Okutandika: Olwazi olw’Obwenkanya

Omusingi ogw'okukugirwa mu mateeka okw'enkanankana gulina akakwate n'obwenkanya mu bitongole bya demokulase. Galagira nti gavumenti zisaanidde okuyisa abantu mu ngeri y'emu nga tezisosola mu ngeri eyayawulibwawo olw'eggwanga, ekikula, ddiini, ebweru oba engeri endala ez'enjawulo. Abayizi ba byafaayo n'amateeka okusobola okutegeera omusingi guno okusobola okugonjoola okupikirizibwa n'enkola z'eddembe. Ekitundu kino kiwa kalonda buli omukuumi w'eby'enkola okusobola okwenkanankanankana n'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'obwenkanankanankana.[1] Empandika z'ebiragiro ebisinze mu kkooti enkulu, n'emitindo gy'omulembe ebigo, n'emitindo gy'amateeka egikozesebwa okwekenneenya ebiwandikibwa, era n'ebigezo ebisigalawo. Bwe beekenneenya ebipimo bino, abasobozesebwa abasobozibwenya kijja kufuna okutegeera obulungi ensonga ezigenda mu ku kyeyoleka mu ku kyenkanankanankanankana.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo ey’Obukuumi Obwenkanankana

Endowooza egamba nti abantu bonna bagwanira okuyisibwa mu ngeri y'emu nga Amateeka ga Amerika tegenda kuba nga gava ku tteeka. Enjigiriza z'amagezi gaago zikyuka ne zituuka ku bufirosoofo obw'edda, enjigiriza z'eddiini, n'ebiwandiiko eby'amateeka ebyasooka.

Mu Amereka, ekirango ky'Obwetwaze kyalangirira nti “abantu bonna baatondebwa nga benkanankana,” kyokka ekisuubizo kino kyakontana n'enkola y'obuddu n'okugondera abakazi mu mateeka.

Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ennamu n’Okuzzaawo Obukulembeze

Mu kaweefube ow'okuzzaawo ebiva ku kuddawo (etteeka ery'okuzzaawo obuddu, ery'omulundi ogw'okubiri n'erya 15) yayisibwa okuggyawo obuddu era n'essaawo enkola eyandisinziddeko mu ggwanga erimu ani nane, era nga yakkiriziddwa mu 1868, erimu ekitundu kyenkanankana protection Claus: “Tewali gavumenti... ejja kugaana omuntu yenna mu buyinza bwayo okukuuma amateeka mu ngeri y'emu.” Ekiragiro kino kyali kikwata ku Mateeka ga Black Slack Leddns /sracrectory [amateeka] agaaweza eddembe ly'abantu abaali babadde baddusebwa oba eddembe lyennyini lye baalina.

Abakoza olukalala lwa gavumenti z'eggwanga baagenderera okukomya omulimu ogwo okutwaliramu abantu b'omu Afirika, naye ebigambo ebisaasaanyizibwa nga “buli muntu,” bissaawo omusingi ogunaasobozesa okugaziwa mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Mu kuzza empandika y'enkola, Consert era yatandikawo Buawule obwa Freedmen ne ekwasibwa eddembe ly'abantu okuwa obukwasiddwawo obukwasifu . Kyokka, kkooti enkulu etegeeza obusongaanyizi mu Casers [Kansa] Casess [Kansa] ennukuta ez'omu n'enjawulo nga tezirimu na mateeka g'alukawo 1877] era n'okukulagamumu.

Okunnyonnyola Okukulu kwa Kkooti

Obwetoowaze n’Okuddirira mu ‘ Kwenkanankana ’!

Kkooti bwe yasalawo [FLT][FOLT] v. (1996) yawagira obusosoze mu nzikiriza ya “bwenkana ate nga yenkana.” Homer Plegsy, omusajja ow'enjawukana, yawakanya etteeka lya Louisiana eryali liragira emmotoka ez'oluguudo. Kkooti yasala nti obusosoze tebusattulumu ettaka bwenkanankana obwa Classi bwenkana. Ekiragiro kino kyatongoza enkola ey'ekika kya langi eky'enjawulo eyamala emyaka egisukka mu 50.

Kkooti ya '[FLT][FOLT], eyalangirira nti ebifo eby'obuyigirize ebyawukanya tebyali binywevu.'Ekiwandiiko ekya 'FLT' kyawandiisa nti okubaamu obutundutundu ne kireeta ekitwalibwa nti “teriiyo butono." Omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren yawandiika nti okugyamu abaana ekibasikiriza okuyiga." Brown Plew Py mu by'enjigiriza, yafuuka omusingi gwa mu mateeka gwa Kkolerocuwa enzikko. Oluvannyuma bye yasalawo byago byagoberezebwa ku birala ebitongole, naye oluvannyuma byagobererwa mu kifo kya“ oluko lwonna olw'okuwulira obu wansi omwana." Brown Plecty Pey ku nsonga yafuukira ku nsonga za Kitongole enzikkerwamu.

