Okunoga kw'Okulonda

Enjigiriza ekkirizibwa kwetongoza kkooti enkulu ey'omu Amerika ekozesezza enkola ey'okukuuma Bill of Rightss state mu kufuga gavumenti nga muyita Claus Estem Procession of the 144th Amerekance. Kino kikakasa nti eddembe ekkulu terikugirwa gavumenti okumenyebwa, so si kuba nti liyitiddwa buyingi. Mu kyasa ekyayita, olukalala lw'emisango egyalimu enzijiro gikozesezza Bill of Rights mu mateeka ga ggwanga, nga likomya American Jurisprancence era nga litegeera engeri amateeka ga bantu gye gaalagiramu nti abateesiteesi bawagidde oba nti amateeka ga gavumenti gaalina okubakuuma abantu abali ku ggwanga okusobola okuwangula.

Ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'ena, ekyatongozebwa mu 1868, okusooka kyalina ekigendererwa eky'okukuuma abaddu abaali baakateebwa okuva ku mateeka g'eggwanga. Wadde kyalina tteeka lya njawulo, okusingira ddala kyalina okulagira nti tewali ggwanga lyali lirina “kuzikiriza muntu yenna mu bulamu, eddembe oba ekintu, nga teririna mateeka.”[1] Mu kiseera ekyo, enkola eyo yafuuka kiyambi kya kutuukiriza byonna ku mateeka agabaga ba ddembe mu ggwanga. Ekiwandiiko kino tekyabanga kya ggumba kufuga buwangwanya abo abatwalibwa okuba “balina endowooza ey'okutongooziganya n'ensonga, enkola eyandigobereddwa kkooti enkulu. Ennamba y'ensonga ezirebwa abantu kinnoomu, ey'ensonga eyandibadde ereetebwa mu kkooti zonna ez'enjawulo, era nga tezisobola kutuukiriza ntegeka abo abatwalibwa okuba nga ba ddembe ery'okusasula obwa “olw'okuteempalo. Ekko ekkomera erigoberebwa mu mateeka lya muntu kinnoomu lyalibwa. Ekkugoberebwa.

Ebiwandiiko Ebisooka: Gitlow and New York and the Apright Resolder

Gitlow v. New York (1925)

Nga 1925 tennaba kutuuka, Bill of Rights yamanyibwa ng'ewera okuwera gavumenti ya New York. Omusango gwa Getlow v. New York gwakyusiza ddala nti olukunkumuli lwo. Benjamin Gitrow, omukulembezi, yasalirwa omusango mu mateeka ga New York olw'okufulumya akasaze akawaayirizo akalaga okuwambibwa kw'obufuzi nga bakozesa amaanyi. Gitlow yakiina nti etteeka ery'okumenya amateeka agasooka okugamenya etteeka ery'okuwa emboozi. Kkooti, mu kusalawo okw'okutaano n'okubiri, yawagira enzikiriza ye ku bulungi ate, n'ensonga enkulu, yalangirira omusingi omuppya: “Kubanga twagala era tusuubira nti eddembe ery’okukubawo olugambo olwo lw'ebitongole ebifulumizibwa okuva ku ku ku kkopi eyasooka (ekigobeeyambisibwa). Ekitongole ekya bulijjo kikuumibwa mu nkola ey'ennya eyo eyagoberebwa mu ku ku kugigigimu.[144]

Oluteegezo luno .U.Chardount teyakyusa butereevu ekyo Gitlow kye yali akkiririzaamu naye lwasobozesa okuleetawo okusoomooza okw'amaanyi mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Teruyinza kumanyibwa bwe lutyo: ku mulundi ogwasooka, kkooti enkulu yamanya nti olukalala lw'enzikiriza ya gavumenti oluvanyunzi olwasooka okukozesebwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti. Ekyasooka kye kyateekawo olukalala olw'ensonga ezikwata ku bantu mu myaka egyaddirira. Kkooti era yatandikawo “omusingi gwa Setaani okugezesa ebigambo, oluvannyuma ne gudda mu kifo ky'emitindo egy'okulambula ebigambo ebikumanya.

