Ensonga Ekwata ku Kwenkanankana mu Masimu

Ekirangiriro eky'okwenkanankana y'emu ku misingi egikyasinzeeyo okusattulukuka mu mateeka ga Amereka. Wadde ng'ekirango ky'Obwetwaze kyalangirira nti abantu bonna baatondebwa nga benkanankana, kyatwala kumpi ekyasa kimu okusobola okufuna ebiruubirirwa ebyo mu Mateeka. Okukkirizisaamu okwa Ddaaka okw'ekkumi n'enaana mu mwaka gwa 1868 kwaleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi, nga zitandika amateeka agenkanankanankanankanankana aga Clauslease agafuga ensi yonna. Ekirango kino kimu kyatwala etteeka okuleeta obutebe bw'amateeka agasinga gonna ag'omukikaanyi okusobola okuleeta enkukaze mu mu kifo eky'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'emu mu mwaka gwa 1868.

Embalirira y'Oluvannyuma lw'amateeka 14(D) ekola ku kutegeera okutuufu kw'amateeka. Ekiragiro kino kyakolebwa okusobola okusobozesa abantu ba mu Afirika abaakava mu buddu okukkirizibwa okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Ekiragiro kimu, ekirimu esscrectory Claus ne agee ageetedde ku ngeri y'okuteeka mu mateeka amateeka ku mateeka ga Civil Rights Act of the National Rights (Ol Leance). Kyokka, abateeseteeseteese bannaago bannaakozesebwa mu bugenderevu mu ggwanga, ate Kkooti ey'oku ntikko Asse zza empandikaaluunt Claus ennyonnyola ebwerundimu ey'okusososokereza ddala mu ngeri eyoleka et'obusosoze, okusobozesa okusala mu ngeri ey'okwetaba, ey'obuvanjuki, ey'obuvanjuku n'okwegatta.

Ennyinnyonnyola ya Kkooti ey'okulingana tekoma. Ebyo ebyasalibwawo ebyasooka ebyasa nga kkumi na bikumi bikyusizza enkyukakyuka eyo. Ekibiina eky'amaanyi Civil Rights Cases[ mu 1883] kireeseewo amateeka agakugira abantu okusosola bannaabwe mu kyamalwawo, okuteekamu ekigo Claus eky'okufuga. Py v.[FLT] [1866]]) ekiwanyisiikiriza obusosoze mu langi wansi w'enjigiriza ez'enkanankana, ekiragiro ekyawulawo okumala emyaka nga mukaaga. Okutegeera kino kya mugaso eri abasomesa n'abayizi kubanga kitegeeza nti empala enfuŋŋekiso wakati w'enkola y'amateeka, ennyimba, n'enkyukakyuka mu n'enkola y'amateeka.

Ebintu Ebisookerwako: Ekkubo Erituuka ku Brown

Ferguson (1896) ne Enjigiriza Eyenkanankana

Tewali kutegeera kwa bujjuvu ku kwenkanankana wakati wa .[FLT] Plavery v. Ferguson. Homer Plessy, eyali omuva mu kyenyi omusanvu n'omulala omunaana, yasoomooza mu bugenderevu ekiragiro kya Louisiana Car nga yagaana okulekawo emmotoka ey'eggaali y'omukka yokka. Kkooti enkulu, mu kusalawo okwawandiikibwa Omulamuzi Henry Bills Brown, yawagira amateeka nti okusokko okw'ennyiriri ez'omu langi emu ez'omuddiringi nga n'ebifo ebyaweebwa tebifaanagana. Omulamuzi Marshalans Harlan yaleetawo oluguunyuma lw'olupapula lwonna olwa waggulu oluva mu langi olumu. Olukiiko olumu olumu olumu olumu olumu olumu oluyitibwa Genetic Brunverselson, lwe lwogera ku kigambo ekyo olumu.

