Mu mwaka gwa 1868, oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olwaliwo mu ggwanga lya Bannamerika, kyakolebwa okukakasa obusika bwa Bafirika abaali baakateebwa, naye nga bigambo byayo nga [1] Okukuuma n'Okuteekawo enkola ya Century Process (okusingira ddala Claus ne Process Century Claus) bye byakozesebwa okusobola okufuna eddembe erya bulijjo, okuva ku ssomero okutuuka ku kwenkanankana. Okutegeera nti kino tekirina buteegeeze mu byafaayo; kikulu nnyo okutegeera engeri eggwanga gye lyeyongeramu okutegeera amakulu g'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola engeri y'okussaawo kw'amateeka, enteekateeka z'eby'ebyuma by'abantu, okutegeeza, n'enkuŋŋambo, n'okugonjoola n'entalo ezibaawo mu bungi bw'obugazi.

Ebyafaayo: Ensonga Lwaki kyali Kyetaagisa Okuwummuzibwa okw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri

Okuggibwawo kw'obuddu mu 1865 kwalaga nti obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu abaali abaddu tebaali mu mateeka.Ebukiikaddyo bwateekawo “Etteeka eribabulako envumbo” eryakugiranga nnyo eddembe ly'aba Afirika, ne litandikawo enkola empya ey'okufuga. Mu kiseera kye kimu, Kkaadi y'Obwetwaze bw'Obufuzi bwa Civil Rights egezesa okusigaza obutuuze n'obukuumi obw'engeri y'enjawulo, naye nga teri bweyagalimu. Congress, ekyali kikulemberwa gavumenti ya Perrique, kyakitegeera nti amateeka agafuga mu Amerika gaali geetaagisa okuko obukuumi era n'okuggyawo amateeka agaago.

N'olwekyo, Amereka ak'okubiri yakolebwanga okusobola okukuuma abo abaali abaddu era n'okulongoosa obutuuze bwa Amereka. Nga bategeeza nti abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaatondebwa mu Amerika, batuuze mu ggwanga lyonna era ne mu ggwanga mwe babeera, enkyukakyuka yagonjoolera omulimu ogw'amaanyi Dred Scott v. Sandford kye yasala nga (187) ekirowooze ekyagaana obutuuze bwa Amerika.

Ebisinga Obulungi mu Kukyusa Ebiri mu Kkomera Erya 14

Mu Amereka ak'ekkumi n'ena mulimu ebitundu bitaano, naye emitwe esatu egyaliwo ku kyerezo n'eddembe ly'abantu.

OBUtuuze bwa Claus

Ekitundu 1 kitandika nga kigamba: “Abantu bonna abazaalibwa mu Amerika oba ababeera mu nsi eza bulijjo, be batuuze b'omu Amereka ne mu ggwanga mwe babeera." Etteeka lino lyakyusa omusingi ogugamba nti obutuuze mu ggwanga lya Isiraeri tebwalina kutandika na ggwanga lya ggwanga. Lyateekawo obusika, ekitegeeza nti buli mwana eyazaalibwa mu nsi y'Amerika (mu nnukuta ntono ennyo, ng'abaana b'ab'ab'amawanga) afuuka mu U.S. Akakiiko kano kafuuse ekifo eky'enkaago mu mpaka ez'obutuuze mu nsi eno, naddala ku bikwata ku baana abazaalibwa nga tebaa bannamu munnaabwe.

Engeri Claus gy’Addukanyaamu Ebifa ku Kintu

Olubalagaano luno lugaana ekigambo ekiva ku “w'obulamu, eddembe, oba ekintu kyonna, nga tewali nkola ya kugoberera mateeka.” Mu kusooka, kiwanyisiddwa okukikwata ku bwenkanya (nga ku ddembe ery'okugezesa obulungi), kkooti esinga obukulu oluvannyuma yateekawo enjigiriza ey'ekiteeso [[[FLT:]] ennukuta eteekwa okubaamu enkola ey'okwerinda mu by'omubiri. Enjigiriza eno eteekamu eddembe erimu nga lino erya ddyo okuwasa, eddembe ery'okukozesa obusobozi obw'okuziyiza okuzaala oba ery'okuzaala oba ery'okuzaala. [2] Ek'okukwata ku nsonga z'okuzaalamu eyinza obutakwata oba obutakwata oba obutakola ebikolebwako. [2] Ebiragiro by'okukwata ebikolebwa mu ngeri y'emu n'okufumbiriganwa.[5][5][FFFF][7][7][7] era ne "3][2][2][2]

