Ensibuko y’Obufuzi bwa Demokulase

Omuntu yenna ayagala okuyingira mu demokulase alina okusooka okutegeera engeri obufuzi gye bugabanyizibwamu era gye bufugibwamu. Enteekateeka ya gavumenti y'Amerika yakolebwa mu bugenderevu Babajja okulemesa omuntu omu oba ekika ky'omu. Enteekateeka eno eyeesigamiziddwa ku misingi egikwata ku kwawula ab'obuyinza n'okukebera ebipimo, ekakasa nti abo abafuga basigala nga bakolagana n'abantu ate nga bakuuma obufuzi obubafuga. Okutegeera nti enteekateeka eno si nkola ya kuyiga buyigirize obusookerwako.[1]

Ekitundu kino kyogera ku buli ttabi, enkula y'ettabi, amaanyi gaalyo, n'obuwangwa, awamu n'enteekateeka ez'enkunkunala ezikola ebbeeyi.

Ensibuko y’Obufuzi n’Obufirosoofo bw’Amaanyi Egaawuddwawo

Omufirosoofo Omufalansa , mu mulimu gwe 1748], omwoyo gw'Amateeka tegusibuka ku Baatandikawo Amerika. Omufirosoofo Omufalansa , Manteusquieu, mu by'akola bye 1748], omwoyo gw'Amateeka [[[], gwagamba nti eddembe likuumibwa bulungi singa abafuzi b'ebitongole, n'abalamuzi bakuumibwa ebiva mu tteekamu. Abafuzi baalyo baagoberera nnyo endowooza eno, era ne byennyini byennyini bye baamanya. James Madiko, mu [FLD:4] Farlium.[FFFF:], [5], ebimanyiddwa ennyo mu kugabanyaanyi, ne ku buyinza, obunene obwa 'Grati, obutuufu, obunnyonnyola mu mikono y'ose.[G.][FLY]

Okusobola okutuukiriza obufirosoofo buno, Amateeka gaawa buli ttabi obuyinza mu bitundu ebisatu ebisooka. Article I sistang Congress (ettabi lya bannakyewa), Akatundu II katandikawo obwannannyini (ettabi ettendekero) era Akatundu III kassaawo kooti (ettabi ly'emisango). Ekiragiro kino tekikoma ku Amerika yokka, naye enkyusa ya Amerika y'eyawukana ku busobozi bw'ebigezo n'emitendera ebikkirizibwa okukkirizibwa amatabi okuziyiza ebiba bifunvu byakyo.

Ettabi ly’Akwasisa Akwagala: Enjini y’Okukola Amateeka

Olukiiko lw'Ettabi ly'Abayigirizwamu, , olusinga okuteeka ettabi eriri okumpi n'abantu era n'eryo olusooka okwogerwako mu Mateeka ga Bunnaakyewa. Obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe obusinga kuba bwa kukola ku byuma, kuwakana, n'okuyisa amateeka agafuga eggwanga. Akakiiko kalina ebisenge bibiri: Ennyumba y'abasibe n'Essaza. Ekitundu kino kyeyawuluza wakati w'amawanga amanene n'agato agobererwa mu Consetmental Convention.N.Nyumba ye yeesigamyanya ku bantu bonna, ek'empandika y'empandika y'ebigambo bye bimu.