Okwenkanankana: Okwetaba, n’Empeera endala

Wadde nga kyeyoleka bulungi nti omulimu gw'okukuuma eddiini kyenkanankana gwali gwesigamiziddwa ku langi, kkooti ewagidde nnyo ebibiina ebirala. [FLT]], kkooti eyo yakuba olukumbo olw'amateeka ga Idaho agaaleetera abasajja okulonda abakazi ng'abafuzi b'ebibanja. [FLT][1] era nga kye kyalaga ekiseera ekisooka ekiteetwalidwako obusosoze mu bitundu bya bakyala obwa bulijjo ne kimalibwa wansi w'obutunzi obwa Classity. [FLT:]][5][FLT:][FLT]]

Gye buvuddeko awo, [[NTL:0] Obergefell v. Hodges (]] yakikkiriza nti abafumbo ab'obukaba balina eddembe okufumbirwa. Baazuula amateeka agawera okugaana obufumbo obw'ekika kya nukutakamu ne ka 'solute'. Kkooti yagamba nti obufumbo bukkirizibwa era nti okugattika abafumbo ab'ecommu kireetawo ekitiibwa kyekimu. ][CULT]] commentations . ]][FLD][FLT]][FLT]][5]

Bannaddiini Abassaako Ekisiikirize n’Abafu

Enteekateeka z'okugonjoolera ddala enkola ez'okugonjoolera ddala obusosoze obw'omu biseera eby'emabega zireesewo okukaayana okw'amaanyi. Ensonda eza Courts eza University of California v. Bakke (197), kkooti yakuba olukunkumuli lw'enjawukana mu langi naye n'ekkiriza okukkirizibwa okukozesebwa ng'ensonga emu. [[FLT:][200][FLT] yawagira essomero lya Ssomero lya Michigan Law'okusiir'okusiir'a, okuzuula nti okusosola okw'enjawulo kw'omubiri kusobola okuba ekintu ekikulu ennyo. Kyokka, [FLT:] Sutuditions for Activective v. Harvard/NFFFFF] ku nsonga enkulu ey'okukkiriza okukkirizibwa okumanyibwa kwa tteeka mu N'enkula y'enkola.

Puloguramu ez’Okulaba Amaanyi n’Empaka z’Abantu

Obukuumi bwenkana bukyaliwo mu bifo bingi mu bulamu bw'Amerika. Mu ntegeka z'okulonda, omutemwa gwa Shelby County v. Homer (2013) kye kyasalawo kyaleetawo akakwakkulizo ak'amaanyi akalaga nti eddembe ly'obuntu lirina kuteekebwawo, era nga kino kiviiriddeko amateeka mangi mu ggwanga okugootaanya abantu batono abatono. Obuzibu obuli wansi w'ekiteeso kya Clausce buleetebwa ku by'oootaddewoofissi, egerrydering, ne felony revrancementmentmentment.

Mu kusala omusango mu nkola ey'ekika, okusosola mu langi mu nkola z'ekika, okusalira abaddugavu ekibonerezo, n'okusibibwa mu kkomera, kiviiriddeko abantu okugamba nti enkola eno terina bukuumi bwenkana. Olutalo ku Ddyo [ era n'ekibonerezo ekiteetaagibwa ku buli kika kirina kye kikoze ku Baddugavu ne Baspanya. Okulwanyisa abaddugavu, naddala abo abatakutte bitimba, kiviiriddeawezza ku kuleetawo kulongoosebwa na ku kkooti.

Enjigiriza okukireetera obutakoma ku nkyukakyuka. Enkaayana ezikwata ku kuwaayo amasawo, ebikolerwamu, n'okukangavvula bitera okukkirizibwa okuba eby'obukuumi bwe bimu. Mu ngeri y'emu, okusobola okufuna obujjanjabi obwa nnawookeera, n'abo abalina obulema, n'ezisinga obungi, zireetebwawo ku lukalala lw'abalina obuwangwa obungi. Afford Carence Act Act, obusobozi n'okugoberebwa obwa kaakati ka Medicaid, obuwandikiro obuvanyuma ku bulaga nti obujjanjabi obw'ekikula kiyinza okukozesebwa mu by'obujjanjabi.

