Okutandika: Omuliro Gukyamizibwa

Njawukana ku mateeka n'okuvaawo kw'amateeka ereetera obunene mu by'obufuzi. Teri n'ensonga ey'amaanyi, naye ereetera ebizibu mu by'enfuna, okutaataaganyizibwa mu bya tekinologiya, enkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi, n'emitindo gy'eby'obufuzi. Empaka zino zireetawo ekibuuzo ekikulu: Gavumenti erina kifo ki mu kutereeza enneeyisa y'obusuubuzi n'ey'abazannyi ba firimu?

Ekibuuzo kino tekirina kikuddamu kijjuvu. Ekiragiro kino kikebera ebifa ku gavumenti ne k'ebitundu ebitegekeddwa mu makolero, ebiseera, n'embeera z'obuwangwa. Ekibuuzo kino kisinziira ku nkola zino entoko nga zombi "obulungi" oba "ekibi" okusobola okwekenneenya ensibuko za byafaayo, n'ebifo ebizingirwamu, n'okusoomooza okunaabaawo mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Abasomesa, abayizi, n'abatuuze abeegoberezza enzijala y'obutuuze, okutegeera oluuyi lw'ensi eno kwetaasobozesa okumanya amaanyi agafuga embeera y'eby'eby'enfuna n'abantu.

Okunokolayo Endowooza

Okusobola okubuukabuukabuukabuukabuukabuukabuukabuuka bw'ebifo bino, omuntu alina okusooka okukola n'enteekateeka ennungi. Eractive Kino kitegeeza enkola y'okufuga oba okuyisa mu ngeri ezikozesebwa ebitongole bya gavumenti. Amateeka gano gayinza okuba ebiragiro ebyayawulibwamu bingi mu [ amateeka ageetaagibwawo obwa n'eby'obukalu, agafuga obukireetera obukkulembezi okuyingiza ebifa ku matale, obutundu, n'okuteekamu ebikolebwako mu mulimu (eg., ebipimo, oba ebiva mu bikozesebwa mu kifo ekya bulijjo).

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo okukendeeza oba okuggyawo obulabirizi mu mulimu ogukolebwa gavumenti. Bitera okukolebwa nga banoonya okuvuganya, okuleetawo ebiruubirirwa ebipya, n'okukendeeza emiwendo gy'abaguzi. Kyokka, okusazaamu amateeka tekutera kuba nga kuggyawo buteeso.

Kino kyongera ku ndowooza ey'okukyusa ekiwandiikibwa . Ebyafaayo biraga nti okusazaamu mu lukalala lwa fayiro kuvaamu enkola empya ng'ebinaavaamu nga eby'okugunjabibwa bifuuka biragibwa. Okusoomooza mu kiseera kino tekusinziira ku ku kusalawo wakati w'obuguso obwa bwereere obw'okuguka n'obw'okufuga mu bujjuvu, naye ku kukola ebizimbe ebiyinza okukolebwa nga bifunye bye by'omanyidde.

Empisa z’Abakazi Zikoma mu Biseera by’Edda

Ekyokulabirako ky’Abamerika kiraga engeri enkyukyuka gy’egobererwamu ng’ebintu eby’amaanyi bizze bibaawo.

Enkyukakyuka Ezibaawo mu Biseera by’Omu Maaso

Enkola esooka ey'amateeka amakulu mu by'enfuna yajjawo ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 19 ne ku ntandikwa y'ekya 20 nga kituukiriza obutuufu bw'enkyukakyuka mu bya makolero. Mu kutandikawo kwa Interstate Commerce Commerce Communic Commission (1887) era ne ku kuyita kwa Sherman Antislant Act (1890) kwagezaako okuzzaawo enkola y'empaka z'eby'obufuzi bwa gavumenti emu n'obukakafu. Omwoyo guno gweyongera mu kukolebwa kw'Eddekko lya Food and Drugracism Administration (FTC).

Mu myaka gya 1930, embeera y'eby'enfuna ey'amaanyi yatandika okugootaana mu ngeri ey'okubiri, nga n'enkola y'enkola y'enkola eya Prezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Demoselt's New Derector. Endowooza eyali enkulu yali nti obutaayimirizibwawo butaka bwa kawumpuli yalemererwa. Mu kiseera kino wabaddewo okutandikawo obutongole obukyusaamu nga Sceturance ne Exchange (SEC) mu masomero ga poliisi, Federal Depositit Information Corporation (FIC) okukuuma bankate, ne National Labor Relation Relation Board (NLB) okukuba obulawunjuzi bw'omulimu. Ebitongole bino byatandikawo eby'eby'eby'eby'obukunguzi n'okusobozesa obulyinjawuuni.