Ebitundu n’Okuteeka Obulamu bw’Abantu mu Kakiiko Akafuzi

  • Ennyumba ey'abakiikirira abakiikirira: 435] Abali mu kulonda, nga buli omu akiikirira ddirisa eri mu ggwanga. Abali mu lukiiko bayisa ebigambo bya myaka ebiri, ebifuula ennyumba okuba nga ddala ekkiriza endowooza ya bantu bonna. Awogera ku Nnyumba, alondebwa kibiina, afuga ebikolebwako era alina obuyinza ku mateeka.
  • [[NKULA]] SSENATE: Abasongaanyi 100 (2 ku buli ssemazinga) batuukiriza emirala mukaaga, nga emu ku mikutu esatu egya Sekamenti okulonda buli luvannyuma lwa myaka ebiri. Ebbanga eryo ery'obudde obuwanvu n'okulonda okusazeseesaawa byakolebwa okusobola okunyweza n'okulabirako okutali ku lukalala. Omukulembeze wa United States atuukiriza nga pulezidenti wa Kompyuta ate nga akalulu ke kamalako emirundi ebiri okumenya ekikero. Era Keekulu y'alonda omukulembeze w'ekirowo n'okukulembera omukulembeze w'omukulembeze w'omukulembeze w'ebusimbalaadde.

Yakozesa Amaanyi

Ekiragiro kino kiwa Consert olukalala lw'abafuzi mu kitundu I, Ekigaba 8, ekimanyidwa nga [[[NKUMBO]] amaanyi[[:1]. Mu bino mulimu amaanyi ga:

  • Teekawo emisolo, emirimu, ebipande ebiwandiikiddwa okusasula amabanja era olabe engeri gye kiyambamu buli omu okwekuuma ebibye
  • Ebbeeyi y’Amerika
  • Obusuubuzi bwagattanga amawanga amalala, amawanga, n’ebika by’Abamerika
  • Teekawo amateeka agafaanagana agakwata ku kutuukiriza obutuukiriza omukolo n’okufiirwa obwetwaze
  • Ssente entono era n’engeri y’okufugamu omuwendo gwazo
  • Mulangirire entalo, muyimirize amagye era muwagire, mukole era mukuume eggye
  • Kolawo amateeka gonna ageetaagisa era agasaanira okuzikiririzaamu amatwale ge tw'otomanyidde ([AKUBE]] era n'Etteeka Eryamalanga obulungi Claus)

Ekituufu n'ekyo kikola erinnya Claus'ensibuko ya 'Crows'' awakozesebwa amaanyi, agatavvuunulwa kookolo enkulu gye kifuga, naddala okuva MCulloch v. Maryland[ [1819]. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa Akakiiko akaawula obuyinza bwako okwongera ku buzibu obw'omulembe guno obutayogerwako mu Mateeka, naddala singa ekiragiro kitandika kukyusa mateeka oba bankani y'eggwanga.

Ebifo n'obuyambi obw'ekifo

Ng'oggyeko okussaawo amateeka, Akakiiko akafuzi kalina obuyinza ku ttabi. Obukiiko obwo bwombi bulina okuwozesebwa, obujulizi n'ebiwandiiko ebijulizibwa, era bunoonyereza ku kibi ekiyinza okubaawo. Olukiiko olwo lwokkanya lulina amaanyi amatuufu okukakasa okulondebwa kwa prezidenti (nga bannaabawandiisi ba Kabiti, abalamuzi ab'ensi n'ababakabaka) era bukkirizisa endagaano ezikolebwa abalonde ebibiri. Okugatta ku ekyo, Ekitebe ky'Obwakabaka kiyinza okugaana abakungu ba gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde ne Pulezidenti, “obulyikko, oba obumenyi obulala obunene n'obumenyi obulala obukyamu, n'okukulembezza emisango gy'abakungusi b'abakungu b'ebitongole b'ebitongole b'ebitongole ebiwera bibiri.

Ettabi: Erikulembera era ne Likkiriza Obukulembeze

ettabi erya nnamba z'awabiso y'okuteekawo amateeka agayisibwa gavumenti. Ku kisibo kyalyo kuliko omukulembeze w'eggwanga, akola ng'omutwe gwa gavumenti era ng'omutwe gwayo. Ekiragiro kissa obuyinza ku muntu omu okukuuma obumu n'okusalawo omusango, naye era kiteeka n'obuyinza obw'enjawulo ku buyinza obwo okuyitira mu kufuga oba okukkakkaatiriza gavumenti.

