba mukyamu, omusango guyinza okusulwa. Ennyonnyonnyonnyolebwa mu lupapula lw'Empuliro lw'omuwaabiromenti [FF:][1]

Engeri Omulwanyi gye Yaddamu Ekiruubirirwa Kye

Omuntu bw'amala okuweererako munne, aba n'ekiseera kitono okuddamu yennyini ennaku 21 mu kkooti y'amateeka.

Okuddamu Okwemulugunya

Eddakiika esingayo okukkirizibwa kwe “ddizvu,” omuwawawaayi bw'akkiriza oba n'agaana buli kiwayi mu kwemulugunya. Eky'okuddamu era kiyinza okuzingiramu okukkiriza obusobozi (um'okulagira, okukkuta, okukkakkaatiriza, okukuba obusaze, n'okukuba obusa. Singa omuwawawawawaayi alemererwa okuddamu, omuwaabi ayinza okuwangula nga awandiisiddwa omusango ogwa bulijjo.

Okutambula

Mu kifo ky'okuddamu, omuwayiri ayinza okusindika enkola ey'okutaasa enkola (era eyitibwa “demurrer” mu bitundu ebimu) wansi w'amateeka 12(b). Ebivamu tebibaamu enfuga ya bantu, tewabeewo buyinza, tewategekebwa bulungi, tewabaawo nteekateeka, ayinza okutegeeza olukusa olumu obuyambi we luyinza okukkirizibwa, oba okulemererwa okwegatta ku kibiina. Ekisinga obukulu bw'ekitongole kino kwe kulemererwa okumenya amateeka.

Ekirala eky'amaanyi ekikolebwa ku makolero g'ebyuma kwe kutwala omusango nga gwa muwere. Ekiwandikiro bwe kimala okuzuulibwa, kiwa obukakafu nti tewali kuwakanya bintu, era nti ekiwandikiro kisaanidde okusala omusango ng'omukwate. Singa kiweebwa, omusango gulina kwewalibwa gumalirizibwa. Okusala omusango mu mpawaatiro za gavumenti, nga kusinziira ku ngeri enfunze kisalawo ekiba kigenda okuko. Emitindo girina okutegeerwa okubaamu ekkubo. Obukakafu obwo bulina okutegesebwa mu kitangaala. Njingo obwo bulina okukolebwa mu ngeri ennukuta y'emu. Obubonero obwo bulina okutwalibwa mu ngeri egguka ennyo nga kiwandikiro ekya bulijjo.

Ebirala ebikolebwa nga obusawo busooka kukolebwa bizingiramu okuwaliriza obuyinjabi okuzuula, okulagula ensonga mu ngeri ey'ekikujjukujju, era n'okusituliramu obukwasi mu ngeri ey'okwegayirira okusobola okutabangula ensonga okuva mu kunnuma.

Okuzuula: Okuzuula Amazima

Okunoonyereza kulaga nti abantu bwe babaako kye bategeeza oba bwe babaako kye beekwasa, baba baagala okwewalira ddala ebintu ebibakwatako ebiba bibakwatako.

Ekiragiro ekifuga engeri y'okuvumbula ebintu mu ngeri esobozesa ebikolerwamu okuzuula buli kimu: ekintu kyonna ekitalina buyinza ekituukana n'ekyo omuntu ky'ayinza okwewola oba ekyekwate nga kituukana n'ebyetaago bya mulwadde oyo. Eby'okuvumbula ebirina amakulu gaakyo mwe muli:

  • [[NKUMBO] [[[KATANDIKA:1]] – Ebibuuzo ebiteekwa okuddibwamu nga balayidde. Amateeka agafuga enfuze gabeera 25 (nga mw'otwalidde n'ebitundu bya wansi). Bigasa okuzuula ebikwata ku kumanya okufaananako amannya g'abajulirwa, okubeerawo kw'ebiwandiiko, n'enfumo ezikwata ku mateeka.
  • [[NKUMBO]] CreateD to Development of Documents[ - Paries zisaba zikola wamu ebiwandiiko ebikwatagana, empandika eza kompyuta (amannya, obuwandiisi bw'empapula) n'ebintu ebirala ebirabika. Obubonero obwo bweyongerayongerayongera ku “bamulogo.
  • [[ABULUUMENTI]] [ – Obwo buwandiike obw'obujulizi (obubonero oba obutawa biwanyi) obwalayibwa omukuŋŋaanya w'olukiiko. Ebiwandikiro bisobozesa bannamateeka okunoonyereza ku lugero lw'omujulirwa, okukakasa obanga obwesigwa, n'enkumbo ey'okwerinda ebiyinza okukozesebwa mu kukebera ebiba biwandiiko. Birimu eby'amaanyi naye bya bbeeyi.
  • [[Act:0] CreateS for Active[ – Ekiragiro 'tatakkiriza'. Ekiragiro empandika ezikozesebwa okukendeeza ku nsonga eziba zigezesa zikkerezebweko. Ekiragiro empandika z'okukkiriza oba obutakkiriza ziyingizibwa ziteekwa kukendeezebwako.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Ebitundu ebikebera omuntu mu birowoozo ne mu birowoozo – bwe kiba nga kireetawo obutakkaanya ku mubiri oba mu birowoozo, kkooti eyinza okulagira omuntu okwekebejja obusawo (IME).

E.cififiencey (okunoonyereza ku kompyuta) kye kimu ku bintu ebikulu. Ekiragiro kino kitera okusobozesa okufulumya metadata, ne kaseti ez'okwerinda, era ne kampasi ezikolera ku nnono nyingi ezikolera ku mboozi n'ebiragiro bya kompyuta. Okulemererwa okukuuma obujulizi ku kiragiro kino kiyinza okuvaamu okubonerezebwa okw'amaanyi, nga mwe muli okuyigirizibwa okubi oba okugobebwa. Enkola ezisinga obulungi ku ePRODIVY, Facedal Procedure Livel Relages of Civil Procediture (Nakasinga Obulagiro 26, 34, ne 37])

Olukiiko n’Emiwaana Ebikoleddwa nga Tebinnabaawo

Nga tebannawozesebwa, kkooti emirundi mingi ziba n'olukuŋŋaana olusooka (emirundi egimu oluyitibwa olukuŋŋaana olw'ekitongole) wansi w'Etteeka 16. Abalamuzi ne bannamateeka boogera ku ngeri gye batwalamu ensonga, gye bazuulamu obuwambe, okuzituukirizaamu, n'okuzituukiriza. Kkooti nnyingi zeetaagisa abakungu bannaazo okugezaako okuteesa oba engeri endala ez'okuwakanya ebiteesoosooso (ADR). Okusalawo kuzingiramu ekitundu eky'okusatu ekitabaako ludda olukwata ku nsonga, naye nga omutabaganya tasobola kusalirawo nsonga. Singa abawaabi batuuka ku nsonga, baggirawo omusango oba bagusaze. Akabinja 95% bye biba bisaze nga tebinnasalibwa mu kkooti, bwe biggwa.

Omusango ne bwe guba tegumalirizibwa, abalamuzi bawa buwagizi butonotono ensonga eziba zizzeewo, n'emikutu egiba giteekeddwa ku lukalala lw'ebyafaayo ku kkooti, era ne bawaako alipoota endala.

Okuwozesa: Okusattulukuka okw’Omutendera

Singa ensonga esigalawo nga tennaba kukwatibwa buwanguzi mu kkooti, era ne zigaana okusazesebwa, olwo oba nga kusalibwawo kkooti (okusala omusango gulina kusalawo byonna ebizingirwamu oba amateeka) oba okusalirwa omusango (ogusalawo obujulizi; okusalawo amateeka; okusala omusango). Eddembe ly'okuwozesebwa mu kkooti z'abantu likakasibwa olukusa olw'okugisaze olw'okusinziira ku mateeka ga Amerika, naye nga likkirizibwa ku bufuti bwa ssanduuko zokka eza mu mateeka agakkirizibwamu omuwendo ogusukka mu $20.

Okulonda ekikongojjedwa mu Jury (Voir Dire)

Mu kulamuzi, ekisooka kwe kulonda abalamuzi. Omulamuzi ne bannamateeka babuuza abasobola okuzuula obusosoze mu bantu oba obutasosola. Buli ludda lusobola okusoomooza abalamuzi abawerako “olwo lwa nsonga” (bwe wabaawo obusosoze) n'omuwendo omutono ogw'abo abasobola okulonda oludda olutuufu mu nsonga z'eggwanga, naye nga tewali nsonga ebasobozesa okubukozesa mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya. Ekigendererwa kiri nti, tewakyaliwo kakwate kakwate konna.

