Eddembe ly'obwetaavu obw'enkola ekkirizibwa y'enkola y'amateeka ga Amerika, nga kikakasa enkola y'okuyisa mu nkola y'amateeka. Enshrin yawagibwa mu nteekateeka y'amateeka ey'okutaano n'ey'ekkumi n'enaana mu kasanvunuzi w'amateeka ga United States, obusika buno bukakasa nti abantu tebafiirwa bulamu, eddembe, oba bintu nga tebalina nkola bigendera ku mateeka. Abasomesa n'abayizi, okutegeera enkola ekyetaagisa kubanga bakola ekkomo eriko obukuumi mu mateeka mu bikolwa ebikolebwa, ensala y'emirimu egikoleddwa, era n'okukolagana n'amakanisa ga gavumenti. Ekitundu kino kyongera engeri zaagyo enkulu nga zigobeegobeegobereddwawo mu nkola ez'eby'eby'enjigiriza, ezikubirizibwa n'enkola z'ebigobereberye mu kkooti enkulu.

Kiki Ekiba Kituukirawo?

Enkola ekkirizibwa mu mateeka ekwetaagisa etteeka okussa ekitiibwa mu ddembe ly'omu mateeka omuntu ly'abanja. Egamba nti kiyamba mu kuziyiza gavumenti okweggyako obulamu, eddembe oba ebintu. Endowooza eyo eyoleka emirandira egy'edda naye ekwataganyizibwa mu Magna Carta (1215) ate oluvannyuma ekkirizibwa mu mateeka g'omu Amerika. Leero, enkola egwanira egabanyizibwamu mu bitundu bibiri ebikulu: okuwandiika oba okubuyingiza mu mpalo. Buli kitundu kiwandikiro kiwandikibwa nga kiwandikidwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo ez'obwenkanya n'okukuuma eddembe.

Ebigambo “omutendera ogw'okugoberera amateeka” bisangibwa mu Mendereze ey'okutaano (ekkirizibwa gavumenti) era ne ku Kkooti ey'oku ntikko (ewa 14 mu mateeka).

Tekisobose omulimu ogubindabinda

Enteekateeka ezigobererwa z'enkola z'enkola z'omu mateeka oba ez'eby'obufuzi.K'kakkaatiriza nti abantu baweebwa amalambe n'akakisa ak'okuwulirwa nga gavumenti tennabaako ky'ekola ekiyinza okukomya eddembe lyabwe. Enkola eno ekozesebwa mu kugezesebwa kw'abamenyi b'amateeka, okulumizibwa kw'eby'obuyinza, n'okubonerezebwa mu masomero oba ku mirimu.

Omulimu ogw'okutegeka ebikolebwako guzingiramu:

  • Tteeka ku bibalagiro:[[Act:1] Abantu kinnoomu balina okutegeezebwa ku misango oba ebikolwa bye baba bavunaanibwa mu kiseera kyayo.
  • [[Act:0] Enkola ey'okuwuliriza erina okuwulirwa:[[Act:1] Okuwuliriza okw'omu bwenkanya kuteekwa okukolebwako, ne kisobozesa omuntu okuwaayo endowooza ye ku nsonga eziba zikkiriziddwa.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA]] Ekiragiro kino kisalawo nga tekirina ka '[[KITABO:1] Ekiragiro omuntu oba omubiri okusalawo ekinaavaamu tekirina ludda lwokka lwe kisalawo era tegulina kubaako ludda lwokka lwe kisalawo.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Enkola y'emu n'eyo ey'omu mateeka:[[AK'AWULA] Emirundi mingi, abantu balina obwannannyini obukiikirirwa omukungu.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Obujulizi obwa ddyo obusobola okuwa obujulizi oba okuwa obujulizi obw'omusaalaba: Omuntu asobola okuwa obujulizi obuwagira ensonga yaabwe era n'okuwakanya obujulizi obulaga nti teriiyotuufu.
  • [[AK'OMUKIRAmo]] Okusalawo n'osinziira ku ndowooza:[[AKITANDIKWA:1] K'olina okuwandiika era n'okunnyonnyola ensonga kwe kikomya omulimu.

Eddaala ly'okutegeka liteekwa kusinziira ku ndukusa ezaakozesebwa ku nsonga. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuyizi aleme okukomebwa ku siteebwa mu kiseera ekimpimpi. Kkooti enkulu mu Mathews v. Eldiridge[1997] Yakola ekigezo eky'okupima enkola esaanira okusobola okumanya: kkooti zipima obujjanjabi obwa nnannyini obukwatibwako, okufiirwa obulamu bw'omuyitomu mu nkola z'amateeka ezikolebwa, n'amagoba ga gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde n'ebyo ebizikwata ku nkola endala ebikolebwa.