Emitindo gy’Okwejjukanya: Engeri Ebyo Ebiwandiiko gye Biraga nti Abantu Balina Obukuumi Bwenkana

Kkooti zikozesa empandika ez'enjawulo okusinziira ku ngeri gye zaasengekebwamu. Okutegeera olukalala luno kikulu nnyo eri omuyizi yenna alaga engeri y'okwekuumamu.

  • [[NT:0]Scritine Scrutiny: Yakozesebwa okulonda enkalala okusinziira ku langi, ensibuko y'eggwanga, oba obuwangwa, era n'amateeka agabawa obudde obukulu (okugatta awamu, obufumbo, okutambula wakati w'obufumbo). Gavumenti eteekwa okulaga nti ebigendererwa biremedwa okubutuukiriza. Amateeka agasinga obungi tegasengekesaamu mu ngeri ennukuta.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Scutinty: ekozesebwa mu kulonda ebitundu ebiba bisimiddwa mu bitundu eby'ekika ky'ekika kya ASCII. Gavumenti erina okulaga ekigendererwa ekikulu eky'okussaawo tteeka erigendera ku kigendererwa ekyo. Kino kiwa kkooti eddembe erisinga okusala amateeka agakireetera okugatta ebitundu ebiragiddwa mu bitundu ebisooka.
  • ] Empandika eya bulijjo ey'ekitongole ekikile n'ekya bulijjo: Omutindo ogw'enkola eya bulijjo ku mateeka agafuga eby'enfuna n'eby'enfuna. Amateeka gonna gateekwa okuba nga gakwatagana bulungi n'ebiruubirirwa ebya gavumenti. Amateeka nga gonna gabeera n'ebiruubirirwa ebyangu okugaziwa, wadde ng'agaba nga [ Lorper v.E696][FLT] Akawayiro kano kakozese enkyusa ey'amaanyi ku mateeka agakwata ku kika kya kika ekimu.

Bwe tufumiitiriza ku ebyo kkooti by’enoonyerezaako, kiraga nti waliwo ebibiina ebimu ebisosoddwa era nga tebikyalina buyinza.

Endowooza Abantu mu Nsi Yonna Gye Balina ku Bukuumi Obwenkanankana

Ng’oggyeko okuba nti Amerika yokka y’esobola okuteekawo enkolagana mu mateeka, ensi nnyingi ziteeka emisingi egifaananako mu ssemateeka waayo ne mu byuma ebikozesa eddembe ly’obuntu.

  • Ekiragiro kino kikakasa enjawulo wakati w'ekibiina n'ekibiina nga kigoberera amateeka ga Canada Caterater of Rights and Freedoms (1982) era n'obusobozi obw'okukwenkana aw'okukuuma n'okuganyulwa awatali kusosola mu langi, langi, eddiini, okwetaba, emyaka, oba obulema mu mubiri. Kkooti za Canada zitegeeza omuwendo guno okusobola okuweza obukuumi eri abafumbo ab'ebika n'abalwadde.
  • [[NKULULA] mu bukiikaddyo bwa Afirika: Ekiragiro oluvannyuma lw'okussaawo Amateeka mu 1996 kibaamu ennukuta eyenkanankana (Okakolosaanyi 9) egaana obusosoze mu buli nsonga nga nyingi nga mwe muli langi, obukaba, obukaba, olubuto, obufumbo, obusimba w'obufumbo, okwetaba, n'obulema. Era kikkiriza ebiteesooso. Kkooti y'amateeka ewandisizza enkyungi ku bizimbe, ebitongole ebikola ku by'obulamu, n'okwenkanankanankanankanankana.
  • [[:0] Olukiiko olw'ebugwanjuba ku Ddembe ly'Obuntu [[[OKATANDIKA]]: Akatundu 14 kagaana okusosolwa ku ddembe erikuumibwa Convention. Kkooti ya Bulaaya ekola ku ddembe ly'obuntu yasonga ku nsonga gamba ng'okusosola Abaruumi, abantu ab'empaka, n'enkwaso mu madiini amatono.

Ebyokulabirako bino mu nsi yonna biraga nti wadde olulimi lwennyini lwa njawulo, obwetwaze obw'okuyisa abantu mu ngeri y'emu butyo mu nsi yonna.

Obuzibu n’Okuvumirira

Wadde nga kiri kityo, obusosoze mu mawanga ne mu mirimu gyo, obuddu n'obusosoze bwonna bisigala nga bisangibwa mu bifo ebya lukale.

