Okugabanya amaanyi wakati wa gavumenti z'ensi ne gavumenti z'ensi gwe musingi ogw'omusingi gwa Amereka. Enkola eno emanyiddwa nga gavumenti za Amerika, eyawulamu obuyinza mu ngeri nti obuyinza busobola okufuga ebitundu bingi eby'obulamu, okuva ku buyigirize n'entambula okutuuka ku nkola y'eby'obulamu n'amateeka. Endowooza y'enkwaso z'obufuzi ez'ensi n'ekuusa ku gavumenti mu kifo kya gavumenti, era nga zisigala nga zigoberera enkola ya gavumenti esobozesa abantu okutereeza ebiwangwa ne enkola z'eggwanga. Okutegeera eddembe ly'eby'obufuzi bw'eggwanga, kyetaagisa okumanya engeri gye basinziira ku ngeri gye basasulamu emisolo gy'empalo, era n'amateeka agakuuma eddembe lyammwe ery'abantu.

Eddembe ly’Eggwanga Kye Ki?

Obusobozi bw'eggwanga busigiddwa mu Kkumi ssemateeka w'Amerika, ogugamba: "Amasaza tegaaweebwa Amerika okusinziira ku Mateeka ga Mpisa oba obutagakkiriza mu ggwanga, gaweebwa ggwanga mu ggwanga oba mu ggwanga. Kino kikyusa omusingi nti gavumenti eririna obufuzi obwo bwokka obwateekebwa ku Mateeka ga Amereka, so ng'ate gavumenti endala zonna zigoberera gavumenti. Empaka zinnyonnyola nti gavumenti zirina obuyinza obwa tteeka obufuga oba obufuga obulamu, obutuufu, obutuufu, obutuufu, n'obutebenkenkevu.

Obusobozi bw'eggwanga tebukoma ku mulembe; buli mu lukalala olw'obuyinza obwa ssemateeka nga bwe bwateekebwawo n'Etteeka lya Supremacy Claus. Amateeka ga gavumenti n'agw'eggwanga bwe gatakwatagana, etteeka erya ssemateeka liba liwangulwa. Kyokka ensalo z'enkalakkalira zigezesebwa buli kiseera okuyitira mu mateeka, ebikolwa, n'emisango gya Kkooti Esinga obukulu. Ekivaamu mateeka ga si mazibu okumanyikanya ku nsonga eziyinza okwawukana ennyo ku nsonga gamba ng'obufumbo, okusasula emisolo, enzirekko, n'obwenkanya bw'ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'amateeka.

Ebikwata ku Ddembe ly’Eggwanga

Enkaayana ezikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu ezze zibaawo mu byafaayo bya Amerika, ezitera okuba nga ze ziviirako obukuubagano mu nsi. Obukyayi obuliwo wakati w'ab'obuyinza n'obufuzi bwa gavumenti bukyusizza endowooza z'abantu mu by'obufuzi era bukyasibuka ku by'obufuzi. Ebyaliwo mu byafaayo bizingiramu:

  • Embeera Enzibu mu Myaka gya 1830
  • Olutalo mu Amerika n’Okuzza Obuggya
  • Ekibiina ky'Eddembe ly'Abatuuze ekya 1950 ne 1960
  • New Accounting and the Reace
  • Gye buvuddeko awo, wabaddewo entalo ku yinsuwa y’eby’obulamu, ku mateeka agakwata ku mbeera y’obutonde, ne ku by’okukuba akalulu

Embeera y’Enkula

Mu myaka gya 1830 egyasooka, South Carolina yalaga nti yalina eddembe okusazaamu amateeka g’eggwanga, ng’agamba nti gayinza okusazaamu amateeka g’ensi mu nsalo zaabwe. Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson yatiisatiisa okutta amagye era omusirikale ayekkiriranya yamalawo ekizibu eky’okufiirwa gavumenti.

Olutalo olw’Abamerika

Wadde nga waaliwo okukaayana ku ddembe ly'obuntu, gavumenti z'omu bukiikaddyo zaagamba nti zirina obuyinza okwefuga, nga mw'otwalidde n'okutandikawo obwaddu, nga tekuli buwagizi bwa gavumenti.