Ekintu Ekiraga nti Claus Akuumibwa

Oboolyawo ebigambo ebimanyiddwa ennyo mu kwenkanankana biragira: “Tewali gavumenti... ejja kugaana omuntu yenna mu buyinza bwayo okukuuma amateeka mu ngeri y'emu.” Ekiragiro kino kiwaliriza gavumenti okuyisa abantu bonna mu mbeera ze zimu. Kyokka, kkooti esinga obukulu emanyi nti tekiri nti buli kika kya gavumenti kikontana. Mu kifo ky'ekyo, Kkooti egoberera emitindo gy'ekitongole egyako. Amateeka ag'ebika bya njawulo gagobererwa [[FLT]], nga gyegasse, amakulu gaakyo galina okutegeeza nti, tekirina kukolera ku gavumenti era nti tezirina kukolebwako. Amalagimu gaayo geesokeko okusobola okwekereza okw'enjawulo.[FONFF:]

Enjigiriza Egikwata ku Kugatta: Engeri Omutemwa gw’Etteeka ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennamu gye Gwagazibwamu Eddembe ly’Obwannakyewa

Ekimu ku bisinga obukulu, naye nga kitera okubuusibwa amaaso, omulimu gwa [[FL:0] kwe kukyawulamu okwa Bill of Rights eri erroose. Mu kusooka, Bill of Rights yakwata ku gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka. [FLT:] Gavumenti ziyinza okukugira ebigambo, okutandikawo eddiini, oba okugaana okuwozesebwa kw'abalamuzi nga tebamenyezza K'Amateeka. Enkola ya Clausce of DJT Desimentmentation yak'enkyukakyuka eyo. Oluvannyuma lw'ensonga eziddiringi obutundu obuddiringi ezaasaa mu 1920s, (g. g.[FLT.]GUM] v., 1925, Kkooti ey'omutaafuga teyementi yakkiriza okukosebwa “ekukuumibwa ne Cesaawo Cesaawosbookeas, ekiba eky'okukukuuma enka za gavumenti, ebibakwata ku nsonga enkulu. [2]

Ekyasa ekya 25 we kyatuukira, kumpi byonna ebireetebwawo amateeka aga ddembe byagattibwa ($Eddembe ly'okwogera, okukuba empapula z'amawulire, okukuba z'ebitongole, eddiini, okukuŋŋaana, obwannannyini obw'okusitula emikono McDonald v. Chicago[[[FLL:1]]]]), era n'obusobozi bw'okubuuliriragana. Kino kyagaziya nnyo okutuuka ku bukuumi bw'ensikati, nga kikakasa nti eddembe ly'omutuuze teryawukana okusinziira ku ggwanga ki. Enjigiriza ekkirizibwa okuba mu ggwanga esigala nga y'emu ku bukuumi bw'enkola ya bantu ab'omulembe obweruuni.

Ebikwata ku Ddembe ly’Obwannannyini: Ensonga Ezisingayo Obulungi Ezeeyolekera mu Kkooti

Ebirala ebiyitibwa Actal Protections ne Creat Claus bye bimu ku misango egyaviirako kkooti enkulu mu Amerika okuwozesebwa.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ekiragiro kino kyasalawo nti enjawukana mu langi mu masomero ga gavumenti yamenya enjigiriza “yawulubwamu ate yenkana” okuva ku Pnety v. Ferguson (1996), Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren yawandiika nti:“ Enzigi z'enjigiriza teri nnongoomye.” BrowN[FLT] teyakoma mu matumu, naye yateekawo omusingi gwa mateeka mu mateeka okusobozesa eddembe lya bannaazo okuleetawo eddembe lya mu 1964. Omusango gusigala nga gwa maanyi nnyo ekyokulabirako kya Kko awramyanti eya DGGGUMENTerry'okugoba ebiva mu ggwanga okufulumya obuva mu ggwanga.

Long v. Virginia (1967)

Etteeka lya Virginia erigaana obufumbo obw'ekika ekimu okukkirizibwa lyamenyebwa ng'obusosoze obw'ebika eby'enjawulo era nga likontana n'ebyo ebiri mu mulembe oguyitibwa Active Proces and Bit Processol Claus. Kkooti yagamba nti obufumbo busaanidde okuba obwa tteeka era nti okulonda abantu ab'amawanga ag'enjawulo mu mateeka ag'obufumbo kuba kusosola. Okugoba obufumbo [ kutera okulagibwa mu misango egy'okulingana obugoleenkana wakati w'obufumbo era ne kyakulabirako engeri eyinza okuteekawo Amereka amateeka agafuga obugo.

