Ennyanjula: Obuguwa bw’Abafuzi Ababiri

Enjigiriza ey'okwefuga eyava mu mateeka g'Olungereza agaayitibwa mu nkola eya 11 Emperamyation, ewa obukakafu nti teyinza kusalirwa musango mu kkooti ya gavumenti nga tewakkirizza. Obukuumi buno buwamba bwa gavumenti okuva ku kkooti ez'enjawulo. Kyokka, singa enzijanjaba za Amerika zigezaako okukomya eddembe lyazo eri gavumenti, enjigiriza eno eyinza okukontana butereevu n'obufuzi bw'eggwanga. Okutegeera engeri gye zifugamu era gye zikolaganamu n'ebika by'eggwanga ne gavumenti ez'enjawukana, kyetaagisa buli muntu okwekenneenya amateeka ga Buyindiyansi, enkakaabiraanya oba obuwanjufu.

Obukyayi obuliwo wakati w'enkalo ezo ebbiri ez'obufuzi.[1] Essomero lino, ssematabi n'enzika zireeseewo amateeka mangi, era ne wabaawo enkaayana ez'eby'amateeka. Wadde ng'amawanga tegasasulwa, ebika bimanyiddwa nga “amawanga agagendera ku mafulo” agalina obuyinza obwagasikirwamu obwagakulira mu gavumenti. Enjawukana yeeyongera nnyo mu bitundu ng'enkwaso z'amazzi, ensolo, okukuba emisolo, okukuba ensalo, n'enfunda z'amatwalo. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola ebyafaayo ebisinziirwako, okulwanyisa obwetwaze, obukuubaga, obukuubaga, n'enka z'amateeka ebibaawo mu nsi ezigenda mu maaso okugonjoola ensonga zino ezibalukana.

Obumu bw’Empisa Entuufu ez’Ebyafaayo n’Eby’Amateeka

Omukutu ogw’Akataano n’Okunnyonnyola

Olukalala lw'eby'amateeka olw'ekkumi n'etaano olwakkirizibwa mu 1795, lugamba: “Eramyanti y'Etteeka mu Amerika teritwalibwa ng'eraga olusembo olumu mu mateeka oba mu ngeri esaanira, etandikira oba ewawaayirizibwa omu ku b'eggwanga lya United States ekiva eri Abatuuze oba Abatuuze oba Abatuuze oba Ebitwa mu ggwanga lyonna ery'Eggwanga.” Mu kutunuulira okw'Emitundu oba Eggwanga oba Eggwanga oba eby'Emiina by'eggwanga, okutereeza okutereeza okulabika nga kutono kwe kuba nga kuteekeddwako obugulumivu, tekukkirizibwa abatuuze b'eggwanga okukkirizibwa mu ggwanga erimu oba okusalirwa olukiiko olumu olumu olw'ensonga eyo. Naye kkooti enkulu eyinza okugaziyanjula ennyo. [FLT:] [FLT] [FG][F3]][18], olumu olugamba nti abatunzi bannazo olw’ensonga y'omu kkooti y'ensi entongole etongole etongole eggudde mu mateeka eggula ensonga

Kkooti ezze efuga gavumenti esobola okukugira abantu okwefuga nga wansi w'ekitundu 5 eky'e 14th Amereka, singa okukkirizibwa tekukkirizibwa era nga n'okukyusiza ekiwandu kyago kyakulwanyisa, naye nga kyenkana kireme okukkirizibwa. Era gavumenti ziyinza okukkirizibwa kyeyagalire okukkirizibwa nga ziweereddwa obukuumi, era Expace Young (1908) ewawa abakungu ba gavumenti enzikirizo okuleka obusaze okulekerawo okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Wadde kiri kityo, etteeka ery’omunda teriiwo oba erikkirizibwa liyinza okutwalibwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti.

Ensonga Lwaki Ensi Eyinza Okubaamu Obumu

Eraga nti gavumenti zikuuma ebbeeyi zaazo nga zisobola okugaba ebintu nga tezirina buzibu bwa kuwaayo wadde okuzikomyawo okw'emisango, era n'okussa ekitiibwa mu nkola zaabwe ez'enjawulo mu nkola za gavumenti. Kyokka, abawaka bawaayiriza bagamba nti enjigiriza eyo esobola okutangira enjigiriza ez'okwetongola ku mateeka, naddala singa enkola za gavumenti (nga mu Lusiisira lw'Abayindi n'okukwata ku Mazzi ga Ceoc Water Act) ziba n'ensonga.