Engeri Enkola gy'Eteetera Okukolebwa

Kyokka, enkola eno esobozesa gavumenti obutayingira mu nsonga z'ensi yonna, so si mu ngeri gye zikolamu, era ereetera gavumenti obutabaako ky'ekolawo, so si kutandika kwa myaka gya 1900 era ekozesebwa okukuuma eddembe erikwata ku kweyingiza mu nsonga z'omuntu kinnoomu, obufumbo, amaka, n'okwefuga.

Okusobola okugonjoola ensonga eyo, kyetaagisa amateeka oba ebikolwa bya gavumenti okuba nga bisaanira, so si nga bya nnamba. Singa etteeka limenya eddembe ly'ekika ekikulu, gavumenti eteekwa okulaga okwagala okungi era n'etasobola kugikolako. Kino kimanyiddwa nga “okwekenneenyeza ddala.” Olw'okuba eddembe eritali lya nkulu, emitindo egya wansi ku “musingi gwa musingi gwa Baibuli” gisobola okukola.

Ebyokulabirako eby’eddembe erikuumibwa bye bino:

  • [[AKIT:0] Enkola eya bulijjo ekkirizibwa mu kifo eky'okwekolera obwama:[[AK'AKATANDIKWA] Muzingiramu n'okusalawo okukwata ku kuggyamu embuto, okuggyamu embuto, n'okukolagana n'abantu ab'omukwano.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Okuwasa oba okufumbirwa:[[Akabonero:1] ky'omuntu okulondawo okuyingira obufumbo, ddembe lya nkomeredde.
  • [[Act:0] Bazadde balina eddembe okusalawo ebikwata ku ngeri abaana gye bayinza okukuzibwamu n'enjigiriza zaabwe.
  • [[Act:0] Ku ludda olutuufu okugaana enzijanjaba y'obujjanjabi:[[[NT:1] Abantu kinnoomu balina obuyinza okwesalirawo ku bikwata ku bujjanjabi nga balina ekkomo.
  • [[Act:0] Okutambula mu mboozi esooka mu nsi eyo:[[Act:1] Entertate, kiragiro kikulu nnyo mu kutambula.

Abakuutira bagamba nti kkooti zikoze kyonna ekisoboka okukomya ebiwandiiko ebyagikwata ku mateeka. Abawagizi bagambye nti kyetaagisa nnyo okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu okusobola okukyusa obunene bwa gavumenti.

Obukulu bw’Ebikolwa by’Okuyigiriza Ebiba Bigwana

Okuteekateeka amasomero kikola kinene nnyo mu kukola emirimu gy'ensi yonna. Amasomero gavumenti oba amasomero ga gavumenti gagobererwa era ebikolwa byago bisobola okugootaanya obulamu bw'abasomesa n'abasomesa. Bisobozesa enkola ez'okukangavvula okuba za bwenkanya, ensala z'emirimu zikkirizibwa, era abantu bonna basobola okwerwanako nga bavunaanibwa omusango. Singa tegakukolebwa, amasomero gayinza okugoba abayizi, abayigiriza b'eby'omuliro, oba okuteekawo ebibonerezo ebirala eby'amaanyi nga beesigama ku bujulizi obukyamu oba nga bataddewo akakwakkulizo akakyamu.

Kkooti enkulu yakitegeera nti abaana “tebaggya mateeka ku mulyango gwa siteegi” ( tebaba na ddembe lya nukuta mu mateeka erikkirizibwa mu mateeka okusobola okukuuma emirembe n'obutebenkevu mu kifo kya bayizi mu kifo ky'okulaga obwenkanya.

Okukangavvula Okutuuka ku Muyizi

Abayizi bwe boolekagana n'okukangavvula okw'amaanyi ng'okukaka obuteefu, okugoba, oba okubonerezebwa okulala okw'amaanyi, amasomero galina okunywerera ku mitindo egigobererwa. Omukolo oguba ku kiwandiiko Gos v. Lopez (1975) bwe guba guwandikiddwa nti abaana ba ssomero balina obwannannyini ku buyigirize bwa gavumenti, era nga bwe kityo tewakkirizibwa kuweebwa ttuuti nga tewali nkola. Kkooti ekkiriza nti okuzikkulaanya okutuuka ku nnaku kkumi, abayizi bateekwa okufuna:

  • [[Act:0]ral oba amabaluwa ku bye bavunaanibwa:[[[Act:1] Omuyizi alina okumanya kye bavunaanibwa.
  • [[AB'OKUMENTI] [[[FLT:] Okunnyonnyola okw'obujulizi: Singa omuyizi yeegaana ebivunaanibwa, essomero liteekwa okuwa obujulizi obumala okubuwandiisa mu bufunze.
  • [[Act:0] Kakisa ak'okuwa omukisa okulaga oludda lwabwe:[[[NKULA] Kino kirina okubaawo ng'okukebeera tekunnatandika, okuggyako nga wazzewo embeera ez'obukalu omuyizi gy'ateekamu akabi.
  • [[Act:0] Akabonero n'ensonga lwaki:[[Act:1] Omuyizi alina okutegeezebwa ebivudde mu kusalawo era n'ensonga kwe kisinziira okuko.

Okugoba abantu mu nsi okumala ekiseera kiwanvu, kiyinza okwetaagisa enkola endala, nga mwe muli n'obuyinza obw'okuwabula, eddembe ery'okuyita abajulizi, n'obuyinza obw'okuwulira obulungi.

Ebisomero era birina okwegendereza okulaba nti ebitongole ebikola ku ddembe ly'obuntu ebikola ku mateeka ga gavumenti tebyetaaga kubonerezebwa.

Engeri Abasomesa gye Bajja Okuddukanyaamu Omulimu

Abasomesa n'abasomesa abalala nabo balina eddembe eribasaanira okumalibwawo, naddala nga bayisiddwa bubi, oba nga bayisibwa bubi ku mirimu gyabwe. Abasomesa abaadibiddwa nabo balina obukuumi obw'amaanyi, nga mw'otwalidde n'obusobozi obw'okuwuliriza mu mateeka nga tebannagobebwa. N'abasomesa abatali baakakkirize nabo basobola okuba n'enkizo ezisaanira okusobola okweyongera okufuna omulimu bwe baba nga basuubira okweyongerayo (okugasa obugazi”.

Omusango omukulu ku nsonga eno gwe Pucking v. Office of Education (1968), ogugamba nti abasomesa balina entegeka ey'okuwummuzaamu eyasooka okwogera ku nsonga ezikwata ku bantu awatali kuwoolera ggwanga. Kyokka, kkooti era yakitegeera nti essaza lirina ekigendererwa eky'okukuuma ebiruubirirwa bino, kkooti zikozesa ekigezo. Singa omusomesa akangavvula olw'okwogera, bateekeddwa okubaako ne kye bakolawo okukakasa nti ekibonerezo ekyo tekiva mu nteeko.

Obukuumi obumala ku mulimu buzingiramu:

  • [[Act:0] Akabonero n'ekiragiro ekiba kiweereddwa:[[Act:1] Omusomesa alina okuweebwa amanya ku nsonga lwaki akomezebwa.
  • [[Act:0] Awulira mu maaso g'oyo asalawo mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya:[ Omusomesa alina obuyinza okuwa obujulizi, okuyita abajulizi, n'abakulu b'essomero okusala Omusaalaba.
  • [[AK:0] Obuwayiro obwandiweereddwa bulaga nti endagaano nnyingi n'amateeka g'ensi bituukiriza obutuufu bwa mateeka ga mu mateeka:[[AK'AK'AWATANDIKWA]
  • [[Act:0] Akiraze obujulizi:[[[Act:1] Omusomesa kiteekwa okukkirizibwa okuddamu okwekenneenya obujulizi obunaakozesebwa mu ssomero.
  • [[Act:0] Enneyisa ey'oku kiragiro bw'eba nga si nnungi okuyiseemu:[[Akabonero:1] Singa okusalawo okusooka tekukkirizibwa, omusomesa ayinza okujulira ku b'obuyinza abali waggulu oba mu kkooti.
  • [[AK'AWULA:0] Obusobozi obufuga enneyisa ya fayiro mu ngeri etegeeza nti tewali muntu n'omu asobola kugisalawo nga tasoose kulowooza.[[KALA] Obubonero obuba buteekeddwa ku lukumbo lwa mu mutima olw'okuba buliko kye bukolawo.]

Ng'oggyeko okukomya omulimu, omulimu ogutali gukolebwa guzingiramu omulimu ogw'enjawulo gamba nga okumenyesebwa obusawo, okugobererwa nga tewakyaliwo ssente oba okuggibwawo obujulizi. Obukoppolozi bw'amaso bulina okugoberera amateeka n'enkola ez'omu kitundu ebiraga enkola eno. Okulemererwa okuwa omusomesa omulimu ogumala, kiyinza okukomezebwawo nga asasula oba nga waliwo ebitagasa.