Olufulube lw'okukwataganya ebizimbe (1960s-1970s)

Kuno kwalabikawo olukunkumuli olw'okusatu mu myaka gya 1960 ne 1970, nga essira terissa ku ntegeka ya bya nfuna naye ku ebyo ebinaavaamu. Gavumenti yateekawo ebibiina eby'amaanyi nga Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSA), ne Consumer Product Safety Commission (CSCC). Mu kiseera kino gavumenti yeeyongera okuteekawo enteekateeka y'amaanyi mu kutuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa bw'okuddukanya eby'ebkubo n'eby'ebitundu bya yunivirira.

Kyokka, ebya 1970 we byatuukira, abawakanyi baagamba nti okussaawo amateeka amangi kyali kiremesa ebiteeso ebiteeberezebwa, okuzitoowereza bizineesi era n'okukendeeza ku nkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna.

.C.E. n'ekitundu kya 'Cregitation'.

Ekiragiro eky'okuvaako obuwangwa kyava ku Prezidenti Jimmy Carter era ne kyeyongera nnyo wansi wa Pulezidenti Ronald Reagan. Ekiseera kino kyayoleka okukkiriza okw'amaanyi mu ngeri y'okugoberera obutale bw'ebitale. Ekiragiro ekikulu ekya Bpartisstan kyaviirako okuwerebwa kw'amakolero g'eby'ennyonyi nga mw'otwalidde n'ennyonyi nga mwe muli ebika bya kabugwe (1980), eggaali z'omukka (1980), n'obugunjufu (1996). Mu kitongole kya bya bya bya mampuliziko, empaka y'eby'eby'enfuna ebya Glasss-Staall Act mu 1999 byakomya enkaluuni z'eby'obusuubuzi n'eby'obusuubuzi.

Mu kiseera kino wabaddewo okukulaakulana okulala mu by'entambula, naddala empalana we zaaviirako okugula ebintu ebitono ennyo.

Okukyuka kw'ebiriwo nga ate nga wayiseewo emyaka nga 2008 ate nga n'ekiseera kyaffe kikyagenda

Mu 2008, wabaddewo akabenje mu by'enfuna mu nsi yonna akaagootaanya k'eby'enfuna mu nsi yonna. Ekyo kyaviirako essomero lya disitulikiti okugattika gavumenti, naddala erya Dedd-Frank Wall Street Reformation ne Consumer Protection Act mu Amerika era n'erya Basel III mu nsi ezitali zimu.

Leero, ekitongole Big Tech kyeyongera okubaamu enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde, era n'ebiva mu magezi agakimu, byeyongera okuleetawo okukaayana. Abamadirida b'ekitongole kya kaboni, beesanga nga basoomoozebwa ku ngeri gye batatuuka ku bintu ebyakakozesebwa edda, gamba ng'amakompuni ageetebwawo ku bantu bokka, n'okussa mu nkola enkola eya carbon.

Obusosoze Obukulu mu Bibiina by’Empisa

Enjawukana eyo eba ya maanyi nnyo bwe kituuka ku bintu ebimu mu by’enfuna.

Eby’Eby’Obugagga

Eddaala lya byanfuna kye kimu ku biragiro ebya bulijjo ebyakolebwanga mu mitendera egikwata ku by'enkola. Ebiragiro bya New Deal-era, nga Glass-Stuall[, byasobozesa obutebenkevu mu myaka mingi. Eby'enkola ebyakolebwa mu 1990 byakkirizibwa okukolebwawo eby'amaanyi , ebikwatagana n'eby'eby'ensimbi. Obutaba na bukwasiro ku b'ewandikidde ku b''ewandikidde n'okuwoofissi ebyabyookereza ebyayongereza ebireesebwa mu 2008.

Eky'okuddamu kyaleetera banka nnyingi okukebera ennyo ebizingirwa mu by'enkalo ne kiba nti okukkakkanya ku by'okweraliikirira bye zaggibwa mu dodd-Franks, naye abawagizi baakizuula nti amateeka ago gasobola okuviirako akabi akalala.