Obufuzi bw’Eggwanga lya Amereka: Obufuzi obw’Enjawulo

Ensibuko y’Obwakabaka n’Ebitundu Ebisangibwamu

Munnazaalwa wa Amerika si bantu ab'enkola eya ssemateeka; amawanga tegaaliko nga geetongodde nga ne Amerika tennatandikibwawo. Gavumenti yatongoza obufuzi bw'eggwanga nga “obusika obw'okwefuga n'okufuga. Obufuzi obwo tebwaweebwa gavumenti ya ggwanga lyonna United States v. Wheeler [1978]) era yannyonnyola obufuzi bw'eggwanga nga “obusobozi obw'okwefuga n'okwefuga yekka.

Tutundu tulina obuyinza okunnyonnyola obutundutundu bwabyo, okubufuga, okubufuga, okufuga mu bwenkanya, okuddukanya ensi ez'enjawulo n'eby'obugagga ebya bulijjo, era n'okwenyigira mu mirimu gya gavumenti gamba ng'okusasula omusolo n'okukulaakulana mu by'enfuna. Munsi Montana v. United States [1911], ebika birina obuyinza ku bantu abatali ba ggwanga abayingira mu nkolagana ne kika oba abo abeeyisa mu ngeri y'eby'ebyobufuzi, obutebenkevu, oba obubeeyagaanyi oba obutebenkevu. Amaga gano gafuula ebika bino ebika eby'okusatu okubeera obufuzi obw'amaanyi mu Amereka, kumpi n'ebitongole ebifuga ebifuga n'ebitongole.

Enkolagana ey’Obwesige n’Obukuumi Obubaawo

Gavumenti eyo era evunaanyizibwa ku bika. Ekiragiro kino, nkolagana eva mu ndagaano ne mu mateeka agafuga enjawukana nga Convetokee Nation v. Georgia (131] (1831), eteeka emirimu ku Amerika okusobola okukuuma eby'obutuuze by'eggwanga n'okutumbula amawanga. Enkaayana nnyingi wakati w'ebika n'ebyalo, gavumenti zikola nga sexmampt(onnat) mu bitundu ebimu. Kyokka, gavumenti eyinza okuziyiza omulimu ogw'okukwata ku gavumenti singa gavumenti egaana okukkiriza. Obuvunaanyizibwa obwo tebulina kwetongozaawo ku nsonga ezigonjola; akakiiko kalina kukola mu ngeri eyoleka.

Wa Enjigiriza gye Ziri Zikontana: Omufuzi w’Eggwanga n’Obusosoze

Okuziyiza Ebika Ebisusse

Ekika ekisinga okuyo okulwana obunyoolagano kiyinza okubaawo singa ekika ekimu kigezaako okulumiriza gavumenti y'ensi mu kkooti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekika ekimu kiyinza okugamba nti gavumenti emenye etteeka nga eteeka omusolo ku magye agakkirizibwa, nga kibalemesa eddembe ly'okuvuba oba ery'okuyigga erikkirizibwa mu ndagaano, oba nga kilemererwa okukuba obukujjuzi mu nzikiriza ennungi wansi w'omutemwa gwa Indian Gaming Regugation Act (IGRA). Mu n'enjigiriza ey'okwerinda, gavumenti eyinza okuteekawo obuwoolekawo obuwagizi obwa bulijjo nti teriyinza kutwalibwa nga tewali bukkiriza.

Mu Commission of Taxico ku. Citizen Band Potawatomi Indian Tribun of Okla (1991], kkooti enkulu yagamba nti olukusa olw'ekkumi n'omusanvu lwagaana ekika okusaza okusiba omusolo mu lukiiko lw'eggwanga okugula emisolo. Leya yaleka ekika ekyo okusobola okusasula emisolo nga kigitawalidde ab'eggwanga lya gavumenti. Leya yalina okukinoonya mu ntegeka okugyamu mu nkola y'eby'obuyinza. Kkooti Kkooti Kkooti egamba nti, okuwereza okw'Ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano kukwata kussatik'ebika bya Bayindi nga bwe kukkirizibwa ebitongole ebitongole ebiwandikiddwa mu luku. Kino kyaleka ekika nga tewali kitongole kiwandikiro kiwayusa okusoomooza emisolo okusasula emisolo.

