Wadde nga wabaddewo okulwanagana okw'amaanyi wakati wa White House, Capitol, ne Court ey'oku ntikkooti enkulu, okulumba, okulagirwa kw'amateeka, n'okusala emisango mu ngeri ezisukka mu kimu tekitwalibwa ng'ekiziyiza okufuga. Kyokka obutategeeragana obwo si bunafu mu nteekateeka ya Amerika; bwe bukulu bwayo. Abatandikawo amateeka ga United States, nga benyigidde mu Kitangaala era nga beegendereza obuyinza, baazimba gavumenti ez'ebiwagizi. Obwetwaze bwa gavumenti, entegeka, entegeka, era n'amatabi g'empalo tegaategekerwawo kukola bulungi, naye okusobola okugonjoola ettuttumuwe. Okusobola okutegeera ebyambi ez'amaanyi, amateeka gaayo gaayamba abantu kinnoomu n'okusalawo mu maaso mu kiseera nga gavumenti tegasaagoolekawo, obwenyangu obweyali lukuguwanya obweyaw'amatabi gaayo.

Ekintu Ekirungi Ekiraga nti Omuntu y’alina eddembe: Ensibuko y’Eddembe n’Enkola Zaalyo

Enteekateeka ya gavumenti ya Amereka kye kijjukizo eri obufirosoofo bw'eby'obufuzi obw'omu Kitangaala. Mu kitabo kye 1748 Omwoyo gw'Amateeka, kyagamba nti eddembe ery'eby'obufuzi lyetaagisa okwawula abafuzi, abafuzi, n'ab'obuyinza. James Madison n'abafuzi abalala bavvuunula emisingi gino egy'ekika ekyako okkiri ku Constitution of 1787. The Virginia Plan, eyakwawulibwa Madison, yatandikawo ekitebe kino ekinywevu ekyakkirizisa olukalala lw'ebiragiro ebya bulijjo ebya kampuni.

Okwegwanyiza Ettuttumu Kulina Okukolebwa mu Kweggyamu Amalala

Okunnyonnyola ekisingayo obulungi ekigendererwa ky'abafuzi kusangibwa mu Federal list No. 51, Madison gye yawandiika nti, "Singa abantu baali bamalayika, tewandibaddewo gavumenti eyandibadde nga ya mugaso. Singa bamalayika baalina okufuga abantu, oba okufuga gavumenti, oba ebweru wa gavumenti, oba munda, " kubanga abantu si bamalayika, gavumenti eteekwa okweyawulayawula. Buli ttabi lirina okwemalirira nga liweebwa "Eby'amateeka n'ebiruubirirwa ebyago okuziyiza okuyingira mu buyinza bw'abalala. Kino kitegeeza nti Prezida w'obuyinza ku mateeka, era n'obuteempeereerezi bwa gavumenti ekkumi. Buli ttabi lirina kuteekawo gavumenti eremesazesebwa okugat'etaanyizaamu.

Eby'okubunyisa, Emirimu egikwat'ebubukozesa

K'ebadde nkola eya bulijjo okugamba nti, kapaaliyo eteekawo amateeka, omukulu . ge gaalagira, era ne ssaabawandiisi b'amateeka [ n'obujulizi [ ebitegeeza [[FLT:]. Nga wa mazima mu ntegeera esingawo, obutuufu bukyungi, obukyungi bukkusi. Pulezidenti yeegatta mu ku kukola amateeka okuyitira mu nteeko. Olukiiko olukulu lwenyigidde mu kukakasibwa abakungu ne ku balamuzi. "LW'ekola" amateeka okuyitira mu kunnyonnyola amateeka ne ku nsonga, okuteekawo amatabi agagattiddwa mu nkola y'amatabi gonna. Enkola eno y'eby'eby'eby'obufuzi, mu ngeri y'eby'ebyobufuzi ebigattiddwawo, mu ngeri y'emu, nga Richardadt, ne mu n'enkola z'amatabi g'enkola mu n'enkola z'enkalu.

[[Act:0] Soma ebifa ku muwandisi atali muwandikiro No. 51 nga oyita mu tterekero lya congress.