Empisa y'Enviro

Amateeka agakwata ku mbeera z'eby'obudde gakiikirira enkola eya gavumenti okukomyawo enkola mu kaweefube okugootaanya obukyasifu: okwonoonebwa kw'obutonde. Act ey'Empewo ey'obwengula[ era n'Akakwa k'amazzi okuyonjo kirongoosezza ennyo obulamu bw'abantu okuva mu myaka gya 1970, nga kiraga amaanyi g'emitindo gy'ensi.

Enkaayana eziriwo mu kiseera kino zenyigidde nnyo ku nkyukakyuka y'obudde. Abo abawagira enkola ezikwata ku kukyusa empewo n'empewo, bawagira enkola ezikugira okufulumya omukka ogwa carbon, okugaanya amasannyalaze aganene mu nsi. Abaziyiza bawaayiriza nti amateeka ng'ago galeetera eby'enfuna okusaasaanya eby'enfuna okunene, okulemesa okukolebwa kw'amaanyi ga bya tekinologiya, so si gavumenti okuba nga bwe ziragira, gawa abafuzi enkola ey'okukyusa enzijivu mu ngeri y'enkola y'enkola.

Obujjanjabi

Obujjanjabi mu Amerika buleetera amagye okuleetawo obutategeeragana obw'amaanyi. FDA esobozesa amalagala n'eby'okukola obulungi. Affordal Care Act (ACA) yazzawo ekitongole kya insuwalensi, ensawo, n'eby'okwerinda ku mbeera eziba zaakabaawo.

Obukyayi obuliwo busibuka ku kwegomba okubunyisibwa mu nsi yonna, okugula ssente ze weetaaga era n'obwetaavu obw'okufuga ebbeeyi n'ebintu ebirala ebikolebwa ku sistemu. Abawagira okugattirawo enkola ezigobererwa mu by'amaduuka, gamba nga insuwalensi etunda ebitundu by'eggwanga ebisaasaanyizibwawo n'okugaziwa kw'ebiwandiiko by'eby'obulamu, nga bagamba nti okuvuganya ku by'ebbeeyi y'amateeka kijja kukendeeza ku ssente eziba zigenda zikendeetaagibwa ku nteeyi y'ebbeetaafu y'obukulembeze bwa bannaawulizi n'okugaziwaza programu za insuwa, gamba nga Medicarecure, oba okuteeka mu ku by'ebyuma ebitongole ebisala enzibwa obukola ku by'amasawo.

Ebyuma n'Oludda lw'Eby'obuzimbe

Enkola eno ereeseewo obunene bw'eby'enfuna ku Internet, naye kati ereeseewo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi. Enkola eya "Kroup - count" mu biseera ebyasooka yasobozesa obuwagguufu nga Google, Meta ne Amazon okukula nga kinnewagirwa. Kyokka, obuswavu obuzze buzingiramu eby'amakonko, eby'obulimba n'amaanyi g'eby'amaguzi okugookerera.

The European Union’s General Data Protection Regculation (GDPR) kye kiwagidde omulimu gwa data mu nsi yonna. Mu Amerika, abawi ba mateeka baleetawo enkyukakyuka ezikontana n'okukkirizisaamu enkola za bannakyewa eza nnannyini ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya era n'amateeka agafuga engeri y'okuteeka mu nkola ebizingirwamu mu nkola enzivuunvu z'empandika za kompyuta. Ekizibuwalidde ekijja okubaawo mu biseera eby'omu maaso kwe kukuuma abaguzi n'okuvuganya awatali kulemesa ebiva mu by'enkola y'enkola y'enkola eno.

Ensonga Lwaki Omuntu Alina Okukyusa Endowooza Ye

Abawagizi ba mateeka ag'amaanyi bagamba nti gavumenti bw'esobola okugolola ebimenyese mu byamaguzi, nga tewabaddewo mateeka. Bamabizineesi tebayinza kusinziira ku ebyo bye baba batadde ku bantu, gamba ng'okwonoonebwa kw'obutonde oba okugootaanya enkola za sistemu. Era, abo abatunda ebintu bye bamanyi bingi nnyo ku bintu (nga bwe kiri eky'obukuumi oba eky'ensimbi) okusinga abaguzi.