Mu ngeri y'emu, mu Kiowa Frikiti ey'omu Oklahoma bw'okawukana n'ey'okubiri. Manufcificing Technologies, Inc.' (1998] Kkooti eyo yayamba abantu obutafuna bukuumi bwa ggwanga ku nsumeera mu mikutu egitali gimu (okusobola okugawandikibwa oba okubunyisibwa) naye nga mu kiseera kye kimu kinyweza obuwanguzi bw'eggwanga. Okusalawo okwo kwalaga nti buli muntu alina eddembe eririna kukugira ebiva mu ggwanga ne gavumenti, naye okukolagana wakati w'eggwanga ne gavumenti tekusobola kugonjola kugonjoola buzibu bwonna.

Enjawulo n'Ebisobozese Okubutuukiriza

Ennyambala Yowanna

Ekimu ku bintu ebikulu ebifuga amateeka okwetooloola ensi kye kimu ku njigiriza ey'ekika Ex Young. Wadde nga kino tekikoleddwa, ekika kiyinza okusemba omukungu mu ggwanga okuba n'obusobozi bw'okukwesalirawo okukomya obuweerero obw'enyongezi obuva mu mateeka. Essomero tezikontana na mateeka ga gavumenti, era tezisobola kufuga kisobozese. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekika kiyinza okuwereza omufuzi w'ekitongole ky'obutonde okulemesa okwonoonesebwa emitindo gy'ensi egimenyese. Kko kino kikozesebwa mu ntegeka okw'amazzi okukomya emitindo gy'eby'obusobozi.

Okugattika Enkuŋŋaana Ennene

Congress eyinza okuggyawo enteko mu buyinza bwe kifuga nga kifuga enfuga ez'enjawulo. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu etaddewo ekkomo ku buyinza buno. SAMINOLE F T TB ey'omu Florida v. Florida [1996], kkooti yasalawo nti Constantion teyinza kuziyiza kiwandikiro kya gavumenti singa enzijjuvu efugibwa obusobozi bw'eggwanga mu Bumeendo bwa Indian Commerciaste (Ekitundu I, ekitulimu 8). Ekiragiro kino kyakuba obukujjuzi eri ebika, ne kigaana enteekateeka y'ebika ebikkirizibwa okumenya amateeka okumenyawo mu nzikiriza enzikiriza eyo. Enkiiko z'eggwanga zonna ezibadde tezisobola kutuukiriza nteekateeka y'obukulembeze mu nkola y'emu ey'envumba. Envumbo zonna ez'ennene ziyinza okugaana okumanyisawo olumu okumanyisaamu. Ekiragiro ekitongole ekibadde kiyinza okubaamu enkola ey'okugigigaana okuzza mu nkola ey'envumba ey'envumbo.[FL

Okweyisa Obubi mu Mateeka ga Ga Ga Ga Ga Gavumenti

Ekirala kiyinza okukkirizibwa kwe kuvunaana gavumenti wansi w'amateeka agafuga ekitongole ekirwanirira eddembe ly'abantu mu mwaka gwa 1983 oba amateeka amalala agagamba nti bajoogedde ku ddembe ly'abantu. Naye kkooti ewa obukakafu nti Ekitundu 1983 tekirina bukuumi bwa gavumenti; eggwanga lisobola okukugira okukwatibwa okuggyako nga Congress ekitegekedde ddala nga yeetaagisa. Kino kitegeeza nti amateeka mangi agafuga enfuga, byewawawawaanyi okumenya amateeka agafuga enfuga, nga byenkana n'obukuumi obwa bulijjo, obutyolekesebwa ku mateeka g'eggwanga.

Eky'okuba nti omulimu gukolebwa gulina kye gukola ku kuteeka mu nkola ebizimbibwa mu nnono n'okugaba nga weyambisa enkola eya bulijjo

Ebibi ebiva mu kukuuma obusosoze mu mawanga biba bya maanyi nnyo. Omuntu bw'atasobola kusiba nsi ye, amasaza bwe gafiirwa eky'amaanyi ekisobola okukuuma ensi ze, amazzi, n'ennamba ezigalina okugalina. Lowooza ku ddembe ery'okuyita mu kitundu eky'omu nnyanja eky'omugwa: ebika bingi bikuuma ensunvu z'amazzi mu nzikiriza y'omu Nvumbo (1908), naye nga gavumenti ziwaayo amazzi okuyitira mu nzivuunula yaazo. Singa gavumenti ekkiriza abagikozesa okuzikiriza omugga oguva mu kika kyesigamye ku kika, ekika ekyo kiyinza obutasobola kutwala ggwanga mu kkooti esobole okukuuma eddembe lyayo. Olutalo olwo lwokka luyinza okuba oluzimbe olwa ssente mu maaso g'ekibiina kya gavumenti, oba okusabira gavumenti y'okutta ekika ekyo.