Ekibiina Ekikola ku Ddembe ly’Eddembe

Nga wayiseewo ekyasa, eddembe erya gavumenti lyagattibwa nate (ku mulundi guno okuziyiza obusosoze n'obusobozi bw'okulonda mu Amereka. Eggwanga ery'omu bukiikaddyo lyayisawo amateeka era ne litandika okugoberera enkola ezigendererwa okuziyiza enfuga za gavumenti nga Brown v. Agoodoota g'Esciation[[FLL:1]]. Gavumenti ya gavumenti yayanukula akaadi akalaga nti waliwo eddembe ly'obwa nnamba n'okulonda mu 1964 ne ku Kkolanga obwa obwa ntegeka obwa ddembe mu mwaka gwa 1965, ebyakolanga ebitongole eby'obusuubuzi n'okukyutsa obunene ebyava mu mateeka agafuga enjawukana mu mawanga.

Kaweefube Omuppya n’Okukulaakulana mu Kibiina

The New Deance eya 1930 yalaba okugaziwa kw'obufuzi bwa gavumenti y'eggwanga nga yenyigira mu bukwasi bw'eby'enfuna, n'eby'obutebenkevu. Ssaze yasooka kukomya programu nnyingi eza New Deac ng'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti, naye oluvannyuma lw'okumeegugungo kw'ebyobufuzi ne Pulezidenti Franklin Roosevelt, kkooti yakyusa ennyinnyonnyola yaayo, ne kisobozesa abantu okusoma ennyo obuyinza bw'eggwanga wansi w'amateeka wansi w'amateeka. Kino kyatandikawo enteekateeka y'obufuzi, gavumenti gye zaakolera awamu.

Ensonga Ezikwata ku Ddembe ly’Ettaka

Mu kyasa ekya 21, eddembe ly'abantu kyeyongera okuba ensonga enkulu mu bitundu bingi ebya kampuni. Okugattika kw'obufuzi bwe kweyongera, ebitundu bingi bifuuse ebitongole ebikola ebbeeyi ebya demokulase(oba, okusinziira ku ndowooza yo, ebibamba (w'olutalo) gye bisiikusanga amateeka okwawukana ennyo ku g'amawanga agali muliraanye. Mu nsonga enkulu eziziriwo mwe muli:

  • Engeri gye kikwatamu ebizaalwa n'engeri eya insuwalensi gye biddukanyizibwamu
  • Entegeka y'enjigiriza n'entegeka ya bye kiteekateeka
  • Amateeka g’obutonde n’enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y’obudde
  • Emirimu egikwata ku kufuga emmundu n’Emitemere ey’Okubiri
  • Okuggyamu embuto ez’ekika ekimu n’okuzaala
  • Okussaawo amateeka era n'okulonda
  • Okutongoza amateeka agakwata ku by'amateeka n'okukozesa ebiragalalagala

Amateeka Agakwata ku by’Endabika

Ekiragiro Affordble Care Act (ACA) kyali kikiikirira enkola y'eggwanga ey'amaanyi mu by'obujjanjabi okuva ku Medicare ne Medicaid. Kyokka, gavumenti zaasala amagezi mangi: zisobola okusalawo oba nga ziyinza okugaziya Medicaid, okuteekawo embalirira eza za insuwalensi ez'eby'obulamu, n'okubusuubuzi. N'ekyavaamu, obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde bw'abantu abakulu abafuna obuyambi mu bitundu ebitaliimu, ng'abatuuze mu nsi ezigenda zigaziwa, ng'abatuuze mu nsi banyumirwa okukkirizibwa okubugaziwanjulwa. Era, ebitongole ebirengo eby'obujjanjabi bye bitegeka eby'obujjanjabi, n'obujjanjabi obw'ebitongole ebikola ku nsonga z'obutebenkenke. Kko kya 2012 kisalawo kya ACA naye nga kikugira okugaziwandibwa kw'eggwanga mu nkola y'obutebe bw'eby'obutebe bw'ebyeyagasanjanjanjanja mu nsi eyo eyongera.

Okuyigiriza Abaana Empisa Ennungi

Enjigiriza z'ensi eyo zimaze ebbanga ddene nga zitwalibwa ng'obuvunaanyizibwa obw'amaanyi mu ggwanga. Ate era, mu myaka egyakayita, okulwanagana ku ebyo ebifulumira mu ebyo ebiyigirizibwa mu langi, eby'okwetaba, ne ebyafaayo, byeyongerako. Ng'obutundu obulagira amateeka agakugira emitwe egimu ne g'obutundu. Enteekateeka z'esomero, nga mw'otwalidde n'ezo eziwa abasomesa obukwasiddwa obukwasiddwa obukwasifu, era n'essomero, nazo zisinziira nnyo ku ebyo ebiyigirizibwa abaana abali mu ggwanga ne ku ttendekero lye babeera.