Ebyago ebyayambibwa [[NKULA:0] kwe kukakasa enkola ey'okulaga obunene bw'eggwanga mu bukiikaddyo bwonna. Eby'okusoma, eby'entambula, n'eby'okusula byabanga byenkanankana emyaka nga mukaaga, nga binywezeddwa enkola ya Kkooti ey'okussa wansi obuyinza bw'eggwanga mu bitundu by'ekkumi ne munaana. NaCPCF Department, ennyunzi, n'obusanyusi bw'abantu bonna tebynkanankanankanankanankanankana mu bunene oba ssente. Enjigiriza eyo yeeyongera mu myaka nga mukaaga mukaaga, nga enywezeddwawo ku ngeri ey'enkola ya kkooti ya poliisi n'okusoma kwayo okufunda ekko. NaCPCCC Leavicence, ekiwandiddwa Thovill Marshall, ekyamala amakumi g'emyaka mangi mangi okutuusa obujuliziboose okukakasa nti ebifo eby'enkola ya BY'ebrookita mu ku kiwandiiko ekiragira eky'empala z'enjigiriza [[FFL:]B:]B]B]

Ekitabo Ssekukkulu Ekikola ku by’Okwekutulaako n’Ekiwandiiko ekiyitibwa State Action Doctrine

Nga rown, kkooti yakolawo ekisobozese okukugira obusosoze mu .[FLT] shelley v. Kraemer[. Ekiragiro kino kyakwata ku ndagaano ezikugira enjawukana mu langi, enzikkiriza nti tekikkirizibwa kutunda bintu mu Amerika. Kkooti eyo yali ndagaano nga bwe ziri za bwa nnannyini, era nga zituukiriza endagaano ezo ezaawebwa mu ndala, era nga zituukiriza ekiragiro ekyo nga kikwata ku kikolwa eky'okuteekwateeso. Ekiragiro kino tekireetera ndagaano eziwera okuzikkukkiriza okuzikkuzibwa mu kkooti, era ne kiziwawula mu ngeri eganyula abantu mu ku butunzikizaamu.

Omusango Eguweebwa Abalamuzi Abasinga Obukulu

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Omuntu okufa olw'okuba yeenkanankana

[[NKULA:0][FLT][FULT] v. Obukiiko bw'Essomero butwalibwa ng'okusalawo okw'omu kyasa ekya 20. Omusango ogwo gwaleetawo okusoomooza kwa mirundi etaano okw'enjawulo okusobola okuggya amasomero ga gavumenti mu Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, ne disiturikiti ya Columbia. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga Earl Warrenrenry, okuwandiika ku kkooti ey'ebitongole ejjuuuuuuuuzi ebyamu, kyatwala ekkomo lya sirreerinaa, era kyasobya Bukuumi bw'eby'omukwano. Kkooti eyo yeesigama ku bujulizi obulaga abaana mu Amerekayini.

Ekiragiro kyasaze enjigiriza eyawukana ku eyo era nga kyenkana. Okutuukiriza enkola kyakafuula kizibu nnyo okusinga okufuga okw'okubiri mu . Ekiragiro kyasalawo eky'okubiri mu [[FLT:]. [195] [ya'etaagisa okukoma ku sipiidi mu bwangu obwangu, ebigambo ebyaleka okuziyiza abantu mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Amasaza agawambye ennyo, okuggala amasomero n'okuteekawo amateeka okwesamba obufuzi. Yatwala ekiteeso ne Kkomyako K'ekikwateko kya LeyaTTTT Tteeka mu 1964 okusobola okufuna entegeka ez'amakulu. [FLD:] Kino kisigala nga omusingi gwayo.[FLT:]

Korematsu v. mu Amerika (1944): A Kekennery Tale

Buli kukubaganya ebirowoozo ku kyenkanankana era kulina okukkirizibwa mu kkooti. [FLT]Korematsu v. United States[FLT]], kkooti ewagira okuwalirizibwa kw'Abajapaani mu kiseera kya Ssematalo II, nga egoberera emitindo egikwata ku gavumenti ne bw'eba nga tewereddwa. Ekiragiro kisalawo nga kilabula ku ddembe ly'entegeka mu biseera eby'obuzibu mu ggwanga. Kkooti eyo kyesembyewo mu maaso mu kifo eky'okulaageza okukiteekako obukwasifu mu nkola obwa bulijjo. Kkookolo eyo yateekanga nnyo mu [[FLT:]. v[FLD:][5][208]

Virginia (1967): Eddembe ly’Okufumbiriganwa Awatali Njawukana mu Busosoze

Mu [[NKULA:0][FLT] mu v. Virginia, kkooti enkulu yasazeemu omuka gwa Virginia Leadern's Cract, ekyagaana obufumbo bw'abantu ab'enjawulo. Richard ne Mildred Long, omusajja omuzungu n'omukazi Omulambo, baasalirwa omusango era ne basibibwa mu kkomera okumala omwaka mu Washington, D.C., ate oluvannyuma ne babeera mu Virginia. Kkooti amateeka agavanyumira okugaana obufumbo obusukka mu langi ez'enjawulo gaamenya amateeka aga Klaalyo ne Claus Claus agesattululwawo mu nkola ey'okutegeka eya BBPlainst.