Mu ngeri y'emu, mu bifo awaba gulina obufuzi obwa bannalukalala, etteeka erikugira amawanga okusoomooza gavumenti okubeegattika obutuuti obulagira obukwasifu bw'amateeka. Mu nseetuka z'eggwanga. Mu mpandiika y'eggwanga, emmunvu ne United States. McBratney (1881], amawanga galina obuyinza ku bannaggwanga abatali ba Bannamenti abaakola obumenyi bw'amateeka mu nsi za Buyindi, ate ng'ebika ebitalina buyinza ku bannaakyewanyi abo abatatuukiriza buyinza bwabwe. Naye singa abakungu ba gavumenti bakwata obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza ku bannaggwanga obuva mu ggwanga nga tebabalina buyinza kuleetawo nkyukakyuka mu ggwanga.

Ebibaddewo mu Biseera Byakayita n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu Ezaawukana ku Misango

Okusalawo kwa Kooti Enkulu mu Nnaku Esembayo

Mu myaka egyakayita, Kkooti enkulu ewa obulagizi obutali bumu era n'ewa obuweerero obuwerako nga buwa obuwerako. Mumusolo gw'eggwanga lya Dollar Corp. v. Mississippi Band of Choctaw Indians[[FL:1] (20206), Kkooti ewa b'enkiiko z'eggwanga okusalawo obanga enkiikizo z'ebizikwata ku nzikkiriza okweyambisa enkola eyo okuzikkiriza okw'okufuga ne kinnamateeka atali kitundu. Wadde nga waliwo ensonga ekkiriza okugobererwa ekika okukibwawo ekika. Kkooti ekimu kyatongodde nga kiriko ensonga ey'okusala ennyirikiti ez'okutaano eyinza okutongola. Wadde nga tez'ensonga ey'ensonga ey'okugoba obutundutundu ekimu egobeegobererwa mu ggwanga. Kkootikko, kkooti ya Scali ya kkooti y'eyo ku nsonga y'omuna kussa ekitiibwa mu ggwanga erimu.

Mu [[NT:0] Michigan v. Bay Mills Indian Community (2014, kkooti yalina endowooza nti enkambi ez'okwefuga zikwata ku bika eby'eby'obusuubuzi ate nga mu nteekateeka ya kakiiko ke yasobozesa okukirinda. Omusango gwali guzingiramu eggwanga eryagala okusukkirira ekika okusobola okuyingiza kampuni mu kifo kyayo. Kkooti eyo yakiggumiza nti obuwandikiro obufuga obwa ggwanga gulina “omusingi ogukyamu” era nti n'enkumenti . Kino kyasalawo kuno kyanyweza obutuuze eky'okutawalula ekika nga bwongera ku mutwe gw'akajanja nga kika kyeyanjula ekigenda okwekwekereza, naye nga n'ebika ebirala bye bisobola okwekwekebeza. Kkootikko ekyo kyakiggumiza nti ekika kya bulijjo kiyinza okutaawula ku kika kya n'okukikolako.

Okufuba n’Ebigambo

Mu Congress, amasawo agawerako gayiyiyiziddwa okwogera ku butali bwenkanya. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekiteeberezebwa okuba nga “Tribal Access to Justice Act” kisobozesa ebika okuwesa ebiwandiiko mu kkooti z'ensi eyo okumenya endagaano, ebiba biteekeddwamu okuteekako obukwasiddwa, n'amateeka agamu nga Indian Child Welfare Act. Kyokka, ssente zino ziwedde mu kuziyizibwa okuva ku gavumenti era ne ku gavumenti era ne ku nsonga ezikwata ku gavumenti. Abeekenneenya eby'amateeka abamu bakkirizisamu enkola ey'amaanyi ennyo ey'okuyisa Ex esce Young[FFFFLT] oba ebitongole by'okukulembedde ku kivinnyo eky'okukulembedde ku bitongole ekiwamu.

Engeri endala kwe kukozesa endagaano eza gavumenti. Ebika bingi n'ebiwandiike bingi bifunye okutegeera nga biwandiikiddwa nga biwandikiddwa process ne kampuni eziyinza okugaana abantu okwerwanako mu butaka obutali bumu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, obutundu obukola ku nsonga eziddiriŋŋana obugatta obutundu obusukka mu ggwanga erimu obutundu obuddiriŋŋana nga bugoberera enkola eya IGRA, buli omu ku buwagizi bw'akkiriza okuzza ebiragiro mu kkooti ya gavumenti, mu ngeri eyo ne kikwatagana n'ensonga. Enkola zino ez'okwefunira zisobola zikola bulungi mu kukwatagana.