Ebyafaayo bino byongedde okusoomooza okulala. Emyaka egiyise, enkyukanya ku kukulaakulana kw'eby'entegeka z'abantu, ng'eggwanga erimu amateeka agakugira okulonda, okukoma, n'okukugira eddembe ly'enkola z'enjawukana mu matendekero. Ebipimo bino bitera okwolekagana n'okusoomooza okuva ku lukalala lwa gavumenti naye nga tewali bukakafu bulaga nti enzivuunvuzi eziwagira entegeka z'abantu ziyinza okukendeera ku mukiikigero kya 'FLT', ekifuga ekitongole kya Classionet , nga bwe kiragibwa mu lukalala lw'abalamuzi.

Era abawakanyi bagamba nti enkola ey'okunoonyereza ennyo si nnyangu era nti kkooti oluusi zilemererwa okusala emisango mu ngeri enneekusifu. Kkooti eno tegoberera mateeka agassa mu kabi ennyo obunene obwa nnamba ey'eggwanga naye nga tegateeka ssirakiti z'enjawukana mu langi, naye nga tegateekako n'obusosoze mu langi. Ebiragiro bya kkooti ziyinza okugobererwa okusobola okugonjoola ensonga nga [[FLT:] omusingi, nga gugg'okkaatirira ddala obwa nnamba obusosoze obw'enjereere obuvanyuma z'eggwanga erimu obunene, so si okuyisa obusosoze mu ngeri y'emu.

Ebintu Ebiyinza Okutuyamba Okuyiga Obulungi

Abo abaagala okufuna obukuumi obw’engeri eyo, balina ebintu bingi bye basobola okwekolera.

  • [[NKULULA] Ekirabo[: Omukkusa ogw'ekkumi n'ena n'ogwa Bill of Rights ebya Michael Kent Curtis; Kkomolk [[[FLT:] Kino kitegeeza Lulango olwa Richard Kluger' (ku brown v. broad]); Okuva ku Jim Ku bikwata ku Ddowookerowa lya Kitukko[ okwakolebwa Michael Klarman; ne [[FLT:] obunene]: A American Resolution[FLT][FLT][FLT]
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Obuwandikiro[[KITANDIKA:1] [[FULT:2]] Kkooti enkulu [ (Ebitundu eby'omububonero); [[FOLT:4]] Eyeewa ku kirabo[[[[[FLL:5]] (emboozi z'etteeka]); ne [] 13th[[] [AVENT]] ku mpeerako y'omukisa ku kirabo ekya bulijjo).
  • [[NKULULA] Ku nsonga enkulu: National Constitution Center ewa obusobozi ku Amereka ak'ekkumi n'ena. Courra ne edX birimu ebisomebwa mu mateeka okuva e Yale, Harvard, ne University of California.
  • [[NKULA:0] Orgations[[NKULA]: American Libersions Union (ACLU) litulies esobola okubeera obubenje bw'ebiragiro by'ekitongole; NAACP] Enkyuuka y'eby'enjereere n'Enjigiriza[ essawo obwenkanya obwa bulijjo; ne [ Ebbeetwa kko bikola mu nsi yonna.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Ennono za kkooti[[Akawulu 1]: Oyez.org Kano kalaga obukalu n'obufunze obw'ensonga enkulu. [Obwo bukireetera] Cornell Information Institute Kino kiraga mu bujjuvu enjigiriza ey'obukuumi eyenkanankanankana.

Okwongera: Omulimu Ogenda mu Maaso

Okukuumibwa okw'omu mateeka tekukoma ku kussaawo steeso erigobererwa mu mateeka, naye ku ndagaano ey'okuzzaawo enzivuunula z'amateeka okutuuka ku ntegeka z'abantu okuwangula mu kyasa ekya 20, era ne ku mpaka ez'ekikula n'ez'ekikula LGBTQ + zenkanankana n'ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku ddembe ly'okulonda n'okuzza emisango gy'abamenyi b'amateeka okuzzibwawo, omusingi gukyasigala nga gulina amaanyi okusobola okuleetawo obwenkanya. Mu kiseera kye kimu, okugobererwa n'okukulaakulana okwo kutujjukiza nti okwenkana okw'okwawula okwetaaga okubeera abagezi bangi, obuyigirize, n'obuyigirize obwa waggulu. Abayizi n'obukulembedde n'obukulembedde, bitegekebwa mu ngeri y'obumanyirimu okumanyibwa obulungi. Ekiragiro ekiragiramu eky'amateeka era n'okugobeewala ekigenda mu biseera eby'okugaba mu maaso, kijja kwongera okumanyisa essuubi ery'okufuga.