Ng'oggyeko enkola y'eby'enfuna, amateeka agafuga embeera z'eby'enfuna gayamba abantu obutakosebwa, era gakuuma abantu obutakozesa bubi mirimu gyabwe, era gakakasa n'obutebenkevu mu mirimu gy'abaguzi, era ganyweza eddembe ly'abantu.

Omusango Oguviirako Okugaana Obukulembeze

Abo abawagira okuguwawa bagamba nti gavumenti tetera kukola bulungi, era nti egula ssente nnyingi, era nti ewanguyirwa nnyo amakolero gennyini okufuga. Basonga ku buyinza [, obuwagizi gye businga okubeera obw'amaanyi okuteekawo amateeka okusobola okuleetawo enyinza ezikomyawo okuvuganya n'okukuuma amagoba gaabwe.

Ate era, okugattika oba okugunjawo obutereevu kiyinza okuba omugugu gwa maanyi naddala eri bizineesi entono era ezikolebwa mu ngeri entonotono. Abagamba nti okugula ebintu nga bagoberera enkola ya bannabizineesi nga bagoberera obulagirizi obubaweereddwa, kireetawo amaanyi mangi n'obukugu okusinga ekintu ekirala kyonna ekitegekeddwa mu ngeri y'okukulisaamu ssente.

Obubonero mu Kunoonyereza ku Chapa

Bwe twekenneenya ebintu ebyaliwo, kituyamba okumanya ebinaabaawo mu biseera eby’omu maaso.

Ekitongole Ekikola ku by'Ennyonyi Ekyawerebwa mu 1978

Kino kitera okutwalibwa ng'obuwanguzi obuva mu kugoba empewo. Nga 1978, akakiiko ka Civil Aeronautics kalina empalana n'ebbeeyi zaawula emiwendo gya waggulu n'ebiro ebitonotono. Act yaggyamu ebipimo bino, ne kisobozesa ennyonyi okuvuganya awatali kusasula wadde okukozesebwa. Ekyavaamu kyaba kyeyongera nnyo mu bungi bw'emitemereentu (ka 40% bwe kyagobererwa mu kukendeeza kw'ebbeeyi y'enteko) era n'okumanyira okusobozesa abantu aba bulijjo mu Amereka okutambulanga.

Kyokka, si kizibu okusikirizibwa. Okuvuganya okw'amaanyi kwaviirako okugobererwa, ng'abantu bangi babadde bagula ebintu oba nga bagula ebintu. Kino kivuddemu okugula eby'amaguzi ebingi ennyo leero, nga leero ennyonyi ntono ze zisinga okubaamu ebitiibwa, ekiviiriddeko okweraliikirira okukendeeza ku mpaka, okusasula ssente ezisaasaanyizibwawo, n'okukendeeza ku ngeri z'emirimu gy'amakubo.

Obulwadde n’Ebizibu by’Eby’Eby’Eby’Obugagga 2008

Singa okugoba obubanguko bw'ennyonyi kuvaamu ebibala, okuvaawo kw'eby'ensimbi okwakolebwa mu masekkati g'emyaka gya 1990 ne 2000 kufuga lugero olukwata ku nsonga. Ekiwandiiko eky'okugobererwa kw'ennyonyi kitwaliramu n'ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga Commodaty Fumeters Modernation Act ekya 2000, ekyasalawo obutereevu eby'envanzi okuva ku bulaguzi obwava ku bukulembeze, ne kireetawo enteekateeka y'eby'eby'ensi eyabanga eguddewo mu n'ebbula bw'ennono ate nga n'esoosooso.

Ebbeeyi y'embalirira y'amayumba bwe yasaasaana, obuteeyambibwa mu kukendeeza ku byuma ebizingirwa mu nsawo ez'enjawulo ez'ebbanja eryazigo, yaviirako enteekateeka zonna ez'eby'ensimbi okufiirwa ssente. Ebbeeyi y'okusasula obuwumbi n'okuddirira kw'eby'enfuna byenkanankanankanankanankana obuwumbi bwa doola.