Kumpi ne Minnesota (1931)

Nga wayiseewo ekiseera kitono oluvannyuma lw'ekiseera, kkooti ya 'Gitlow'ekkiriza eddembe ly'okukuba empapula z'amawulire.' Mu Nearbor v. Minnesota, kkooti yasaze etteeka eryakkiriza okukugira emikutu gy'amawulire egyali giwandikibwe mu buwangwa obwa “ekikolwa eky'obuswavu, eky'obuswavu, era ekyekuusakuusa.” Kkooti yatwala nti emmeeri y'olukalala lw'ebyuma ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebikola tesobola kukyusa bulamu bw'abantu okuyitira mu Amerekalson, era nga kyalemesa abakungu ba gavumenti obutakebera bitabo nga bwe bigenze. Kino kyayongera okukakasa nti eddembe eryalimu ku mateeka lizingiramu omutemwa gwa demokulasebwa, era nti obutuufu buzingiramu okuyingiza ensonga ezizirwamu mu nkola ya demokulase.

Endowooza y’Abamenyi b’amateeka n’Ekyewaggula mu Kkooti y’e Warren

Ekintu ekyengera mu ngeri eyeewuunyisa eky'okunnyonyola obululu obwali bubaddewo mu myaka gya 1960 wansi w'omulamuzi Omukulu Earl Warren. Kkooti ya Warren yakwata kumpi enkola zonna ez'omusango ogwakolebwa mu kkooti za gavumenti era n'ekwasisa amateeka, era n'ekyusa omukago oguli wakati w'obuyinza n'enkwaso z'eggwanga. Ebyo bye byaleetawo obumu ku bumanyifu era nga bukyawaanyizza zzaabuzza zzaabuzza emisango.

Map v. Ohio (1961): Etteeka El kopioneal Applies to State

Mapp v. Ohio yayogera ku bukuumi bw'etteeka ery'okuna erikugira okunoonyereza n'okulwalalwawo. Dollree Mapp yasimibwa omusango ogw'okuba n'ebintu eby'obuwemu oluvannyuma lw'okuyingira mu nnyumba ye nga poliisi tekkirizibwa. Kkooti enkulu yakyusa obujulizi bwe, nga ewali nti obujulizi obwafunibwa obw'okumenya amateeka ag'okuna n'Enfuga tebuyinza kukozesebwa mu ku nsonga z'amateeka ez'okubiri. Kkooti eyo yatongoza ekiragiro ekyakozesebwa mu lukiiko lwa gavumenti olwo olwo lwennyini, era nga tekyeyambiddwawo mu lukiiko olwo lwokka, era nga kati tekirinamukakafu bukakafu bulaga nti omutemwa gwa ku nsonga ezitakkirizibwa mu kuweebwa mu kuwaabirwa mu mateeka. Okusala omusango kuno kwalibwawo: era ne poli mu nsi yonna, kyali kyetaagisa okuwa omujulirwa mu mbuga z'omujulizi w'amateeka awatali kubaako ensonga ezimenyesebwa mu mateeka.

Wainwright (1963): Eddembe ly’Okubuulirira

Oboolyawo tewaliwowo nsonga eyoleka bulungi ekisuubizo kya bannamateeka eky'okulondamu okugatta awamu ng'okugeraageranya Gideon v. Wainwr[FLL:1]. Clarence Earl Gideon yali omuwayidwa omwavu eyali avunaanibwa okumenya ekisenge eky'omu Florida. Teyayinza kusasula munnamateeka era n'asaba nti kkooti etongoze olukiiko, naye Florida yokka yawa amagezi mu nsonga z'ensonda. Gidiyoni yeetwala era yasalirwa omusango. Kkooti Kkooti Ekkulu yakkiriza nti Eddeath Amerekal Erderty eddeddewo eddembe ly'okuyisa mu ggwanga eriva mu ku ku kuteempewo eya 147. Kkootikko yannyonnyola nti omusango teguyinza kuweebwa mu bwenkanya olw'abo abatasobola kusasula omuntu omu. “Omuwaabiro ogumu okusalibwa omusango guyinza okutwalibwa mu nsi enkulu, naye mu nsi, mu Lusuku lw’omusango lukufuluma lw’ensonga ziyinza okumanyibwa mu maaso mu lukufuluma.

