Enjigiriza ez’Ebyafaayo ez’Abo Abalina Obuyinza

Obukulembeze bwa Amereka bukyuse nnyo okuva George Washington lwe yasooka okukola olukalala lw'ebifo. Abakola amateeka bagaasanya okugatta obuyinza obwali bubalwise okusobola okuwona. Mu bugenderevu, Akatundu II ak'ategekebwa nga kalimu olulimi oluzibu. James Madison yawaayiriza mu Federalist No. 51 nti omukulembeze wa gavumenti yandibadde “omunafu okusinga ebitongole ebisatu” kubanga teyalina maanyi ga ka kakiiko akafuzi ak'ensirimu era nga ne ku kyegawatu. Kyokka mu mulembe ogumu, bannabyabufuzi baatandika okuteekawo obuyinza okusukka ku ekyo abagaatandikawo bannaakyewa. Ekikungu baakulaakulaakulaakulaakulaakulaakulaakulaakulaakulanye ne New Deart, ne Prence-9/11 ssemataaful.

Okutegeera ensonga eno ey'enkyukakyuka kikulu nnyo eri buli omu eyeekenneenya gavumenti ya Amerika. Obukulembeze si kibiina ekyamasaza agatali ga bulijjo; bukwatagana n'ebizibu, endowooza ya bantu ekyuka, era n'ebiruubirirwa bya bannakyewa. Ekiragiro ekyasooka kyawa pulezidenti obuyinza okussaawo amateeka, okulonda abakungu ba gavumenti (nga bakkiriziddwa mu kkaadi y'abajaasi) era n'okubeera omukulembeze w'eggye. Naye obufuzi buno obwateekebwa ku nteeso mu mpalo buggwe mu kiseera kitono bwalaga nti tewali kattulukibwa ggwanga linaakulanye.

Enteekateeka y’Etteeka

Artic II, Ekipande 1 ekiwandikiddwa “Empandika enfuga” mu pulezidenti omu yekka. Wadde nga okuwandiika okwo kwafuuka kumusingi gwa gavumenti ennene,, kwafuuka omusingi gwa gavumenti ez'enjawulo. Alexander Hamilton, mu Federalist No. 70, yawa obukungu obwali obwa “makalu” obwali bwetaasa okusobola okufuga obulungi. Ekirayiro kya pulezidenti “okukuuma, okukuuma n'okulwanirira Amateeka” kyawandiikiddwako okulaga nti ebikolwa eby'okumenya entalo tebiba nga bikomye okukomya albono. Kyokka, era tteeka era teriyinza kulangirira ntalo (Ekikolopeesiteesi ky'obuyinza ku gavumenti ennungi), era tekiyinza kukkirizibwa kubaako ssente ezikkirizibwa mu kuwandikibwa era n'okulonda ebibiina ebikulu.

Ebiba Bizze Bibaawo mu Buvubuka n’Okukulaakulana

George Washington yassaawo enkola ey'okuyitako mu nkola, nga mwe muli n'okukozesa enkizo ez'amaanyi mu bukulembeze era n'enkola ya kakiiko akakulu. Thomas Jefferson’s Louisiana Purchse (1803) yagezesa ebiwandiiko ebya gridge `(*) yagula ekitundu kinene ekitaalina biwandiiko bya pulezidenti era n'ateekawo enkola eya ba pulezidenti. Andrew Jackson gye yakozesanga mu kuteeka amateeka ga kampuni mu kifo ky'okukebera amateeka ageego, era n'okukebera obutereevu n'obuyinza obwa waggulu. Jackson yateekawo amasasimu kkumi na abiri ag'obusaze, agasinga ago abamukongojjerezza nga bagasse wamu, nga agamba nti pulezidenti w'ettabi ly'omusango omutemwa.