Amateeka Agakwata ku Budde n’Engeri Enkola gy’Ebambwamu

Gavumenti bw'ekomya emitindo gy'enkola ku butonde bw'ensi, ebitongole bitera okusembera. Ng'ekyokulabirako, California, etaddewo emitindo gy'amaanyi agava ku byuma ebisaasaanya emmotoka okusinga gavumenti, ereetera enzivuunvu . Gavumenti endala zikomye emitindo gya California okutandikawo emitindo gy'enteeyivu. Bwe wabaawo enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde, nga New York, Washington, ne Massachusetts zikendeezza ebiteebwa bya carbon, ate endala ziziyiza okukulakula kw'amasannyalaze ne ku mateeka agafuga enjawukana mu mateeka era ne kisobozesa ebitongole ebikola ebigendera ku n'ebifo okuzza obunene.

Emitindo gy’Okufuga Emmundu

Etteeka ery'okubiri okusumulula emikono mu buyinza bwa 'FLT' liba linnyonnyolwa mu ngeri za njawulo mu masaza. Amagatte agamu gawandiikiddwa ku mbeera ez'enjawulo, ebiseera eby'okulinda n'ebiragiro ku by'okulwanyisa; amalala gataddewo amateeka "awatali kugatwala" agasobozesa abantu okutambula emmundu nga tebalina lukusa. Kkooti enkulu enzivu ya New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pistal Association v. Bruen[[FLM:1] [2022]) gaalagira ddala nti enteenzeewo ente ente ente mu kkooti empandika y'ebyuma esobozesa abantu okusiikiriza ebibabule mu lujjudde, naye era n'ebalira ddala ekisenge eky'ebyafaayo. Kino kikubisizzaawo omufuuzi w'obuyinza obwa bulijjo.

Okuggyamu Olubuto

Ku nkomerero ya kkooti y'Abasibe . .Whee mu [FLT] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization[], obuyinza okukugira okuggyamu embuto mu bitundu. Amasaza agamu gaalwawo okuwera okuwera okuziyisa oba okukoma ku ku kukugira okuggyamu embuto, ate amalala agaawula amateeka ne gakuuma okukkirizibwa oba okugaziwa emirimu. Okwawulamu okwava mu ggwanga kwatandikawo "Babulortion" ne ku lugendo olw'okutambula mu misaze. Kino kiraga engeri eddembe ly'eby'obuwagizi gye liyinza okuva mu bitundu eby'enjawulo abantu gye basalawo okuzigya mu kifo kyabwe.

Emiganyulo Egiri mu Kufuna Eddembe ly’Ennimi mu Buwangwa

Ebinaakolera ku ntegeka z'eggwanga bye bisinga okumanyibwa. Amateeka agafuga amatunja ga gavumenti, okutwaliramu enkola y'okusasula emisolo gy'ebintu n'entambula ya gavumenti, okusalawo okuva ku lukiiko lwa gavumenti ku bikwata ku bulamu bw'abantu. Mu bitundu ebikulu ebizingirwamu mwe muli:

  • Empagi ez'okufuga eza Munno
  • Enteekateeka z'eby'emirimu n'ez'okuteeka ssente mu kampuni
  • Okwogerezeganya n’obutuuze
  • Okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna n'okusasula emisolo
  • Obukugu n'okugoosa abamenyi b'amateeka

Okufuga Okwa Nnamaddala

Amateeka ga gavumenti ge gasalawo obuyinza n'obuvunaanyizibwa ebibuga, ebifo eby'enjawulo. Mu masaza mangi, etteeka erifuga abatuuze libawa obuyinza bwa buli kika ku nsonga z'omu kitundu, ng'ate gavumenti endala ziremesezza nnyo okufuga ekitundu, naddala ku nsonga gamba nga essente ezitafiibwako, okupangisa, n'okukuteekamu bbugwe. Obukyayi obwo wakati wa gavumenti ne gavumenti z'omu kitundu. Obuzibu obwo buyitibwa "Dillon'tment" ne "lome" era ne "home".=affesss'akireetera abantu okukola ku byetaago byabwe.