Pulezidenti era Omumyuka wa Pulezidenti

Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alondebwa buli luvannyuma lw'emyaka ena okuyitira mu nkola y'e Electoral College era ebigambo bibiri bikoma ku kulondebwa kw'ebbanga lya 22preset. Ekiragiro kitwaliramu okuweereza nga nnaalukalala wa magye ga ggye, okusonyiwa (mu misango egitali gigyo), okusala endagaano (nga mu lukiiko olukulu era n'okutongoza) era n'okulonda abakungu ba gavumenti. Pulezidenti, alondebwa ku ttikiti y'emu, afuna obusika Pulezidenti singa oofesi esigala nga tekyewaawo era n'aweereza nga Pulezidenti ya Kkiiko.

Kbyabiina n'obufuzi bwa Federal Bureaucracy

Okusobola okutuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa obungi obwa gavumenti, Pulezidenti yesigama ku Cabinet ku bakulu b'ebitongole. Ebitongole bino 15. Bino 15 bikulembera baabawandiisi (okuva ku kiwandiiko, Kyuma, Deset, Justice, ne Education .) Abawagizi bano baalondebwa Pulezidenti era ne bakakasibwa ekiwandiiko kya Ssemateeka. Mu nse, ebitongole ebikola ebitongole, ebikola emirimu, ne ofiisi, batuukiriza programu, okuva ku ntegeka y'obutebenkeramya (EPA) eri ekitongole ekifuga ebikolebwa mu mbeera ey'eby'ensi (SA). Wano ebitongole bino bwe biddamu omukulembeze w'amateeka era ne ku kkooti z'amateeka.

Ebiragiro by’Osobola Okwewala Obubi n’Enyinza

Amaanyi ga Prezidenti galina amakulu naye galina amakulu agasingawo.

  • Okumenya amateeka g’ensi n’okukakasa nti gazikirizibwa
  • Okuddukanya ebitongole ebitali bimu
  • Alonda ababaka, abalamuzi, n’abakungu abawa obusika
  • Ekiragiro eky'okusiiga Congress (Olukiiko lwa Maanyi luyinza okukozesebwa nga kimu kya enkumi bbiri mu bisenge byombi)
  • Okuteekawo abakwasi b’obuyinza okulagirira emirimu gya gavumenti

Ebiragiro by'abawagizi bifuuse bya maanyi nnyo, naye biyinza okuziyizibwa mu kkooti singa bisussa ku buyinza bwa gconst. Pulezidenti era afuna ku bukulu obuva mu lukalala lwa mateeka, naddala mu nsonga ezitali za ggwanga, naye nga kkooti oluusi ziddizibwa, nga mu abavubuka abali ku bufunze & Tube. v.Sawyer

ettabi Erisalira Abalamuzi Omusango: Okutegeera Amateeka

Obulamuzi bunnyonnyola amakulu g'amateeka, gagobererera buli kamu ku buli nsonga, era ne gasalawo obanga kakontana n'amateeka. Ofiisi y'ettabi eno terina buyinza kukwata ku busobozi bwayo obw'okukola ekikolwa, naye era nga y'obuyinza okusaanyawo amateeka agatakkirizibwa mu mateeka.[ Kino kifuula ekitongole eky'amaanyi ku matabi amalala.

Kkooti Ekola ku Bufumbo

Ekiragiro kyatongoza kkooti enkulu yokka, era n'eleka Akakiiko akakola kkooti essatu.