Akabonero Akalaga nti Omusango Gwali guyimiriziddwa mu Buyigirize

Emisango gimu emikulu mu kkooti enkulu ginnyonnyodde engeri obuyigirize gye bukolebwamu.

[[Akawayiro:0]Gos v. Lopez[[AK'AWULA] [[:1] (1975] — Omuyizi Suspensions

Nga bwe kyayogeddwako, Gos v. Lopez gwe mukolo ogw'okusiiga omuyizi omutuufu. Abayizi mwenda mu Columbus, Ohio, baawerekebwa ennaku kkumi olw'okuyisa obubi awatali kuwulira. Kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti essomero lyamenye eddembe lyabwe ery'okukyusaamu mu nkola eya 14 mu kiseera kino. Kkooti yagamba nti okusomesa kuba ebbeeyi y'ebintu ekuumibwa omulimu bwe guba guba gulina okukolebwa, era n'okumenyaaweenya okw'empala kw'okuwuliriza. Omusango ogwo gwatongoogwo gwasalawo nti “okuwulira obutuufu obugo obukulembeddwa mu matendekero ga leero.

[[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Inram v. Wright[[AKY'AWULA] [[-KY'AMU] (1977] — Okubonerezebwa okw'omu Kkondo

Mu [[NKULA:0] mu lukalala. Wright, kkooti yalaga oba nga ekibonerezo mu masomero ga gavumenti kikontana n'etteeka ery'okuwerezaamu ekkomo lya 'Seth Amerekation'. Kkooti yasalawo nti amateeka aga bulijjo n'amateeka g'ensi biwa obukuumi. Era yagamba nti singa omusomesa abonereza nnyo, abaana bayinza okufuna ekibonerezo ekibagwanira mu nkola egereke. Wadde nga omusango ogwo teguwandikiddwawo ddembe lya nkomerero ku ku ssomero lyonna, era ne gulaga nti amateeka ga gavumenti ga gavumenti tegalina ngeri gye gayinza kufugamu okukangavvula.

[[Act:0] .Addir of Independent School District No. 92 of Pottawatomie County v. Earls[[FLT: 1] (2002])

Omusango guno gwali gukwata ku kukebera abaana abaali mu masomero g'eddwaliro nga tebalowoozebwa nti basobola okugukozesa mu bujjuvu. Kkooti yawagira enkola eyo, era n'ekizuula nti essomero eryo lyali lisinga kusuubira bayizi kukozesa njaga mu kifo ky'ekyamala nga tekibaliiriikirivu. Omusango ogwo tegwazingiramu butereevu nkola ekyetaagisa okupima ebiteesookebwa, naye gwakwata ku ngeri ekyetaagisa okusobola okumanya obanga wabaawo kyamaguzi. Kkooti eyo yali esobola okukebera bulungi era n'eba ng'egamba nti programu y'okugezesa terina buwaayiti.

[[Akawulu:0] Kiragiro eky'Essomero[[Akabonero:1] (1968) — Monitor Speech Rights

Twasooka kwogera ku nsonga eno emabegako. Kikulu nnyo okukebera kubanga kyakakasa nti abasomesa tebafiirwa ddembe lyabwe ery'okusooka okutegeka ebiwandise nga bayingidde mu kibiina. Kyokka, kkooti era yakitegeera nti akakiiko k'essomero kalina ekigendererwa eky'okukuuma emirembe n'obusobozi. Okugeza mu kugezesa ebiba bitegekeddwa Pickiveing[[[FLLT:3]]] Kino kye kyalaga nti omutindo ogw'okutuukiriza obusonga obutuufu bw'ensonga ezikwata ku basomesa. Okugattako, kkooti egoberera enkola ekyetaagisa okusobola okugobereza abasomesa mu ku mirimu gyabwe tekukakasa nti abasomesa bavunaanyizibwa okukola entegeka entegeka zaabwe.

[[Act:0][Owulu eragiro]Coudermill (1985) — Abakozesa ba gavumenti

Wadde nga omusango guno gwali guzingiramu omukuumi, so si omusomesa, emisingi gyagwo gisobola okugobererwa abakozi bonna nga mw'otwalidde n'abasomesa. Kkooti yagamba nti abakozi ba gavumenti abeetaaza emirimu gyabwe (nga bannaddiini abamalako obuseere) balina okuweebwa amawooti agasooka. Okuwulira tekuteekwa kukyungibwako bunene. N'abalamuzi bayinza okujjuuliriza ensonga ze baba basazeewo nga bukyimiriziddwa. N'olwekyo, abawabuzi ba ddembe okuwulira ebigambo nga bimala kusaliddwawo. [[FLT:]

Obuyambi Obusobola Okuweebwa mu Masomero

Okutegeera engeri obuyigirize gye butambulamu si kye kintu ekigootaanyedwako obuyigirize obusookerwako. Abakulembeze b'amaso balina okugatta emisingi emituufu ku nkola zaabwe eza bulijjo. Bwe tutakikola kiyinza okuvaamu okuwozesebwa mu kkooti, ebibonerezo eby'ensi, n'okuyonoonebwa kw'ebifa ku masomero.