Wade (1973)

Nga bakozesa enkola ey'ekikwate ekiba kyetaagisa, kkooti yakkiriza nti omukazi alina obuyinza okusalawo okuggyamu olubuto olw'ekika ekimu ku ddembe erikugirwa oluweredde. Wadde nga oluvannyuma lwagonjooleddwa Parents v. Casey[[FLT]] era oluvannyuma yatongoza ekifo mu era n'ensonga mu] t [[FLT:]]. okusalawo kw'abakyala Jackson’Obujalaze kwa bali mu ['ekyamakulu] era ne kuteekako essira ku ku bukuumi ne ku mubiri. K'akwogeranyirikiti ku ku ku kulwanirira okuzaala oba okuyinza okuba nga kuyinza okukozesebwa mu n'ensonga ezikwata ku ku ku Kkolerwawookaa Claus.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu kusalawo okutali kumu, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti, okusobola okuyisa mu ngeri eyo, kiba kyetaagisa okuyisawo etteeka nga lirina okukkirizibwa mu mawanga amalala era n'okuwa abagenda okufumbiriganwa layisensi y'obukaba. Buli mukolo guno: Act Procession Claus (okukuuma eddembe ly'okufumbiriganwa) ne Ekirabo eky'okukuuma eddembe erisookerwako okusobola okukuba oba okufumbiriganwa nga kyesigamye ku ndowooza y'okwetaba) biwagidde oluko. Obergefell bukakafu obulaga engeri olulimi gye luyinza okukozesebwa mu kutegeera okw'empaka okw'enjawulo. Okusobola okwegatta ensonga, laba nga osinziira ku

Ebizibu n’Obukulembeze mu Kugoberera Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri

Wadde nga kyogerwako, Ekiwandiiko ekyo eky’Ekkumi n’ena kikyawakanyizibwa.

Ekikolwa eky’Okukakasa

Wadde nga ekitongole ekikuba obusosoze mu langi tekigaana enkola ey'okumalawo obusosoze mu langi okukkirizibwa. Regents of University of California v. Bakke [1788], Kkooti yagamba nti obusosoze mu langi tebulina kika kya langi naye nti enkalo z'enjereere ziyinza okuba emu ku nsonga ezisinziirwako mu kukkaanya. Okuva olwo, Kkooti eyo enywesezza emitindo, era n'eba ng'eba ng'etawagira ddala emitindo gya digiti obusosola mu Fairctionssss v [FFLT]] 23], era nga mu ngeri eyo esobola okukomya enkaluza essira ennyo obuyigirize obwa waggulu. Abasekererezi ab'enjjuluzi bawakanya enzirowoosoosaamu; bagaana okusosola n'okusosola mu langi.

Okukkiriza Eddembe

Ekipande eky'okukyusa ekisuubizo kya Lounce tekibadde nga kiragiddwa bulungi mu kasanduuko akalaga engeri y'okwekuumamu ebikolerwako. Ekitundu 2 ku kaadi eya 14th Amendment kyatwaliramu ekibonerezo ekyassibwa mu gavumenti ezaali zigaanye okuvvumula abatuuze abasajja naye kino kyabuusibwa nnyo okutuusa ku kusalawo kw'Eddembe ly'Eddembe ly'Oobuntu nga 1965. Leero, enkakaanya eziva ku mateeka agabateerebwa nnamba, n'okugoba kwa colony espective. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza amateeka ng'ago singa tegakkirizibwa butereevu kutuukiriza butereevu lukalala olwo, naye ebizibu byeyongera wansi w'obukwakuliriza obwa Classial Clauslee. Ekitebe kya Kko kya Kkopurisawo [FFF.]]

Obutuuze Obwandizadde

Omuntu okubeera Omuntu kitonde ky'abadde abaddeko alumbibwa abo abagamba nti abaana ab'abatuuze abatali bawagizi tebasaanidde kufuna butuuze mu Amereka. Kyokka, ebigambo ebya andex . "Abantu bonna abazaalibwa nga bafugibwa obwa bulijjo”] batwalibwa okuzingiramu kumpi buli muntu eyazaalibwa mu Amerika, ka kibe nti bazadde benkana wa mu ggwanga oba baani abakkirizibwa okubeera mu ggwanga eryo. Buli kika ekigezo ekiyinza okukyusiza ku mateeka oba enkola y'obuyinza bwa Amerekawo, kijja kuyolekagana n'okusoomooza kw'amateeka, nga kkooti enkulu tegoberera butereevu musingi ogwateekebwawo mu [[FLD:0].[FLD][FLD][18]