Abakulembeze b’Etteeka Basobola Okugunjawo

Akatundu I ak'olukiiko olukulu kassaawo ofiisi y'amateeka era nga ke kabonero akasingayo obuwanvu. Ekiragiro kino kyakolebwa mu bugenderevu, nga kiraga enzikiriza y'abawandiisi nti amaanyi okuwandiika amateeka g'eggwanga ge gasingayo okuba agakulu era agasingirayo ddala obwetaavu okugandisibwa. Consert kitongole kya bankalu, nga kye kigabanyiziddwa mu Nnyumba y'abakiikirira abakiikirira amateeka, nga balonda buli myaka ebiri, ne Olukiiko (ekikiikirira gavumenti, nga kikoleramu ebigambo ebyandimu emyaka mukaaga).

Olukiiko Olufuga Omutego Ogwefuga

Oludda olumu mu kakiiko akafuzi ka gavumenti z'eryewawawa lwasinziira ku mateeka mangi. Olupapula lw'amawulire oluyitibwa productive oba Debatee de Claus (Atticle, Ekitundu 6) lukuuma abo abali ku kakiiko akatuula ku kakiiko akaakakalaze oba okuvunaana omusango ogw'okussaawo amateeka, nga bakakasa nti tebayinza kukoosebwa nnannyini gavumenti ow'obuyinza oba processiary. Amaanyi ga Purse (Atecle, akagaba 9) gategeeza nti tewali ssente ziyinza kuggibwa ku Kampuni, naye mu Confexhere of Appropries ezikolebwa mu mateeka." Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa ettabi lyonna ery'eby'eby'ensi enjherezo, n'eby'eby'okuzzaawo amagye.

Ekitongole ky’Obusuubuzi ne Amaanyi Agagaziya

Ennyinnyonnyola ya Commerce Claus (Akabonero ak'omunaana, Ekitundu 8, Claus 3) ye muvuzi asinga okuvuganya obuyinza bwa gavumenti ku bulamu bw'eggwanga. Mu mbeera nga Mcloch v. Maryland [1819]), Kkooti enkulu etaddewo enjigiriza y'obuyinza, efuga nti Consementation eyinza okutandikawo banka y'eggwanga wadde nga tekkesebwalimu mu Mateeka, era nga kyakola nga ekko mu mateeka, ekitongole ekifuga obunene eky'eby'obulimi, ekiwandikiddwa n'okugaziwandikiro, ekiva mu ku ntegeka obuwandikiro bw'eby'obulimi. Omusingi guno gugattiddwa wamu n'okusoma mu [FLD:2] Wickard.[FFFFFF:2] [1942]), gukkiriza okufumba obugunjufu, obunene bw'obulimi obw'eggwanga okubulimi. propatirimumumumu. propurrimuthe propurric

[[:0] Soma ebyawululwako ebya McCulloch v. Maryland ku Oyez[[NKULULA].

Ebirowoozo eby’Okwefuga mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Wadde nga Congress liba "Bakkooti Esooka," obwetwaze bwayo busosoobose. Okutongozebwa kw'obufuzi kuzingiramu okusigira gavumenti obuyinza obw'amaanyi eri abafuga bannakyewa, enkola abasekerera gye bagezaako okuwakanya enjigiriza ezitakwata ku nukutaanya gavumenti. Enkola za democratic congress zikoseddwa nnyo olw'okweyawulayawula kwa gavumenti, n'okukwata ku ssente ezitegekeddwawo mu by'obufuzi, n'okukwata amateeka agakireetera okugoba obutuuti mu kunkannyi mu kugaba n'okuvuganyanya kwa bannaago mu by'eggwanga.

Akozesa Agumenti: Amafuta n'Akola

Akatundu II ak'Etteeka era katandika n'olugambo olutonotono: "Obufuzi obufuga bwalina okuweebwa Pulezidenti wa Amereka. Ekiragiro kino kimu kiwa ensibuko y'amaanyi amangi ennyo. Obutafaananako Consell, omukulu w'ekibiina, asobola okusalawo mu bwangu era n'okukola ekiba ku mutima. Nga Alexander Hamilton bwe yawa ekirango mu Federaliikiro No. 70, "Eyeewali mukungu y'omu ku nnyinyonnyonnyola y'obufuzi obulungi." Prezidenti si y'omulembe okukiikirira eggwanga eritali lya ggwanga lyannaalyo mu nsonga zaalyo era n'okukakasa okuttibwa kw'amateeka mu bwe kuli.