  • [[AKMENT:0] Kkooti enkulu:[ era 94 ziwuliriza emisango gy'abantu n'egy'abamenyi b'amateeka egitongozebwa wansi w'amateeka ga gavumenti. Bino bye bisookera ddala ebyo ebisambiddwa gavumenti.
  • [[Akawulu:0] Obujulizi obw'Akasawo akaddanyuma:[[Akakiiko k'ekitundu] 13. Obukokkooti 13 obunoonyereza ku misango egya kkooti za disiturikiti. Tezikola ku kulamula kupya naye zisalawo obanga ensobi zibaddewo.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Kkooti ey'ekika kino:[[FULT:1] Kkooti enzijjuvu] era ebaamu abalamuzi mwenda abalondeddwa okusobola okufuna obulamu (obukkirizibwa okweyisa obulungi). Esalawo ku buli musango ki ekirina okuwulira (nga 100-150 buli mwaka okuva ku nkumi na nkumi) era n'emisango egisaze egitali gimu mu ggwanga lyonna.

Amaanyi g’Okwejjukanya Omusango

Endowooza ey'okwejjukanya tewaateekebwa mu mateeka mu budde obw'ekitongole. Kiwandiiko kino kyateekebwawo omusango ogukwata ku kkooti Marbury v. Madison. Mu nkola eyo, omulamuzi Omukulu John Marshall mwe yagambira nti “kyeyoleka kaati nti ssemateeka era n'omulimu gw'ekitongole ekisala omusango bye biri.” Kkooti zaasobozesa kkooti okumenya amateeka agamenya amateeka, ne bwe kiba nga gaayisibwa Pulezidenti era ne gassa omukono ku mu kkooti enkulu. Okuva olwo, kkooti enkulu ekuba ebikumi n'ebikumi n'ebikumi n'ebikumi n'ebikumi by'ebikumi by'amateeka.

Obusosoze n’Obunafu

Kkooti ezikola ku nsonga ezizingiramu obujulizi obuzingiramu ensonga ezibakwatako. Abalamuzi bakola enteekateeka ez'okukuuma obuwagizi okuva ku bufuzi oba ku bufuge bw'eggwanga. ettabi lya disitulikiti lirina obuyinza bungi ku nsonga ezizingiramu obubaka n'entalo wakati w'amawanga.

Enkyukakyuka mu by’Obulamu

Eky'okwawula ab'obuyinza ku nsi tekituukiridde nga tewali sisitemu esobozesa buli ttabi okuwangula linaalyo.

  • [[Act:0][FLT'empandika en'eraga ekiwanyisiddwa ku bukulembeze: Consert esobola okukomyawo bapresidenti, okugaana okukakasa okulondebwa, okubuuza omukulembeze, okuggyawo ssente ezikozesebwa, n'okukuuma obulabirizi. Okubuulirira kwa Ssethimenti n'okusemba ku nsonga y'ekiragiro bisobola okugobererwa mu ngeri ey'amaanyi.
  • [[NKULA]] Enkebero ezikoleddwa ku Lukiiko Olukulu olw'omu mateeka zisalawo obunene n'enkola ya kooti z'eggwanga (okuvaako obukwasiddwa obwa Kkooti Enkulu) ziyinza okutegeeza enkuŋŋaamya z'amateeka okuzza obusaze, era n'abalamuzi kinnoomu.
  • [[Act:0] Embalirira ku Mutemwa:[[FULT:1] Prezidenti asobola okusemba amasawo, okuyita enkuŋŋaana za Consettes, era n'okusemba amateeka. Mukulembeze w'ekitongole akuba obululu mu Ssemakati.
  • Emyaka gy'akebera mu lukiiko olukulu olw'ebiragiro:[[FULT:1] Prezidenti alonda abalamuzi bonna ab'ensi yonna, era n'alyoka afuga omulimu gw'obusawo ku ngeri abalamuzi gye baasengekamu olukalala lw'emyaka.
  • [[NKULA] Ekibuuzo ku Mutemwa ne ku Bukulembeze: Kooti ziyinza okufulumya amateeka n'obutongole nga ziyisa emisango egitakwatagana. Omulamuzi omukulu John Roberts mu 2012 akkiriza nti ekiragiro kya Afford Care Active Lare arce wansi w'obuyinza bw'ekibiina kya Conservery okusasula ewa kyakulabirako eky'omu kiseera kino eky'okwekereza mu nkola.