Ekirala eky'amaanyi kyeyoleka mu kiseera kya Abraham Lincoln nga ye nnaakakulu. Yayoleka enjawulo wakati w'entalo z'abantu n'entalo z'abantu, Lincoln yawaayimuka percents, yaziba amayanja mu bukiika ddyo ne bukiikaddyo.[1] Bino byonna tebyakkirizibwa mu lukiiko lw'abasirikale. Yalaga nti yalina okusoosa omulimu gwe ogw'okukuuma Union. Empication ya Lincoln’s Proclation (1853) yali mu kifo eky'enkola y'enkola y'obuyinza bw'omulembereza wansi w'obuyinza bwe obwafuga, era nga buli kiwandikiro obukusiddwa wansi w'obuyinza bwe obufuga. Kkootikko kyasemba ebyo byonna ebyakolebwa oluvannyuma ne bikuumibwa ku nsonga zino.

Ebika by’Amaanyi ga Prezidenti Binnyonnyolwa

Abeekenneenya bageraageranya amaanyi ga prezidenti mu bika bisatu ebikulu: agalagibwa, agatwalibwa, n’agalimu.

Alabirirwa Amaanyi

Bino biragiddwa butereevu mu Artic II. Bizingiramu amaanyi ag'okulagira abajaasi, okubawa bye baagala n'okusonyiwa (bwe wataba mu buwandiike), okukola endagaano (nga mu lukiiko olukkirizibwa olukulu olw'ebiri mu nsatu ssatu), okulonda ababaka, abalamuzi mu kkooti enkulu, n'abakungu abalala (nga bakkiriziddwa mu kkooti y'ensi), era n'okufuna ababaka abava mu mawanga. Amaanyi agateebwa gakola ekifo eky'obuyinza bwa bannaakyewa, naye nga emirundi egisinga obungi tegategeerekeka bulungi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, prezidenkola y'omukulu w'Eddembe era n'empira y'empira y'empira z'amagye” naye amateeka tegannyonnyola ekyo kye kiyinza okukolebwa mu kiseera eky'emirembe oba mu ntalo.

Ebyetaagisa Amaanyi

Yawulirwa okuva ku 'Ifaith and Theological Classicle' (Adire , Ekitundu 8) nga kigattiddwako n'eky'ekika kya Vessing Claus of Artic II, amaanyi agawandikiddwa gawa pulezidenti okukola ebintu nga takyusizza lukalala naye nga galina ekigendererwa eky'okutuukiriza amatwale ag'enjawulo. Kkooti esingako obukulu yategeera omusingi guno mu mu Neagle [1890]), nga gafuga nti pulezidenti alina obuyinza obusukka mu mateeka agafuga nga ekuuma bakungu ba gavumenti. Ebyokulabirako ebya kino bitwaliramu okutonda obukulu eby'omukulembeze w'omulembedde ku bukulembeze (EOP) mu 1939, ekyagaziya k'okusinga n'obukuluvugizi obwa bulijjo.

Amaanyi Abantu ge Baasikira

Buno bwe buyinza obugatta ekifo mu Japan olw'okuba kiri mu ggwanga eririna obuyinza obufuga ensi enfuga. Amanga agafuga ennyimirira ne g'okwefuga gayita n'ebyo ebiragibwa. Emirundi egisinga obungi abantu baagobererwa mu biseera eby'amalabono. Omukulembeze wa gavumenti Franklin D. Roosevelt kyeyava ekiwa obuyinza obukkiriza Abajapaani okukolagana (Etteeka 906) nga beesigama ku buyinza obwa bulijjo obw'okufuga mu by'entalo, oluvannyuma bwesigamizibwa mu [FL:0] Korendatsu v. United States[FFLT:1] (194).Em'okuteesa kwa bannassawawawamu okumenya n'okulamya abafuzi b'eggwanga.

Emirimu egikolebwa mu butanwa: Ebitegeke ne meterinada

Ebiragiro by'abakulira akakiiko bye bimu ku biragiro ebisingayo okulabika eby'obuyinza bwa pulezidenti. Biragiro bya mateeka ebiweebwa abakwanaganya gavumenti nga tewali bukulembeze butereevu. Wadde nga tteeka teryogera ku biragiro bya bakungu, baggya mu Katundu II akakwasibwa “okukakasa nti Amateeka gatuukirizabwe nnyuma.” Mu byafaayo, ebiragiro ebya bannaakyewa byakozesebwa okuddukanya enkola y'ekitongole. Naye mu kyasa ekya 20, baafuuka baaweesi bankani bakyusa mu nkola ez'amateeka.