Miranda . Arizona (1966): Custodial Interrogmentation and Selfārrement

[[NKULA] Mira v. Arizona yateekamu n'obukuumi obufuga engeri gye kiyinza okukozesebwamu okukyusizaamu okumenya amateeka mu nkola y'amateeka ey'omu gavumenti. Kkooti yagamba nti omuntu bw'aba abuuzibwa ebibuuzo, tayinza kubulamu okuggyako ng'asooka okutegeeza abasososebwa obuyinza obw'okusirika, nti buli kintu kyonna ekyo kiyinza okukozesebwa ku bamenyi b'amateeka nga bataddewo ddala nga tebalina ssente. Kkooti yalina okuteebereza nti omuntu amanyi era nga tayinza kusasula munne. Kkooti yalina okutta obukkirizi eddembe lino mu bugenderevu. Kino kyeyamaliddeko mu ku buyinza okumanyisa amaanyi agatali gamu wakati w'eggwanga ne mu kubuuzibwa. Kasawo kasobola okusobozesa okumanyisaamu okumanyisaamu olusengo olwo oluyitibwa oluyitibwa oluyitibwa oluyitibwa merty productioniveive mu Amerika kye kikolako mu nkola ey'okusibibwa mu nkola ey'okusibibwa mu nkola ey'okusibibwa mu mateeka.

Duncan . Louisiana (1968): Eddembe ly’Okwalirwa Okunoonyereza ku Jury

Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Louisiana yagaana omulamuzi okuwozesebwa mu kkooti y'etteeka okumala emyaka ebiri mu kkomera, nga yeewawa nti okusala omusango mu kkooti z'amateeka tegwetaanya ku nsonga. Dincan v. Louisiana[[FL:1], Kkooti enkulu mu U.S.S. yakikakasa nti okusala omusango ogw'omukaaga mu kkooti nga mu bwenkanya obw'amaanyi tekyetaagisa era n'okussa mu kkooti z'eggwanga. Kkooti omusango gwannyonnyola nti omusango gulina okutangirira abamenyi b'amateeka aboonoonyi oba abamenyi b'enguzi, oba abawaabikkusiikiriza oba abalamuzi. Kino kyalaga bulungi nti eddembe eryaliwo mu kkooti ey'omukaaga mu mwaka gwa 16, okugatta ensonga ezikwata ku balamuzi ab'amaanyi, era ne ku bajulirwa mu kkooti ez'oku ddyo.

Okulyaŋŋanamu Enkwe Wadde nga Waliwo Omumenyi w’Amateeka: Ebigambo Ebigattibwako Leero

Ebyo ebyasalibwawo oluvannyuma byakwatanga ku Mwendo ogw'Okubiri, ku nteekateeka ey’okuweerayo emirembe mu Seveni, ne ku bintu ebirala ebiwa obukuumi gavumenti, nga biraga nti enjigiriza eyo yeeyongera okufuuka enjigiriza ya Katonda.

McDonald v. Chicago (2010): Emisingi egyali mu mboozi ey’okubiri

Okumala amakumi g'emyaka, gavumenti zaateekawo amateeka agakwata ku by'okwekutula ku mutemwa ogw'okubiri, ogwali teguliiko kugattibwako. McDonald v. Chicago, kkooti enkulu yagamba nti Kkooti ey'okubiri elina eddembe ery'okwekuuma n'okuwanirira emikono nga y'envumbo awatali kugoberera amateeka agafuga n'okufuga. Kkooti eyo yeesigamya ku mulembe gwemu ne ku gavumenti z'omu kitundu. Kkooti eyo yeesigama ku ntegeka y'emu eya Classione eyataddewo n'enkitondo endala, wadde nga era nga yatwalanga obwannannyini ku lugendo lwa Clausce nga tebutegekebwa. McDonad Chicago era n'amateeka agago geetaagisa mu ggwanga erina okumanyisaamu mu Divide mu Disitulity. Ekiragiro ekyo kye kisalawo ku nsonga ey'omu Grookset.

Timbs okufaananako Indiana (209): Astartive Fine

Omusango ogwavaako obunene gwegwo ogwali guvudde ku Timbs v. Indiana, ekyali kigamba nti etteeka erya Enteergerment (Empeery’okukyusakyusa empalana mu by'empandika esukka mu kkumi n'etaano) lissa wansi w'amateeka. Omusango ogwo gwali guzingiramu omusajja eyalina ekifo ekifo ekikoma obunene ekya Reach Land Rever eyakwasibwa omusango oluvannyuma lw'okutunda enjaga z'amalagalala. Kkooti ennongoose erese ereetebwawo essiraase essiraase empandika z'enkola eya SSEATH Leakkod Clace Calaine. Ekiragiro ekyo kyayongera ku musingi nti, Bill w'esomero z'ebyetongodde mu gavumenti ya gavumenti okusasula ebisalebwa obunene n'ebisale bye nnamu.