Emirimu egiggulawo

Buli omu ku baani abo awa bukakafu busookerwako. Ebigambo ebiggulawo tebirimu nkaayana. Attorney alina okunywerera ku bintu bye yandyagadde okukakasa, era tateekwa kukozesa bigambo bya bujulizi.

Ekiraga Obukakafu

Omuwaabi alaga ensonga ye okusookera ddala, ng'ayita abajulizi n'okwanjula ebiwandiiko, nga byeyolese, era n'obujulizi obulala. Buli mujulizi bwe yeebuuza, omuwawayirizibwa ayinza okusala omusango gwe guba guwabudde. Oluvannyuma omuwaabi ono addamu n'alyoka ayogera obujulizi obuva eri omuwaabi. Obujulizi ku buli mulundi buteekwa okuba nga bukkirizibwa wansi w'amateeka akiwa obujulizi (g., Federal Resmental Relation of Exporance).

Ku nkomerero y'ensonga ya mukungu wa gavumenti, omuwawaabi ayinza okusitukiramu “omusango ng'amateeka” (edda nga gumanyiddwa ng'okusala omusango) nga agamba nti tewaaliwo muntu asalira omusango omutuufu eyabanga aweereddwa olukiiko olukulu olw’eggwanga. Singa yakkirizibwa, omusango gukoma ku musango ogusaliddwa omuwayirizi.

Waagino ebisiba

Oluvannyuma lw'okuwa obujulizi bwonna, buli ludda lwoleka okuwa obujulizi obukomekkereza, nga luwumbawumbawumbako obujulizi era nga lukubiriza abalamuzi okubunoonya nga bwe baagala. Omulamuzi asooka kutwala obujulizi era ayinza okuwakanya ebigambo by'oyo awandiikirwa. Empandiika zikkirizibwa okumatiza, naye ziteekwa okwesigamizibwa ku bujulizi obwa bulijjo.

Obulagirizi n’Okusalawo

Nga bali mu maaso g'abalamuzi, omulamuzi asoma ebigambo “obulagirizi obwa bulimba”" emitindo gy'asala emisango girina okutuukirizibwa ku bukakafu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omulamuzi bw'abalamuzi bw'aba tasoose kutegeera musango, ajja kutegeeza mulimu, okumenya amateeka, okusasuza, n'okusasuza ebirungi. Ebibiina bino bitera okutegeeza ebiragiro era ne biwakanya ebigambo. Oluvannyuma lw'okufuna obulagirizi, abalamuzi bawummula mu nnyinnannyini mu kisenge kyabwe. Balina okusala omusango mu kkooti z'eggwanga (bwetakkiridde nga bakkiridde mu n'ensonga); amawanga mangi gakkiriza okusala emisango eginene proteennyoko (umb. 9, mu b'abalamuzi 12 browner) bwe batakkiriziganya, abalamuzi bateekwa okusalirwa omusango mu ngeri enkyamu, era ensonga eyinza okuzza omusango ne guddamu okugobeekuusa.

Enkola y’ekikolo

Bwe basalawo okusasula omusango, baddayo mu kkooti era omulamuzi asoma ebyo ebyali bisaliddwawo.

Okusalawo n’Okuyingira mu Musango

Ekiragiro bwe kibaako akasaze, ennyuma lw'olukalala lw'ensonga, ennyuma lw'okuziyisa mu fayiro, kitera okuziteeka mu ddirisa erimpita y'olukiiko olufunze (mu lukalala ennaku 28 mu kkooti y'ekitongole).

  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Ekiragiro kino kisalawo okusala omusango nga bwe kiba kigoberera amateeka.[[AK'AMUTANDIKA] – Argues okugamba nti omusango tegulina bukakafu bumala okuva mu mateeka.
  • [[NT] Ekiragiro kino kikozesebwa mu kusalira omusango mupya[[KIT:1] – Argees ezisobya mu kiseera eky'okuwozesebwa (um'omutendera, obujulizi , obukyamu, obukalu, ebisale okuva ku misango emingi oba egitamala) kisobozesa omuntu okuzza omusango mu lukiiko oluppya.
  • [[Act:0] Ekiragiro kino kisala emisango ku lukalala oba ku kulondamu okusala omusango[[[Act:1] – Kino kiyamba mu kutereeza empiso ez'emisango oba ebizuuliddwa mu mateeka.