Ekiragiro kino kyasazesezza ensonga enkulu nnyingi. Ekyokubiri, kkooti yakkiriza ensonga nti obukulembedde bwandibadde busobola okugattibwa olw'okuba etteeka lyali likwata ku langi zombi, era nga ligamba nti okulonda langi za bantu ab'amawanga ag'enjawulo kwali kutwalibwa nga kikulu nnyo. Ekyokubiri, kkooti yakkiriza obufumbo ng'obukulu wansi wa CENTEC, omusingi ogwandizzeemu okuvumirira embaga z'abafumbo ab'ekika ekimu. Amateeka ga Alwananti antintificecece ge gaatemagana ne g'amateeka g'omu Amerika.

Bakke (1978)

Ekibuuzo eky'okweyama kyatuuka ku kkooti mu . Ensonga eza disitulikiti mu yunivasite y'e California v. Bakke, kyeyasala kyamenyawo ekyaleetawo endowooza mukaaga. Kkooti yakkiriza nti enjawukana mu langi teyinza kutwalibwa ng'emu ku nsonga ezisaze. Omulamuzi Lewis Powell's'amanyibwa mu by'enjigiriza eby'enjawulo ng'obuteebiruubirirwa ebya waggulu ebiyinza okusinziirwako obutuufu mu nsonga z'okusiikiriza okusiikiriza ebikwata ku langi. Ekiragiro kino kyasalawo ekiwandikiro kya Kkooti ekiddako okusobola okuzikkiriza emitendera egiddako mu myaka 40 okutuusa mu ku kusalawo kwa Kkoluuni [FFF] mu [FFF].[3]

Okufaanaganya ekiwango n'okulumya omulundi gumu mu mwaka gwa 1978 (1903)

[[NKULA:0] ROSE v.[FLT]] era kyebuuzibwa nga obwama era nga kusalawo okw'enkola, ebibuuzo eby'okwenkanankana byesembedde nnyo mu nsonga eno. Kkooti yakitegeera nti okusobola okufuga obulamu bw'omuntu obw'okuzaala kikulu nnyo mu kukolagana n'abakazi mu ngeri ey'enkolagana ne mu by'enfuna. Ekikongooso kyasalawo ekiteeseteeseteeseteeseteese kigera emitindo gy'obwamaddawo egikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'obulwadde bw'ekitonderwawo mu Amereka. [[FLT:][FLD]] [F]][3] era n'ensonga eziyinza okuzza mu nsonga z'eby'eby'eby'eby'eby'eby'obufuzi [3][3][3][3][3]

United States okugw'okuna n'okudda mu windsor (2013): Enjawulo enzijjuvu ey'obufumbo obw'ekika kimu n'eky'eky'obutundutundutundu:

[[AFLT:0][FLT] United States v. Windsor[FLT] Yabuuza olukalala 3 ku lukalala lw'obufumbo. Olukalala lwa gavumenti lwategeeza okugattibwa kw'omusajja n'omukazi. Edith Windsor ne Thea Spenger baali bafumbiriganiddwa mu Canada era ne babeera mu New York, ekyategeera obufumbo bwabwe. Sper bwe yafa, Windsor yawalirizibwa okusasula obuwumbi bw'emisolo egisukka mu kikumi b'amadoola 3,000 olw'okugaana obuweereza obw'ebwe munda okukitegeera nti obufumbo bwabwe. Kkooti ey'okukungu ey'okutaano yakuba olubala oluvanyuma lwa Clausdia, nga kikwata eky'okumenya amateeka agamenyemenyemenyebwa gavumenti agamenyemenyeddwawo mu mateeka agamenya amateeka agamu agafuga ab'obufunja.