Engeri Emibiri Gyali Gyali Guyimu n’Okukolera Awamu Emikisa

Okuyimirizawo kwa pulatifoomu nga Uber, Lyft, ne Groukedsh kwatandikawo ekifo eky'olutalo mu kiseera kino. Kampuni zino zataataaganya nnyo ebitongole bya takisi n'eby'entambula, ne ziwa abavuzi emirimu egiteefu ate nga n'ebbeeyi ntono. Zagamba nti abavuzi baazo bazimba ebizimbe ebyabwe ku bwabwe so si abakozi, era nti tebasasulwa ssente ezibatwalako, ze bamalako nga baweddeko emirimu, era ne yinsuwalensi y'abakozi.

Enteekateeka eno ereeseewo entalo ez'amaanyi mu by'amateeka ne mu by'obufuzi. Eggwanga nga California lyayisa amateeka (AB5) nga ligendererwa okutegeeza abakozi b'omu kompanyi nga bakozi, kyokka okulonda abavvunsi ne bakkirizibwa ekipimo eky'ekipimo eky'ekipimo eky'ekipimo (Procementation 22) okusaliriza abavuzi b'ebidduka ku app. Empakago zireetawo okusoomooza okutali kumu okw'amaanyi. Ekiragiro kino kikwata ku microscoscom: engeri y'okugoberera amateeka g'abakositunzi ageddwa mu by'enfuna ne ku kifo ekituuka ku 21 ekitimbe eky'omumaseebuzi ekya waggulu. Ebivaamu bijja kuba bya maanyi nnyo eriwo mu biseera eby'omu maaso eby'omulimu n'obukkulembe obunene.

Okusalawo eby’Omu Maaso: Obufuzi Obutuukagana n’Endowooza Embi

Enkaayana ez'edda wakati w'etteeka n'okutegeka terikkiriza kuteekebwawo zigenda ziggwawo. Okusoomooza okw'amaanyi okuliwo mu kyasa ekya 21,(kuva ku magezi agava ku nkola y'obudde n'ey'obukkusifu n'okufuga olunyiriri((demandemansi) olupya. Ekiruubirirwa tekisaanidde kuba kubeera kufuna gavumenti ezisingako obunene, naye okuzimba obukulembeze obwa obutuufu, obwa bulijjo, era obwa bulijjo.

Kino kizingiramu emisingi mingi egikwatagana n'okussaawo empandika enkulu. Okusooka, okukola enkalala ezikwatagana n'empandika ezeesigamiziddwa ku nkola za puloguramu kirina okussibwawo mu kifo kyazo. Okunoonyereza ku nkola ezikolebwa ku ndowooza za fayiro, era n'emiganyulo egiva mu mateeka amapya. Ekyokubiri, amateeka gateekwa okukolebwa okuba nga gaaw'okuba, nga wategekebwawo ensengeka y'enjuba n'engeri ey'okugiddamu okugobereza, ebikolerwamu ne tekinologiya ekya kkopi ez'okugibwa.

Ekyokusatu, [[NKUMENTI]] esobozesa enzivvuunuzi empya okuziyisa mu nviromenti nga zigoberera amateeka agaawulamu, okuwa abafuga ekifo okuyiga nga tebannateekawo sistemu ez'enkola ez'entegeke. Eky'okusatu, okukolagana okwetaaga okuva ku nsi yonna okusobola okugonjoola ebizibu ebitonoona ensalo, gamba nga 'data' oba okukoma kw'omusolo.

fundikira

Ekibuuzo eky'engeri y'okufugamu ebizimbe tekiyinza kumalirizibwa omulundi gumu. Eno y'engeri ey'okuvumbula, okutuuka ku nkola n'okukaayana. Enkola y'okufuga ereme okukolebwa ku bizibu ebippya. Ekiruubirirwa eky'okufuga obulungi kwe kukakasa nti ennyinyinyinyingi eno teyinza kufuuka ya kabi.

Ekiragiro kino si kikola ekigonjooosa. Buli emu esobola okubeera eky'amaanyi era n'obukugu bw'oyo akola enkola eyo bw'omanya ddi n'engeri y'okugigoberera. Bwe twekenneenya ebyafaayo ebituufu, nga twenyigira mu ngeri enjereere, era nga tweyongera okuyiga, tusobola okukola enkola eya waggulu ennyo era ey'amaanyi, era nga tukuuma abantu. Omuntu omumanyi obulungi, asobola okwenyigira mu nsonga zino ezitegeerekeka obulungi, era nga y'asinga okuba n'obusobozi mu nkola eno.