Ekitundu Ekigatta Omukago n’Enkomerero Zaakyo

Enjigiriza y'omukulembeze w'ekitongole kino egamba nti Prezidenti alina obuyinza ku ttabi erya kampani, nga mw'otwalidde n'obuyinza obw'okuggyawo abakungu aba wansi. Enjigiriza eno ereetedde okugaziwa kw'obuyinza bwa prezidenti mu kiseera kino. Prezida akozesa esswero nga ky'ekyuma eky'amaanyi eky'okussaawo amateeka, alagira amagye okuba nga gaduumizi ba nnannyini matabi, okuteesa kw'endagaano (nakomyawo k'akakiiko akakwakkula ka kkooti), era n'okuleka abakungu abo okuzizza amaanyi. Kyokka, amaanyi gano tegakoma. Mukulembeze w'ekitongole Care Care Care Classe akwata Presce Clace ku mateeka agayisibwa nga akakwasibwa Presse Congress, okukugira oba okugaana abakungula amateeka.

Okusumululwa: Emirimu Egikoma

Emirimu gy'obuyinza obwa nnakyemalira gyalagibwa bulungi mu Brocuwa Etaagibwa ku lupapula & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952). Mu kiseera kya Ssematalo w'e Korea, Pulezidenti Truman yayisa ekiragiro eky'okukwata obutwa obuyinjaanyi okusobola okuziyiza okukuba ekiba nti yandyewandisizza obukuumi bw'eggwanga. Kkootikko ya Ssenti Ekulu ya Bulaadamo. Omulamuzi w'eggwanga yakkiriza enkola ya Hugo w'okusalako nti obuyinza bwa Pulezidenti "buteekeddwa ku kalina kizimbe oba ku Mateeka agafuga emirimu. Okuva bwe kiri nti Consertresssionton yateekawo enkola endala esobola okutaagobeteesa. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga Robert Jackson yateekawo ek'obukulembeze obunene mu kibiina ekizitoneesatunziro.

[[AGUMENTI] Soma obugambo obwamala ku lupapula olusooka olw'ekitabo Youngstown Append & Tube Co. v. Sawyer ku Oyez[[FLT]

Okugaziwa kw’Obwannakyemalira

Badayirekita ab'omu kiseera kino beeyongedde okufuga nga bakozesa ebiragiro, ebijulirwa, n'ebyuma ebitongole ebikola ku matabi. Wadde nga bino bye bikozesebwa mu kuddukanya ofiisi z'ensi, emirundi egimu bibadde biteesiteezebwa ku ngeri y'okweyingiza mu nkola enzijalamya y'amateeka. Okukula kw'ekitongole ekikola ku ntegeka y'ekiwandikiro.[1]APUPUS nga ekifuga ekitongole enkleedwa obukwasisa bukuumi mu by'enkola y'ekitongole ewandikiro, ekikola enzijamu amateeka, era n'okukwata ku by'okusala emisango. Amaawumba ga bannaawe ga gavumenti gaaleetawo ebibuuzo ku nsonga ezirebwawo n'okusasula ebitongole ebikola ku n'okuteeka mu nkola y'obukulembeze.

Amaanyi g’Omulamuzi: Okunnyonnyola n’Enkomerero

Akatundu III ku ssemateeka katongoza ofiisi y'amateeka. Kako ke kasinga okubaamu ekitundu ekisatu ekikola amatabi, era kaleetera Hamilton okuyita ettabi lya judiary erroyiri mu Federalist Na. 78. Kafuga ekitala oba ensawo. Wadde kiri nti amaanyi gaalyo manene. Olukiiko lwa judiary kye kisinga okw'enjawulo. Kkooti eringa eyinza okutiibwa oba okufugibwa amatabi amalala teyinza kumalawo butakaasa oba okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu eribanyigye ku gavumenti.

Okukuuma Obulamu n’Okubutunda: Sine Qua Erreat

Empagi ebbiri ez'okwefuga kwe kuba nti buli kiseera ziba zikola bulungi ku "Endowooza ennungi" era n'ekiragiro ekigaana abalamuzi okukendeeza ku misaala gyabwe. Okugaana okwo okuva ku kupikirizibwa kwa bannabyabufuzi kusobozesa abalamuzi ba gavumenti okufuga okusinziira ku nnyinyonnyola y'amateeka n'amateeka, ne bwe kiba nti bye basazeewo tebikkirizibwa abasinga obungi, Prezidenti, oba Consement. Obukuumi buno bwetaagisa nnyo mu mulimu gw'okulambula ebilango. Omulamuzi atunuulira okulonda oba okusalibwa.