[[NKULULA]] Ekika kino kyazzaawo obuwagizi: Kusalawo kuno kwazzaawo emiganyulo ku nkumi na nkumi ez'abafumbo abaagattibwa mu mateeka era ne kuteekawo olukalala lw'enkola ya Kkooti ku kwenkanankana okw'omukwano. akabonero akalaga nti akabonero ako kaayoleka omulundi ogwasooka Kkooti okumanya nti amateeka agafuga abafaananyi abafaananyi ne abakazi gayinza okumenya amateeka agafuga enkola y'obukuumi bwenkana.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Okuwasa oba okufumbirwa eggwanga eryenkanankana mu nsi yonna

Emyaka ebiri oluvannyuma lwa [[NKULA:0], kkooti yamaliriza okuweza omulimu ogw'okuweresa omuwendo gw'obufumbo mu . Obergefell v. Hodges. . Kkooti yaleetawo okusoomooza mu kugattulula obufumbo okw'ekimu okuva mu bitundu bina. Omulamuzi Anthony Kennedy, awandiika ku 5-4, akkiriza nti eddembe okufumbiriganwa lirina kukkirizibwa mu nkola eya Classississibwe na Claus, era n'abafumbo abagenda okufumbiriganwa nabo tebayinza kufiirwa ku nsonga y'omuyagazaamu. Ekiragiro kyonna ekiteeyagaagibwa mu mateeka kisalawo okumenya obufumbo obwa bulijjo n'okutuukiriza ebimenya ebibi mu mateeka ebirala ebikkirizibwa mu mateeka ebirala.

ISPAZE]: Kano kakireetera okugattika ssemateeka n'obufumbo obw'ekikula mu nsi yonna, nga keekakasa ekitiibwa n'okwenkanankana kw'abantu kinnoomu n'amaka gaabwe. Signaficidence:[ Kaali kabonero akalaga nti obufumbo obw'ekika kya bannaabwo bukoma olw'endwadde n'enteekateeka ez'amateeka, era nga ke kateesiteerebwa LGBTQ+ eddembe era ne katandikawo nti emitindo egy'okwetaba gisobola okwekenneesa mu bukakafu wansi w'obukuumibwa Classi.

Okwegulumiza Okubunye Buli Wamu

Okulingana kw’Abantu n’Enzikiriza y’Ekibiina

Kkooti enkulu ekiraze obusosoze mu bitundu by'ensi eby'ekikula wansi w'enkola eya Claus okuva mu 1970. erad v. erad (1971], kkooti yasaze etteeka Idaho etwala abasajja ng'abakulu b'ebifo, nga lyoleka omulundi ogwasooka Kkooti ekozesa ekiteeso kya Claus okutemalala. [FLT:] Fronienton v. Richardson[FLT:][3]], obungi obwa Kkooti bw'enkalakkalira, obwalimu obwa Ssaze obwa Ssaze bugamba nti, obutundu obwasooka buba busaanidde okulowoozebwa ku nsonga ey'okulasa obujulira ddala. Mu kifo ky'ensonga eyo, olukulongo olukulembeddwawo mu [Fra]

Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti eyo yayogera ku bukuumi eri abantu abassuka mu kigambo Bostock v. Clayton County (2020), nga ekiwandikiro bwe kikkiriza nti obusosoze mu ngeri ekwatagana n'okwetaba oba transger butwalibwa ng'obusosoze olw'okukolera ku mutwe gwa ttini VII mu Kkooti eya 1964. [[FLT:]] Bostock[[ kye tteeka erikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku kwegatta.

Obutali Bwenkanya mu by’Eby’Obugagga ne Kkooti

Entegeka egwirizana n'eby'obugagga zikozesebwa ku nkola eziragiddwa ku nsonga ntono. Kkooti eyo era yagamba nti gavumenti tezisobola kukkirizibwa kuyingira mu kkooti ezeesigamiziddwa ku nkola z'amateeka nga zigenda okukwatibwa, nga mu .Griffin v.Illinois[] [19666]] [19]], oba okugaana emiganyulo egy'okwerinda okusobola okufunira obuwangwa obutuufu. Kyokka, Kkooti eterakiti eziyiza endowooza nti obusosoze mu by'enfuna bwokka bukontana n'etteeka lya Butebe bw'amateeka. San Antonio Independetion School School [[FLT:][17]], entegeka y'empulizimuko, enfugenyi eziwagira enkola y'eby'emisolo egisinziddwa mu misolo, era egaana endowooza ey'enjigiriza ezigobeegobeegobeego mu bufunze y'obuyigirize obwa waggulu.