Enteekateeka za Bonna n’Enkyukakyuka

Gavumenti zifuga engeri y'okuggyamu ssente mu masomero, ku nguudo, ku sistemu ez'amazzi, ne ku ngeri y'okutambuzaamu abantu. Omuntu okuba nti y'alina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okuteeka ssente mu biduuka, awamu n'okusala emisolo, ebitongole ebinene eby'omusolo, empagi, empagi, n'ebifo ebya gavumenti gye biddukanya. Gavumenti efuga esobola okusobozesa okuteekamu emisolo gy'entambula ne bbaasi mu bifo eby'obukalu n'eby'obuddukiro, era n'okusobozesa ebitongole ebikolerwako okugula obubeebiri okugula.

Okwenyigira mu Kitundu n’Okukolera Awamu

Obusobozi bw'eggwanga busobozesa ebiwandikiro okutandikawo enkola eno. Singa ebibiina bya gavumenti bisaba ba Isitaagino oba bannakyewa okuteekateeka ebitongole ebikola ebiruubirirwa byabwe. Ebyokulabirako bitwaliramu kaweefube ow'okukwasisa essomero eryamu, essente, okusuubira okukolebwa kw'ensonga ez'obutonde, ne LGBTQ+ nonodivvunuations. Democracy'ensi ewandikibwawo kisobozesa abantu okukola enteekateeka enkyuka nga bayitira mu kulonda n'okujjukira amavooti, era ne bakulaakulanya endowooza ey'okugattirawo abantu mu by'eggwanga mu bwangu okusinga ne mu by'obufuzi.

Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu Ekwata ku Bufuzi: Ebiwandiiko by’Ettabi n’eby’Obufuzi Obufuga Obufuga Obuwa Obukulembeze

Ekiragiro ekikolebwa wakati w'obuyinza bw'eggwanga n'obw'eggwanga tekitegekebwa; kifuuka nga kirimu n'enkyukakyuka mu by'obufuzi, okunnyonnyola okusala emisango, n'ebyetaago by'abantu. Mu kyasa ekya 20, enkola yali mu kufuuka waakiri.[1] Gavumenti yasingirwamu obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okuzza eddembe ly'abantu, okukuuma entebe, n'obutebenkevu mu mbeera z'abantu. Kyokka, okuva mu 1990, okugoba amaanyi mu nkyukakyuka ez'eby'eby'obufuzi, ekitongole ekiwandiddwa mu by'amateeka kiwandikiro kigyezza obuyinza obuddirizza amaanyi ku gavumenti nga kiva ku mpagibwa, ebizibyabuutikirwa, n'okusala emisango.

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa emitindo gy'enkola okussaawo emiganyulo ebiri mu bivaamu n'okukyusa ebiva mu nkola z'ekiwandikiro. Ku luuyi olulala, eggwanika kkomo liyinza okusobozesa enkola ez'enjawulo okukkirizibwa. Ku ludda olulala, ebiwandikiro biyinza okuwerera ddala emitindo egya wansi(a "bakwanga ku ntebe za kampuni"", "n'enkola mu bifo nga akakwate n'okukuteekako aw'enkola. Kkooti enkulu zitera okukola nga akasonga, n'okukuuma abazeebbeeyisaamu mu by'emizannyo. Enkola eno eyinza okulonda embeera y'enjjulukuka. Enkola eno mu bye birondooke ebyaka bya gavumenti. Ennakulembe entono, nga [NURFFY] v. NKAFLY'. N'EKMCULY'ENS, ebikkuteekako endowooza y'enkano eya mu kkooti y'emu ne mu NTEOMENTOOOM. (20: 1) ebigoberera enneego zibaamu

Okusoomooza n’Okuvumirira Eddembe ly’Eggwanga

Wadde nga waliwo ebintu bingi ebisikiriza abantu mu mawanga gaabwe, eddembe ly’abantu litera okubaamu okusoomooza okw’amaanyi.