Marbury ne Madison and Judicial Review

Eky'okukozesa ekisingayo amaanyi mu tterekero ly'eby'ekyuma eky'okusala emisango ge maanyi g'okulangirira ebikolwa bya Congress ne Pulezidenti ebitali bya bukulembeze. Amaanyi gano tegaayogerwako butereevu mu mateeka. Gaateekebwawo Omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall mu mukolo ogw'enjawulo ku bikwata ku mulambo, Marbury v. Madison [1803]]. Endowooza ya Marshall yamanyibwa bukulu: "Kiggumizibwa mu ssaza era n'omulimu gw'ekitongole ekisala omusango okukyogera oba tteeka bwe liba." Singa etteeka likontana n'etteeka, abalamuzi bateekwa okugoberera amateeka. Kino kifuula Kkootikko kya waggulu eky'amakulu, ekifo kye kiteeka mu kifo ekikulu mu bulamu bwa Amereka obumerika.

Okusoma ebyawululwako mu bufunze obwa Marbury v. Madison ku Oyez[[:1]

Obuzibu Obuva ku Bufuzi

Obwetwaze bwa demokulase buleetawo okukaayana n'emisingi gya demokulase." Ekigambo ekyayingizibwa omwekenneenya w'amateeka Alexander Bickel, kitegeeza nti abalamuzi abatalondebwa basobola okusiguukulula amateeka agafuga amatabi agaalondebwa ne baddawo ate nga bakuuma amateeka agafuga enfuga ya demokulase. Kino si kizibu kya maanyi naye eky'enkola ya gavumenti etegekebwa okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu ne batabaamu bannaakyewa. Ekizibu kya ba yunisite okusobola okulondoola obuyinza obwo obw'amaanyi nga bagoberera amateeka agafuga, era nga bassawo ensonga ezikwata ku matabi agalondeddwa nga banywevu ku nsonga enkulu eza tteeka. Ekiwandiiko ekitongole ekiragira okulwanirira abalamuzi kifuuse olutalo olw'enkola y'enkola eya bulijjo mu nsi yonna.

Engeri y’Okukolaganamu: Ekebera n’Engeri Ennungi Ekozesebwa

Ekimu ku bintu ebiyinza okuleetera ettabi okwerwanako n'okwewala okubunyisibwa kw'ensi endala.

Engeri Omukolo gw’Okulonda gye Gulina Okukolebwamu: Okunoonyereza ku Busajja nga Tuyitira mu Buyambi

Enkola y'okuteekawo abalamuzi abafuga n'abakungu abafuga mu kifo ekya waggulu kyakulabirako ekituukiridde eky'abo abagenda okusaanyawo amatabi. Pulezidenti akomawo, era atuukiriza omulimu gw'obukulu obwa kampani. Olukiiko olukulu luwamba "Okwawulibwa ne Konsole" era luteekwa okukakasa nti omuteesi akolera mu bujulizi bwa gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa Omukulembeze w'eggwanga okulonda abo ababa bagenda okusangirira mu kkooti nga bajjuziganya amatabi. Olukiiko lwa III bwe lwakamalirira, olukola olumu, olukola ng'obwetwaze era olubatulira ddala okuva ku Prezidenti eyabalonda era ne Sekamenti ekakasa nti tewandikiro wa b'ettabi libakkiriza kuteeka mu bujjuvu mu nkola y'enkola ya kkooti z'olukiiko olukulu.

Kye Basuubira: Kikeberedde Bulungi

Congress ye yekka alina obuyinza obusingirayo ddala ku Mukulembeze era n'abalamuzi: okugoba. Ennyumba ya baawula abaawuli ssimu era entegeka y'ewa obuyinza okugezaako okukaka abakungu n'okuggyawo abakungu mu buyinza. Amaanyi gano gakakasa nti tewali mukungu n'omu alondeddwa asunseni amateeka. Kizibu okukola nga kiwaliriza okulonda abasinga obungi mu Nnyumba era ne emirundi ebiri mu lukiiko olw'obuyinza okukakasa nti obutuufu bukozesebwa ku nsonga ez'amaanyi: "T, ekikkiririkiti, oba obululu obulala obu waggulu." Omusango guno gukugirwa nnyo ne Mis demoselmenti zino zisobola okukuuma omukungu aleme okuggibwawo mu nkaayaaso.