Okulowooza ku Binaabaawo mu Maaso: Okukola eby’Obufuzi mu Ngeri ey’Obwenkanya

Engeri y’Okulagamu Okwagala

Abo abawagira obufuzi bw'eggwanga bagamba nti amateeka agafuga ebika byonna galeetera ebika okuteekamu amateeka ageetaagibwa okuleetawo obutuuti obw'amaanyi era gakubiriza eggwanga okukakasiza ddala eddembe lyago. Olw'okuba ebika tebiyinza kukakanyanya eddembe lyabyo, kiba kizibu nnyo okukolagana obulungi ku nsonga gamba ng'okuyigga emisolo, okuvuba n'okuteekateeka obulungi ettaka. Okumanyisa obuvunaanyizibwa obuzingirwamu obw'okwefuga, n'okussaawo amateeka oba okusoma ekitundu ekigazi ekya Exp Young [[FFLT:1]]

Era Congress yandisobodde okusazaamu enkola ey'okutaasagana n'amateeka amalala nga gazingiramu okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti bwe gawa ebika ebisobe nga bigoberera amateeka ago. Squarelle TB era ekoma okukwasibwa obugaali wansi w'ekitongole kya Buyindi kya Classiascale, Consement eyinza okugattika wansi w'obuyinza obwa 141 oba endagaano eya Claus.

Okussa ekitiibwa mu ggwanga n'okwemalirira

Mu nkomerero, okugonjoola obutategeeragana wakati w'eggwanga n'eggwanga kitwaliramu okutegeera nti ebika si bibinja bya bantu abeetaaza oba abatunzi abawa obuwangwa. Gavumenti ze za njawulo ezikkirizibwa mu mateeka ebyasa bingi emabega. United States alina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okukuuma ebigendererwa by'amawanga era ne tteeka likkiriza ekifo eky'enjawulo ebika bya Bayindi mu Bulaaya mu bukulembeze bwa Claus. Ng'olw'ensonga nti Kkooti enkulu eya bulijjo eri mu Mclanhan v. Arizona State Taxica Comment, amateeka gafuga gakkirizibwa okuteeka mu bitundu ebiwanduko nga tewali kiragiro kirala kyonna kisobozesa kufuga ebiwandikiro ebyo okumenya amateeka.

Mu kiseera kino, ebika biteekwa okusala entegeka ez'enjawulo. Balina okukomyawo enkola ey'okuvumbula Ex Young Sututi, enkola ez'ekitongole ebeereeze enkola ez'okunaawereza mu kuddaabiriza ekitongole ekikola ku nsonga ez'eby'obwenkanya, n'endagaano ez'okuddawo okusobola okugonjoola obutakkaanya. Ebika ebinaavaamu biyinza okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu mateeka oba kkooti empya empya ezisobola okukebera ebiwandiiko by'amateeka ebigobeewa obutuufu nga bikozesebwa amawanga amangi mu Nsigalira y'ensi. Kyeyoleka bulungi nti enteekateeka eriwo etera okuleka ebika nga tewali kiyinza okugonjoola bizibu, ne kireeta entegeka ey'okuteekawo enziremererwawo: amaanyi ag'okukuuma abantu baabwe, ensi, n'obulamu.

fundikira

Enteekateeka ey'okwefuga eya gavumenti y'Amerika omusingi gwa ssekinsi, naye nga ekozesa enkola eyo eri bannagihugu ba Amerika ab'e Bumerika, ereetawo ebibuuzo eby'amaanyi ebikwata ku bwenkanya, okwenkanankana, n'okufuga kw'amateeka. Obuka si mawanga gannaggwanga, era si mawanga agatali ga nvuma, era si ga nfuge, ga njawulo era nga gannaago agaateekawo eddembe eryalimu eryakolebwa nga Amateeka ga Bukaanyi. Gayinza okukwekebwawo obusobozi okusobola okwewala okuvunaanibwa, tegakosa bika bya ggwanga kinnoomu naye era ne kiremesa ettuuti ezikkiriza okukolagana wakati w'ebika eby'ebika okumala ebyasa bibiri.

Nga tweyongera mu maaso, kkooti n'abateesiteesi b’amateeka bateekwa okufuba okulaba nti obukuumi obwa buli muntu tebufuuka bintu ebitali bya bwenkanya.