Singa kkooti egaana okukola ebintu ebyo, kalenda asalawo era omusango guba gukomye.

Engeri Ebintu gye Bikolebwamu

Mu kifo ky'okunoonyereza ku nsonga eyo, kkooti ekebera ebiwandiikiddwa mu kkooti okulaba obanga kkooti ejuliziddwa oba nedda, ekoze ensobi. Omujulirwa agitwala nga “appelle."

Kino kitandika nga bawandiika amabaluwa agajulira mu kiseera ekigereke (era nga 30 mu kkooti za gavumenti.). Enjuba zombi zibaamu obufunze obuli mu buwandiike obulaga lwaki omusango gulina okuweerwa oba okusaddaaka. Okusawo era kuyinza okubaamu okuwakana mu maaso g'akakiiko k'abalamuzi (ekitegeeza basatu mu kkooti ez'okujulira). Omutindo ogw'okwejjukanya gusobola okuddiriŋŋanwa de novo (mupya); ebizuuliddwa bye biddamu ebinoonyezebwa biddibwamu wansi w'omusingi gwa “obwetaatuufu”; okusalawo okw'amagezi kukolebwa mu ngeri ey'okwekenneewa.

Singa kkooti enoonya enzikirizo ezuula ensobi, eyinza okuggyawo ensala y'amateeka, okugisalako, oba okugikyusaamu okusobola okukebera ekiwandikiro. Singa tewabaawo nsobi, ekakasa. Buli lukiiko lusobola okunoonya okwejjukanya okw'enjawulo. Olukiiko olwo lusobola okunoonya ennyinyonnyola eyo mu ngeri endala. Olukiiko olwo okusobola okulaba engeri gye luyinza okunnyonnyolamu ensonga [[FFL:0].U.

Okutuukiriza Omusango

Omuntu bw'aba nga tasasulwa kyeyagalire, awangula alina okubaako ky'akola okugolola abakungu ba gavumenti.

  • [[Act:0] Gail Farnish[[FULT:1] – Kkooti elagira oyo alina obbanja okuggyako omusaala n'aguweereza oyo amuwola.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Levies[[AMERI] – Freeing n'okuggyamu ssente ku akaawunti ya banka.
  • [[Act:0][[Act:1] – Ekiragiro jjuuzi obwa shyiroli ekiba kiteekeddwa ku bintu ebya nnamaddala, n'olwekyo abanja tayinza kutunda bintu ebyo nga tasasulidde musango.

Okukakaatika ebbanja kifugibwa amateeka ga gavumenti, era abo ababanja omusango balina okuzuula ebintu n'obutayingira mu ntambula (ababanja ebintu ebimu). Mu kkooti ya gavumenti, omusango guyinza okuwandiisibwa mu buli disiturikiti ewalina ssente. Amabanja agamu tegakkirizibwa kugwibwa mu nkwe, n'okukomerebwa mu bugenderevu, n'olwekyo, abawaabi b'amateeka bayinza okugakola okumala ekiseera kiwanvu.

fundikira

Olugendo oluva ku kuteerera ebisale okudda ku lukalala olwolekedde okumalirizibwa", era olusooka lulaga enkola enkumu ennyo ekwetaagisa okutegeera obulungi engeri kkooti gye zifugamu, okumanya amateeka agafuga enneyisa zaamu, n'okutegeera amateeka agafuga enneyisa zaazo. Ekigero kyonna, okuva ku kuwandiika okwemulugunya oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu matwale g'amasannya g'eby'amateeka n'okukukuuma, okuwa omukisa. Abayizi n'abasomesa, okuyiga emitendera gino kwetaagisa okutegeera engeri kkooti gye zifugamu obwenkanya. Ekitundu kino bwe kiba kikwata ku ngeri y'obumenyi bw'amateeka, era ne ku nkola y'ensonga ezikolebwa mu nkola y'amateeka.