Pulezidenti Harry Truman yakozesa Olukalala lw'Abakungu 9981 okugoba amagye. Pulezidenti Barack Obama’s Defered Action for Childhoods (DACA) yakuuma obukadde n'obukadde bw'abamu ku basenze abataali bawaŋŋangusibwa obutatwalibwa mu buwaŋŋanguse. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga Donald Trump yawa ebiragiro ebikwata ku ku kuyingira ggye, okuddukanyaanyisa amagye. Ebiragiro by'akulira amateeka tegayinza kukontana na mateeka galiwo, ate akakiiko akatuulamu kayinza okubayingiza mu mateeka.

Munnabyabufuzi akozesa enkola y'emu n'okulangirira ebikolerwako ebirala naye nga bitegekebwa kitono. Emirundi egisinga obungi, ebiwandiiko ebikozesebwa biwandikibwa butereevu era tebifulumizibwa mu division. Okulangirira kutera kuba kwa mikolo (nga kuyita National Dog Day) naye era kukkirizibwa okubeera n'obuyinza (nga ku Emancipation Proclation). Ebbeetuka zino zonna awamu zikkiriza ba prezidenti okuleka abakulembeze okuddukanya amateeka agawagiddwa, naye era ne baddiŋŋana n'empaka ez'ebyobufuzi.

Enzijuvu n’Empisa Ennungi

Enkola y'okukebera ebikolerwawo etegekebwa okuziyiza abakungu ba gavumenti okukwewaanya. Congress esobola okukola ebintu bingi: eyinza okukendeeza ku ssente, okusussa ku buyinza, okubuutikira obukulembeze, n'okubutegeeza obukulembeze. Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okutegeeza obutongole obutatuukiriza bukulembeze. Naye okukeberwa kuno tekukola mu ngeri y'emu. Ekiragiro gavumenti zifaayo ku pulezidenti ku mateeka atali wa ggwanga, era ne kkooti z'amateeka zitya okuyingiza mu “bibuuzo ebya pulintaneti oba ku nsonga z'eggwanga.

Emirimu gy’Olukiiko: Amaanyi g’Okugula n’Okulabirira

Constitution ewa obuyinza ku kkampeyini. Singa pulezidenti atandikawo kaweefube akkirizibwa mu magye, Consell akkirizibwa okukiwagira. Kino kyabaawo mu kiseera kya Ssematalo Vietnam, Consell bwe yayisa empagiro eya War Powers Resolution (1973) ku Mukulembeze wa Nixon, ng'agezaako okukomya obusobozi bwa pulezidenti obw'okukola amatwale nga tewali lukusa. Watergaano ne Trump zigenda zirebera ddala nga bwe zinnaawula ku ddembe. Kyokka, buli mukulembeze w'obuyinza awakanya eby'obuyinza ku bannaakyewabuzi.

Okwekenneenya Omusango n’Enkomerero Zagwo

Kkooti enkulu erina amaanyi okwejjukanya ebikola nga pulezidenti. Omusango ogusala empalana mu Korea guzingiramu [FL:0] Brocument Comment=Attackstown Comment=Appee & Lamp; Tube. (1192). Saayer [1952], ogwazibikira Omukulembeze Truman obusibe bw'ekyuma mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w' Korea. Omulamuzi Robert Jackson yateekawo olukiiko olusookedwako: amaanyi ga denakulu mu ku ky'obutebenkenkeze ng'akola mu ngeri emenya amateeka eri mu bukiikaddiringi obwa bulijjo.

Naye okukebera kw'ekangaanya kufuga kulwawo era kukwata mangu. Abakulembeze baawo basobola okusooka; kkooti zitera okutwala emyaka mingi okufuga. Ate era, kkooti enkulu ewadde prezidenti eddembe mu nsonga z'amawanga, nga mu United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.[FL:1] [1936], era eyo eyayita pulezidenti “ekitundu kya gavumenti mu ntegeka y'ensi yonna mu nkolagana wakati w'amawanga." Enjigiriza eno ekozeseddwa okwewo kuwanirira obufuzi.