Abantu kinnoomu

Wadde OSEET yaleetera okulingana mu bufumbo, ebifo ebirala ne bitabeerako. Kkooti tesalawo ki kusengeka bulungi obuvunaanyizibwa obuzingirwa mu kwegatta oba mu kwegatta. Bostockvvvv. Clayton County[[FLGGE:3]][20] Yavvuunula omutwe VII ow'Eddecustom Ekiwandiiko ekya Civil Rights Act okusiimuula ekisosokereza ku ndowooza ey'okwegatta oba akakwako mu mirimu gyo, naye Kkootikko yagaana okulonda obanga ekikukiikiribwa kya Clausceece kiwandibwe ku bukuumi bwe bumu. Amateeka ga gavumenti gategeka abaddukirizi b'ebitebe b'ebitebe eby'essa, n'okuk'okukkulira mu nsonga z'obujja. Okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'obutundutundu, laba [FFNK:]

Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’ena mu Ntalo z’Omu Mateeka ez’Omu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso

Leero, ekitongole ekya 14 eky'ebiruubirirwa eby'okusiimula ekiwandiikiddwa kiwa abaami obulagirizi obwa waggulu. Bino bitwaliramu okuwera okuggyamu enzigi ez'ekika kya . [bamu ku abo abakikoleramu bagamba nti, okuwerebwa kwa Claus kukuuma okuggyamu embuto kubanga okukugira okw'abakazi okusosolagana ku langi kukolebwa mu ttendekero (kwasaliddwawo dda] obugero olwa Fairc Adgictss[]), era n'ensonga ezikwata ku ddembe okubaamu abaana abasoma ebinaabino.

Ate era ekitundu ekirala ekigenda mu maaso kwe kukozesa emikutu 14 egy'oku Amereka okukugira abantu obutakwata nnyo bintu ebikolebwa ku mikutu gya ssimu. Abamu bagamba nti “emboozi z'abantu” ezitandikibwawo ku mikutu gy'empuliziganya ziteekwa okussa ekitiibwa mu ddembe ly'abakozesa, ng'ate abalala bagamba nti obutuuti bwa bannabyamagero tebwegattiddwa ku miteeko gya ku mataba. Kkooti enkulu etunuulira amateeka agafuga ebisengekeko ebizingirwamu okuggyamu endowooza.

Okugatta ku ekyo, ekiwandiikizo ekiva mu kifo ekikomako, ekiva mu buyinza omuntu yenna eyeenyigira mu bujeemu oluvannyuma lw'okulayira okuwagira amateeka, yassibwako omwoyo mu kifo ekirala oluvannyuma lwa bakungu ba gavumenti 6, 2021 okuva mu ttuluba lya Amereka. Kkooti ezimu n'abakungu abamu ba gavumenti baanoonya obanga eyaliko omukulembeze Donald Trump tebakkirizibwa kutwala kifo kya mu maaso wansi wa kakiiko kano, era nga kino kireetawo ebibuuzo ebiyinza okugonjoolwako kkooti esinga obukulu. Ekiragiro kino, nga kyamala dda nnyo nga tekinnakolebwa, kiraga nti omulimu gwa kootikkulu y'enkola eno gyeyongera.

Empeera: Ebyaweebwa Abawanguzi ku Mirimu Ekkumi n’Emirundi Ekkumi n’Emina

Ekitongole eky'amateeka ekikozesa abalamuzi, abawi b'amateeka n'abatuuze ab'enkola ey'enjawulo okugaziya ensalo z'eddembe n'okwenkanankana okumala emyaka 150. Okuva ku kukakasa obutuuze eri abo abaali abaddu, okukuba obuwangwa, okutongoza obufumbo obw'omu nnukuta, okuvvuunula enzivuunula zabwo ez'enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka. Kyokka, okumalirizibwa kw'amateeka era n'okumalirizibwa mu ngeri enzivumula, era n'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'ensonga ez'ensonga, era n'enkifo omutuufu ey'obuddu mu mateeka ga baddu. Ebizibu ebippya bwe bijjawo, okukkirizibwa okumanyibwa mu n'okumanyibwa kwa ddimu, okulonda okumanyibwa okumanyibwa mu ngeri y'okumanyisaamu ebintu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Era, ereeteenjigiriza ey'enkola y'enkola y'eggwanga mu byafaayo by'enkola mu byafaayo by'ebyo ebikolebwa mu n'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'obukkukola y'obukkukola y'

[[NKULULA] Okusobola okwongera okusoma, kooola [[NKULULA] '[:1] Ekiwandiiko eky'ebiwandiiko by'ebiwandiiko eby'edda oba ekigo ekifuga enviromenti'empandika eya 14 n'ekya Ekitongole ekikola ku by'amateeka [[FLT'eggwanga].