Engeri Enkola ya Fwalamu Embalirira n’Amaanyi g’Ebigula

Amaanyi ga kasawo kano gayinza okukolebwako omukungu wa gavumenti. Tewali mateeka, sisiteegi, oba kakiiko akafuga kayinza okukolebwa singa kaagaana okukiwagira. Kino kiwa Conserhession obuyinza obw'amaanyi ku nteekateeka za Pulezidenti. Kyokka, Prezidenti ayinza okukozesa essente ezikozesebwa okutegeka amateeka, okuteekawo olukunkumuli lw'okuteesa n'okwesamba omusingi. Okutiisibwa kw'amateeka, okuziganya okuzimya, nga gavumenti elemererwa okuyisa ebbanja erya waggulu, era nga kiggumiza ekika kya gavumenti bwe kigattibwawo ebbanja, nga kikozesebwa mu ku nkola y'eby'obuyinza buno obwawumbi obw'enjawulo.

Okwekenneenya Omusango ng’Etteeka erikwata ku Mateeka

Obuyinza bw'abalamuzi okuyisa amateeka n'ebikolwa ebikontana n'obukulembeze bikola ng'ensalo enkulu ku matabi amalala. Wadde nga Congress ne Pulezidenti biyinza okukaka obuyinza bwabwe, kkooti zirina ekigambo ekisembayo ku makulu g'amateeka. Kino kiwaliriza amatabi g'eby'obufuzi okukolera ku mateeka, oba okusuubira engeri kkooti gye zitegeeramu ebikolwa byazo. Amasaawe tegayinza kufuga; amatabi gayinza okukolagana, naye okujjuzaamu okutereeza enneeyisa yaago okuva ku ntandikwa, era ne kireetawo ekikungo ky'okutongozaamu amateeka.

Endowooza Ekwata ku Nsi Ejjudde Eddembe

Obwetwaze bw'amatabi g'enkola za gavumenti, ez'okuddukanya emirimu, n'okusala emisango bwe bukomye ku mateeka ga Amerika. Enkola eyo teyeesigamye ku bwesige obufuga, naye ku ngeri amaanyi gye galina okulabirirwamu. Okwawula amaanyi si kyancisi ekikyekolera; kye kyesigamye ku kwegwanyiza ettuttumu, obugolokofu, n'okufaayo ku bantu abali mu buli ttabi, era mu nkomerero, ku buli ttabi erina obuyigirize n'obusosoze.

Ofiisi y'ettabi emu bw'ewa obuyinza ku ndala, nga Paasika agoberera obuyinza bwe nga tasoose kugoberera mitindo gya mateeka, Prezidenti bw'akola nga tasoose kukkirizibwa, oba singa abalamuzi bagondera amatabi g'eby'obufuzi.[1] Empagi ezitagwa lubege zeesigamye ku kwemalirira kw'ekibiina. Abayizi n'abasomesa, okutegeera ennyimba z'ebizimbiddwa mu mateeka. Binnyonnyola obutategeeragana bye tulaba mu mawulire, ennyimba z'enkaalwa y'obufuzi, n'amaanyi g'amateeka aga bulijjo agateetegekebwa ku bufuzi mu bugenderevu.

Enteekateeka eno eyatandikibwawo ebyasa bibiri ebiyiseewo, eyamba mu kugonjoola ebizibu ebiriwo mu kiseera kino. Bwe twekenneenya era ne tulwanirira okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza, tuba tuwagira okutegeera okwa nnamba kuno: ekiyinza okutuyamba ennyo okwewala okujoogebwa si mufuzi omu oba gavumenti emu, wabula nteekateeka ey'ebibiina ebiri bumu ebikolera awamu okusobola okukolagana obulungi n'okuziyiza obufuzi, era n'okukebera endowooza z'abalala. Omuntu akuuma obwetwaze obwo aba yeemalirira ku misingi gya mateeka.