Okwesiga Endowooza: Ekiruubirirwa ky’Obufuzi Ekisembayo

Okusala akalulu kye kintu eky'emirundi ebiri: akalulu k'ennyumba ku bintu ebifeebezebwa (nga abasinga obungi), era Olukiiko olukulu ne lusala omusango ogwetaanya abanoonyi b'okukuba n'okuggyawo. Ba prezidenti basatu bokka abawereddwa (Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, Donald Trump emirundi ebiri), era tewali na kimu ekyavunaanibwa olukiiko. Amaanyi ago ge gasala obululu obwangu, obutono bwegakozesa era ne businga okubuggyamu obukujju.

Prezidenti w’Eby’Obufuzi mu Crises: Okuva ku Lincoln Okutuuka ku Covid-19

Enteekateeka y'obulabirizi mu nsi yonna etaddewo ekyokulabirako. Franklin D. Roosevelt mu New Deal ne mu Ssematalo II, yateekawo olukalala lw'obukulembeze bwa gavumenti n'obuyinza mu bakulembeze b'eggwanga. Yatandikawo ebiragiro ebisukka mu 3,700 mu ttabiuti za bannakyewa nga akozesa obutongole bwa War Information ne War Production Board nga talina buyinza butereevu.

Gye buvuddeko awo, obulumbaganyi obubadde busimbye essomero ku nkozesa y'obusawo y'awrance Force (AMF) mu 2001, kye kyasobozesa ba Presidenti ku buli nviiri okukozesa AUMF okulumiriza obujaasi obulwanyisa bannalukalala mu nsi nnyingi, n'okutongoza enteekateeka ez'okulambula obulango wansi wa USA PORTIOTT Act. Museendwaranti y'obuvanjufu ey'omwaka gwa 19 ba prezidenkola Defense Production Act, okuweramu okuwera obutundu obutongole obukola enzigeevuzi. Buli kabuko kakolobe kakireetera abakungu okufulumya enkola eno: Congressssssss act entegeka ab'obuyinza ab'ekiseera ekisembedde kire.

Olutalo ku Buyinza bw’Abafuzi

Emiwaatwa egitali gimu giwa ekifaananyi ku mpaka ezikwata ku buyinza bwa prezidenti.

Omuntu asobola okuweerera ku sistemu eno n'ensonga endala yonna

Bannabyabufuzi bagamba nti balina eddembe okugaana obubaka okuva ku lukiiko olukulu olw'okukuuma obuwagizi obwa kyama. Kkooti enkulu yawa obuvunaanyizibwa buno mu United States v. Nixon mu mwaka gwa 1874 naye ne yeegaana ekyo kye baategese. Mu nkola ya leero, akakiiko kavugabuuma kasoomooza enkizo ey'amaanyi, era kino kyaviirako abakungu ba gavumenti okulekerawo okusemba obuwagizi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Abakungu ba gavumenti baayisa ebiwaawerebwa okulemesa ebiwandiiko ebimu ebikwata ku AfghanicF.

Okukozesa Abasirikale Awatali Lukiiko Olubawa Obuyinza

Mu Sayansi ya War Powers Resolution, pulezidenti w'ekirwanyi yategeeza Congress nga wayiseewo essaawa 48 okuva lwe yagattirawo era n'abagoba oluvannyuma lw'ennaku 60 nga tebasoose kukkirizibwa. Mu butuufu, ba prezidenti ba Libya baasukka ku kkomo lino. 2011 Libya ya tekikkiriza Pulezidenti Obama okukola nga bwe kiragiddwa obukiiko, era abakungu baaweredde ddala nga tekigasseeko “obulabe.” Okutta kwa munnamateeka wa Iran Qassem Soleamim, okwa Prezidenti Trump kwaleetawo ebibuuzo ebifaananako n'ebyo. Buli kiseera, Consementssion agezaako okuzza mu n'okuzza obuwandikiro oba okuzza obuwanjula e AUMF, naye nga tewali buwanguyi.