  • Amateeka n'enkola ebitakwatagana mu bitundu ebitali bimu
  • Ebiraga nti omuntu tasosola era nti tatukuuma mu ngeri emutasaana
  • Obunafu bw'okugonjoola ebizibu by'amawanga oba eby'ensi yonna
  • Okuzikirizibwa kw'ebiragiro ebyatuweebwa sooda za gavumenti
  • Akatyabaga ak’okukwatibwa nga bagoberera enkola ey’enjawulo

Empisa n’Empisa eby’Obuwangwa Biba Bikyuse

Abaamereka okuva mu ssemazinga agamu okudda mu malala bayinza okusanga ebitundu eby'enjawulo ku mateeka agakwata ku kuyingiza obufumbo mu mateeka, okusasula emisolo, okukuzibwa kw'abakugu mu by'amasasi, okusasula emmundu, era n'okuggibwako obutujju bw'ebintu.

Ebireeta Obusosoze n’Obukuumi Obwa Mwenkanankana

Ddembe mu byafaayo, eddembe ly'eggwanga liyambiddwa okulaga nti amateeka agabafuga oba ag'obwannakyewa gawabudde, okuva ku Jim Crow okutuuka ku byetaagisibwa ebya leero ebikwata ku bavvunnanti batono nnyo. Wadde nga gavumenti eyinza okweyingiza mu nsonga nga egoberera amateeka ga gavumenti oba amateeka agakwata ku ddembe ly'abantu, enkola eyo tetera kulwawo nnyo, ne kiviirako ebibiina eby'enjawukana okuba nga biri mu bitundu gye bitalina buyinza.

Obuzibu bw’Okubuuliramu

Ebizibu gamba ng'enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka y'obudde, ensaalwa z'eby'obulamu, okuteeyisa mu ngeri ya njawulo, n'okufeebezebwa kw'eby'emirimu teby'enjawulo. ''''''eb'amawanga okusobola okukola ku nsonga z'ensi yonna kiba kyetaagisa okukolagana mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Wabula singa gavumenti zigoberera enkola ez'enjawulo nga zeeyambisa enkola y'obudde obw'ekikungo, nga zeeyongera okukola ku nsonga ezikwata ku ngeri y'obudde, tezisobola kutuukiriza biruubirirwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu mu mubenjenje obutuufu obw'obuwagizi bw'obulamu, obuba buzibu era buleetawo okusobejja okutakwatagana ku kusobola okuleetawo okutaataasa, n'okusaasaanya amasanyuko, n'obuteempalo.

Okusuula Etteeka mu Kifo

Obusobe obw'enkalo mu ntegeka za gavumenti kwe kukozesa eddembe ly'eggwanga okumenya amateeka ag'omu kitundu. Mu masaza mangi, amakanisa gataddewo amateeka agagaana ebibuga okuteekawo essente ezisingako obunene, okuteekawo entegeka za pandex, oba okugoolera obukujju n'ebyuma eby'okukuba bbomu. Wadde nga gavumenti eyinza okuteekawo enkola y'okugatta awamu, era eyinza n'okuziyiza okusalawo kwa demokulase, naddala singa abawagizi ba gavumenti ba gavumenti bagezaako okulemesa amateeka agakyusaamu.

fundikira

Endowooza ekwata ku ddembe ly'eddembe ereetebwawo ddala mu mpaka za gavumenti eziri mu 19 eziba zikyaliwo. Wadde nga buli Mumerika alina engeri y'okweyimirizaawo, era ng'enjigiriza erina engeri gye zikola ku bulamu. Okuva ku buyigirize abaana gye bafuna okutuuka ku budde bwe basobola okukozesa, okuteegera n'obuyinza bwa gavumenti kirina kye kikola ku bantu. Wadde nga eddembe erya gavumenti liwa obuyinza obufuga abantu mu bitundu era likubiriza enkola ezikolebwa, era lireetawo n'ebibuuzo eby'amaanyi ku kwenkanankanankana, era nga n'obusobozi obw'okugonjoola ebizibu. Ng'abatuuze, okubeera n'obuyigirize ku nsonga y'obuyigirize obwa waggulu tekisinziira ku ku ku ku ku kuyiga obuyigirize obwa bulijjo. Okutegeera eddembe abantu mu mateeka kikkiriza abantu okuteekawo enkola eyoleka emitindo gyabwe mu by'enkola yaabwe, era n'okusobozesa okumanyisawongera okuba n'ensonga mu ggwanga eriyo. obuvunaanyizibwa bw'eggwanga erimu mu Amerika, obutuufu bw'obutongole obugobereberyengobereddwawo ku ddembe ly'eggwanga.