Enteekateeka eno ekakasa nti tewali ttabi liyinza kufuga linnaalyo nga limaze okugonjoola ebizibu ebireetebwawo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt ya 1937 “yandigoberedde olukalala” olukalala olwo era lwandigaziye kooti enkulu okusobola okufuna ensala ennungi, era ekyo kyawangulwa Akakiiko akafuzi ne kalaga engeri okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza gye kikuuma obwetwaze.

Obuwanguzi: Njawukana mu Kugaba Obuyinza

Wadde nga kiri bwe kityo, gavumenti ya Amerika eyawulamu obuyinza wakati wa gavumenti z'eggwanga ne gavumenti,(8) kino kitegeeza nti lukusal [. Ekiragiro kyawa gavumenti gavumenti obuyinza obwabalibwa nga bwewandiikiddwa (g., ewa ssente, enkola y'eby'obusuubuzi mu nsi endala, n'empuliziganya z'amawanga) era n'eteeka obufuzi bwonna obumanyibwa eri gavumenti okuyitira mu kuddawo lw'obutebenkenkevu 10.

Obufuzi buno obw'obutonde bwonna buleetawo okugonjoolebwa kw'amateeka amangi ennyo mu kiseera kye kimu. Singa wabaawo obutakaanya, Supremacy Claus (Article VI) busalawo nti etteeka erya gavumenti ly'erina okusooka okukulembera, naye eggwanga lirina obwetwaze. Ng'ekyokulabirako, etteeka lissaawo emitindo egyali gigyawo ku sipiidi, eby'obufumbo, n'emitindo gy'obukuguze. Okutegeera gavumenti y'ensi eno esaanidde okumanyisa engeri amateeka gye gaawula ezzaamu ezza ezza ezza ezzawo oba eddembe ly'okulonda ebikolebwa mu ngeri y'empaka.

Obukulu bw’Okusoma n’Okusoma eri Abayizi n’Abatuuze

Okumanya engeri y'okufugamu tekiri mu abo bokka abaluubirira emirimu egy'amateeka oba eby'obufuzi.

Abasomesa bwe bagattawo okunoonyereza okwa nnamaddala, nga kuno kwe kukola etteeka oba enkola ey'okukakasa kkooti enkulu. Bino bikakasa nti ebiwandiiko byago byabyo byakanika. Abayizi bayinza okulonda koppi eya bulijjo (umg., okukyusaamu kw'embeera y'obudde) okulaba amatabi asatu agakola. Amayanja nga [ Akabonero. Gakoowo nga [[FLT:][FLT]]] era ne webuuti ezikozesebwa mu ku nsonga z'eby'amateeka, bisobozesa omukutu okufuna obubaka obwa nnamaddala obwa nnamaddala, ne webusobozesa okuzuula. [[FLT][FFLT:][5]

fundikira

Enzigi z'amatabi g'omu Amereka (8), ebipimo, n'enkyukakyuka mu ngeri gye bikolebwamu) byategekebwa okukuuma eddembe nga bisobola okufuga obulungi. Wadde nga si bya bulijjo, emisingi gyabyo gisobola okubeera n'ebiruubirirwa ebirabika ng'ebitaliwo mu kusooka, nga gikolera ku mpaka buli lunaku ku mateeka, ebiragiro, n'enkola za kkooti. Bwe kityo, nga omanya ebisookerwako ku ngeri amaanyi gye gagabanyizibwamu era n'engeri gye gakomyaamu, ojja kufuna eby'okukozesa okukola mu ngeri ey'amakulu ne gavumenti yo. Okumanya kuno tekukoma ku buli lukalala lw'alo, buli lukiiko olukulu, era na buli kikolwa eky'okunoonyereza, okwebuuza, era n'okugoberera eby'okuyiga bino, osobole okutegeera ensi gy'obwenkanya.