Okuyingira mu Kibiina n’Okumenya Omusango

Bakoziganya bakozesa enkola y'okussaawo enkola ey'okusenyera ku ggwanga nga bayimbi. Oluferi lw'Abama lwazibiddwa kkooti mu United States v. Texas (2016). Okuwera kwa Trump kwalina okusoomoozebwa okw'Abasiraamu mu nsi nnyingi ne kusigalawo mu Trump v. Hawaii) yakyusa ebiragiro bya Trump (20:8). Biden yakyusa ku nsonga nnyingi eza Trump-era naye era yayolekagana n'obuvuzi n'okukomya ekiragiro kya kkooti z'omu Mexico. Bino biraga ekkomo lya kooti ezisukka omu'omuwendo: ziyinza okukomya ebiragiro ebyava mu kkooti ezisukkawo.

Okukkirizisa Ebya bufuzi n’Okugaziya Obufuzi

Griplock mu Congress yeeyongedde okukubiriza bapresidenti okukola nga bwe batasobola. Abakulembeze b'obuyinza bwe bakozesa ebiragiro ebya bakungu, ebifunvu n'okussaawo obwetwaze. Kino kitegeeza nti bapartisan era nga beefunira bokka. Buli pulezidenti addako ayongera ku bizimbe, era nga pulezidenti agikozesa mu nsonga za njawulo. Abakugu abamu bagamba nti okuvunaana ettuttumu lya demokrasi kiviirako enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi okubaawo nga tewali n'aw'obuyinza bwa gavumenti. Abalala bagamba nti enkyukakyuka zino tezirina nsonga za njawulo.

Ekivaamu, bukulembeze bwa maanyi era tebusobola kunafuwa. Abakulembeze ba gavumenti basobola okukola kinene nga bakolera ku nkola y'abakungu ba gavumenti, naye ekyo kiyinza okuleetera obusosoze, okukkulwa, oba okukozesebwa mu kifo ekirala.

Olupapula lw'Ebitongole

Ekitongole ekifuga amateeka era ekiwaanyisa eby'obufuzi kyawaanya “omukungu omu”." Kino kitegeeza nti pulezidenti alina obuyinza bwonna ku ttabi era nti asobola okuggyawo omukungu yenna atali wa nsonga. Endowooza eno yayogeddwako Prezidenti Trump mu kukakaafuruka kwe okwasooka era Pulezidenti Biden mu kufuga obukulembeze bw'ebitongole. Abaziyiza bawakanya enkola eno baleetera obukiiko nga FBI ne Federal Reserve. Kkooti ey'oku nti olukiiko olukulu terukkirizza mu bujjuvu njigiriza eyo, naye nga Amateeka gaagila n'ennyonnyonnyonnyolerwako. Ebbeeyimirimu y'eby'eby'Essentensi [ 2020]

Olupapula: Okuwakana okw’Olubeerera

Amaanyi ga nnakyemalira tegakoma ku. Amaanyi ga nnaakalondoozi tegakoma bukoma ku. Amaanyi ga gavumenti za Amereka gagooleka olw'ebiwandiiko bya mateeka, ebiwandiiko eby'edda, n'okugobererwa kw'ebitongole. Abayizi ba gavumenti za Amerika balina okukitegeera nti obuyinza bwa nnakyewa bukulu nnyo.(obw'okuyingira mu bizibu, okugwa mu mirembe, era buli kiseera buwakanyizibwanga gavumenti. Ebizibu ebippya bwe bijjawo /okuva ku nti kkomo ly'embeera y'obukulembeze obwa demokulasenti birina okulongoosebwa.) Okutegeera endowooza eno tekyetaagisa bunnakyeko okusobola okubeera obutuuze mu kifo eky'omulembe omukulu ennyo omuli.

Okusobola okusoma ebisingawo, laba Constitution okulaba olulala lw'agatima aka II. American Bar Association’s Division for Public Education[ Kino kikola ku by'okwerinda mu [FOLT] ebiwandiddwa mu [[FOLT:]