Okufuba Okufuna Okwenkanankana

Wadde nga wabaddewo okusalawo okw'okukyusa mu myaka omusanvu egiyise, okukaluubirira okw'okwawula ku kyenkanyi kukyeyongera mu bitundu bingi. Eddembe lizingiziddwa ku ddembe mu kiseera ekiddirira .Shelby County v. Hamer [202013], eryaviirako okusasiikiriza olukusa lw'amateeka agafuga emitindo gy'enkola mu nkula y'obwa digiti ya Oromukwano mu 1965. Amakampuku ga gavumenti gataddewo amateeka agakwata ku nnamba, ne gagobeetaagibwawo mu ngeri ezitaawula obungi. Kkooti ya Kkooti eyo yeeyongera okubuusabuusa n'okukkekkereza.

obwenkanya bukyakolawo nnyo era okusibibwa kwannannyini ku bantu mu Afirika ne mu Spain kibadde kya kabi nnyo. Kkooti eno era yakubaganye ebirowoozo ku nsonga ezikwata ku langi ez'enjawulo ezisangibwa mu langi mu kulonda abalamuzi okusobola okulonda enjawukana mu kukola emirimu gy'obupoliisi.

'FLT' errosy' era ekola okusobozesa okubala ekiva ku kugatta pulogulamu mu by'enjigiriza. Kkooti ekola mu kiwandikiro. Harvard (2023) esobola okukomya enkola ey'okwesigamya okusoosa mu nfuna ez'omulembe ogwa waggulu, nga kyetaagisa kampuni ez'enjawulo nga zigoberera enkola ez'okuvuganya mu langi. Kino kiviiriddeko okujjuzaamu emitendera egikolebwa mu kwegatta ebika by'enjereere wakati w'obusosoze n'ebyenfuna.

Okutegeera Okuba n’Eby’Okubeera ng’Abantu Abenkanankana

Abasomesa bayigiriza ebintu bino, engeri eziwerako ziyinza okuyamba abayizi okwenyigira mu ngeri ez'enkukakyuka. Ekisooka, kiba kikulu okuggumiza nti amakulu g'okulingana gakyuse nnyo mu byafaayo by'Amerika era nti enzivuunula y'amateeka gajjawo olw'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu bantu n'olw'enkyukakyuka ezikolebwa ku bantu. Ekyokubiri, abayizi basaanidde okutegeera nti Kkooti enkulu tegendera ku nsonga; bye basalawo bikyusa embeera z'eby'eby'obufuzi n'eby'obuwangwa. Ekyokusatu, ensonga ensensenseko zisaanidde okukkaatiriza buli nsonga, n'ensonga ezizikwata ku nsonga, n'endowooza z'abantu abasinga obungi.

Okugeraageranya ebintu ku ebyo biyinza okuganyula ennyo abasoma. Gavumenti endala nnyingi, nga mw'otwalidde Canada, South Africa, ne Bugirimaani, zikoppye enteekateeka zaazo ez'obwenkana mu ssemateeka gaazo agaddirira United States mu ngeri ezimu. Okwekenneenya engeri kkooti endala gye zikozeseemu ensonga ezikwata ku kusosola, obutuufu bw'amateeka g'ensi, era n'okulingana mu bufumbo, biyinza okusobozesa abantu okumanyibwa mu mateeka g'ensi America n'ebyo bye basalawo mu mateeka.

fundikira

Kkooti enkulu yakola kinene nnyo mu kumanyisa n'okukuuma obukwasi bw'ekibiina okuba nga kyenkana wansi wa tteeka. Okuva ku rown v. Akakiiko k'Essomero okutuuka ku. Korgees[, ensala y'enkyukakyuka ez'enkyukakyuka zigaziyizza enkuka n'empalana ez'enkola ez'okwenkanankana ne zikakasa ekitiibwa ky'ebibinja ebya buli kika kya buli muntu ebiva mu butuuze obwa bulijjo. Wadde nga ettulukuka z'onkana tezingirwa ku lukalala, era n'okuteesa kwa bannabyawukaanya ku ddembe ery'okwegatta, era n'okusosola mu ngeri eyolekamu ku kyenkanankanankanankanankana.

Okutegeera ensonga zino n'embali ebizingirwamu, kikulu nnyo okusobola okufuna obutuuze obumanyi obulungi. Emisingi egikwata ku kulingana n'obwenkanya n'obwenkanya obwa bameeri tegizingiramu kwegatta bokka, kwegatta, kutuukiriza bye baagala, kutuukiriza bye basalawo. Abasomesa n'abayizi bwe banoonyereza ku nsonga zino, beegatta ku ku kunnyonnyola enzigi n'okusobozesa abantu okwongera okuba n'obwenkanankanankanankana. Ekyawe eky'okubeenkanankanankanankana tekyetaagisa kutuukiriza mulembe mulamba.