Amakulu g’Emisango gino

Akabonero akagabanyizidwa mu kkooti z'ensi yonna kaakwata nnyo. Ekiwandiiko ekikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu kijjulukuzza etteeka erikugira gavumenti okufuuka ekiwandiiko eky'eddembe mu buli ggwanga. Bino bye bimu ku bintu ebikulu ebizingirwa mu nsonga ezo:

  • [[AKMENT:0]] Enkyukakyuka ku ntegeka y'Abaamereka esookerwako:[ Kati] Amerika zikuumibwa mu ngeri y'emu ka kibe nti bali mu ggwanga ki. Omutuuze mu ggwanga erimu tasobola kugaana kkooti ey'ekirabo, munnamateeka, oba eddembe ery'okusirika mu ngeri etaba ya mu ggwanga edda.
  • [[Act:0] Abantu kinnoomu basobola okuwakanya amateeka n'enkola mu kkooti nga bakozesa amateeka ge gamu gennyini agaalwanibwanga gavumenti. Kino kiwa obuyinza okuva ku bukyamu bwa poliisi okuggyawo enkaayana ez'okwogera.
  • [[Act:0] Empuliziganya wakati w'obufuge n'obufuzi bwa gavumenti: Enkyukakyuka mu ngeri y'okuteekawo obwetwaze nga bukyali buwandikidwa emitindo gy'eggwanga. Eggwanga lisimbyewo enkola eya demokulase mu ngeri gye ligobereramu emitindo gya demokulase. Mu ngeri eyo, liba lirina okuteekawo empanvu eri wakati w'enkola n'enjereere wakati w'enfugezo ez'amawanga.
  • Enziji z'amateeka: Ensala y'amateeka mu Kkooti ya Warren ne 'Gideon', Miranda, ne Mapp' zaagattawo obusonga obukyamu n'okukwata poliisi. Ofiisi ezilwanirira abantu, obwewandiisi n'okulabula Miranda bye bimu ku nkola y'amateeka.
  • Empaka ezitakoma: Enjigiriza ezirondebwa zisigalamu okukaayana. Abasekerera abamu bagamba nti enjigiriza eyo eresezza etteeka erya gavumenti okuzza obutuufu ku nkola z'eggwanga, ng'ate abawagizi bagamba nti ekuuma eddembe eritakoma ku ku musingi gwa ddembe. Enkola ey'okuyingiza n'entegeka ('enkola y'ekika kya SC) era ey'enkola eya Immunitisched yeeyongedde okuzinyigiriza mu ngeri eyinza okuzingirwamu mu buwanjufuze obwa bulijjo.

Omusango guno ogutali gwa bulijjo era gutaddewo emitindo emikulu egikwata ku kukuuma amateeka, okulamula, n'okuvunaanibwa gavumenti.

fundikira

Olukalala lw'okulonda n'okugattaamu z'enkola enkulu mu mateeka ga Amereka. Okutandikira ku Gitlow mu 1925, kkooti enkulu yatandika okukozesa ebitongole ebyo, nga teyeesigamya byonna ebizingirwa mu kugatta obuvunaanyizibwa obwa nno, singa enkola yaaw'okuteeka essira ku nsonga ezisookerwako. Ebikwata ku nsonga ez'enjawulo ebyannyonnyonnyolwa wano /GGitrow, Neawu, Geod, Mirda, Dunca, McDonald, ne Timbs(illtus'engera ku ngeri amateeka gye gaayungiriddemu okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'omuntu eri eri mu mbeera eya mangu: gavumenti. Okutegeera ensonga zino, n'abakungu ab'eby'amateeka bwe bigaana, bisiima Bill we wa ddembe, Drukusa, ne Minca, ennyuma, ne Titun, obukko bw'obukyungi obutuufu obw'ennaanyiikivu mu mateeka, obutuufu obw'enkola ku nsonga eziba zikyaliwo. Ate, ensonga enkulu n'enkola enkyukakyuka ziyinza okumanyibwawo okumanyibwawona okumanyibwa

Okufuna okwongera okusoma, laba Gitlow v. New York (Oyez)[[FOLT:1]], [ Mapp v. Ohio (Oyez), [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] Gideon v. [OFLT][4][OK]], [otaddewo 'CK] [[FLT]][FLY],[FLY:6]], [[FLT], ne [[FLT] [FLT]]