Okukulaakulanya Emitindo gy’Empisa Ennungi

Amasomero galina okuba n'amateeka amatuufu ageetegereza engeri y'okukwatamu empisa ez'obugwenyufu.

  • Tegeera wa we kiyinza okukwetaagisa okweyisa obubi.
  • Laga ani anaanoonyereza oba anaawuliriza.
  • Muwe obudde okumanya era n’okuwuliriza.
  • Muleke abayizi bategeeze ebibaddewo bye babadde bayitamu era baleete abajulirwa.
  • Kumbirayo enteekateeka ey’okuyita abantu.
  • Okusalawo okusobola okukakasa obanga ky’osalawo kituufu, tekwesigamye ku kusosola oba ku nzikiriza z’abalala.

Kyokka, mu nkola esaanira, ebisomebwa bisobola okutwalibwa nga bye bimu ku binaasooka okukolebwa.[1] Ebigo by'essomero biyinza okulowooza ku byafaayo by'omuyizi, ekigendererwa kye, n'ebirala eby'omulembe ogwo bwe bibaako bye bikolako, kasita bikozesebwa mu ngeri eyeetaagisa.

Okutendeka Abasibe mu Ngeri Eba Egisaanira

Abayigiriza, abakulu b'essomero n'abawagizi balina okutendekebwa buli kiseera nga bwe kiba kyetaagisa.

  • '[[Act:0] Nooce' Kino kyetaagisa:[[[Act:1]] Engeri entuufu ey'okutegeezaamu abayizi oba abazadde ebiba bibayiyiriziddwa.
  • Emirimu egikwata ku kuwulira:[[AK'AWULA]] Engeri y'okukwatamu amatu ag'enkalakkalira.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Akabonero ak'okutereka obuwandiisi obwa 'LN':[[[AKM:1]] Obukulu bw'okutereka awawandiika ebikolwa byonna eby'okukangavvula n'ensonga lwaki bikolebwako.
  • [[Act:0] Okwewala okwesasuza:[[Act:1] Abakozi obutabonereza bayizi oba bakozi bannaabwe olw'okukozesa obulungi eddembe lyabwe.

Okukwata Obukuumi mu Ngeri Etagudde Lubege n’Ekiruubirirwa by’Olina

Mu kiseera kino ng'amasasi gatundiddwa ku ssomero era nga n'okweraliikirira ku bikwata ku bulamu bw'abayizi obw'obwongo, amasomero gapikirizibwa okubaako kye bakolawo mu bwangu era mu bwangu. Kyokka, okugobererwa oba okugobererwa mu masomero kiyinza okuba nga kikkirizibwa omuyizi bw'aba ng'aleeta akabi mu bwangu, naye ne bwe kiba bwe kityo, omuyizi alina okuweebwa obuyinza okuwulirwa amangu ddala nga bwe kisoboka. Amasomero tegasobola kukozesa bukuumi ng'obukwakulisibwa obuwambe obuwambe okuleka omulimu okuguba guba guyimirinze. kkooti zikyolese bulungi nti “okwa awuliddwa ku nsonga z'awukaawuka".

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa abaana n'abasomesa obutayisibwa mu ngeri ey'ekika kya waggulu. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa enkola ekozesebwa mu kukuuma abantu obutatwalirizibwa nkola za gavumenti. Mu kuyigiriza, kikakasa nti abayizi n'abasomesa bayisibwa mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya, era nti ebikolwa eby'okugonjoolwa bikkirizibwa, era nti buli omu alina omukisa okuwulirwa. Kino kifuga enkola ezikozesebwa mu kuwuliriza n'okunoonyereza, naye nga kikuuma emitindo gy'etagoozibwawo ng'egyo egy'okwegasse obwa obwa yekka oba obw'amaka. Olukusaalo olw'oku Kkonvu olukulu ([[FLL:]]][FFF]]]], era ne[5] olulala] lunyweza emitindo egiba gigoberedde mu masomero gano. Mu kutegeera ne ku nsonga zino, ekiragiro kiyinza okukola empala empala empala enzirencessswo n'enya eyo. [FFognerty [Fom][F][F]][5]][F]][F]][5]