Mapapula Agakwata ku Kutegeka Obubinja: Ekirango Ekikwata ku Ddemokula wa Amerika

Constitution eya United States bwe yatwalibwa mu masaza okusobola okuyuzaamu mu 1787, yaziyizibwa nnyo. Abavumirira nti gavumenti ey'amaanyi ennyo yandyetaanya eddembe lya bantu kinnoomu era n'okukomya obujoozi bwe baali bawambye. Mu kukola kino, emmenti essatu — Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, ne John Jay —wrote oluddyo olukalala lwa 85 lw'ebiwandiiko wansi wa gavumenti ez'obulimba "Publius" Ebiwandiiko bino byonna, ebimanyiddwa nga , ebitongole ebikola ennyinnyonnyola amateeka ga Amereka, bisigala nga kimu ku n'engeri y'okutegeeramu gavumenti. Mutuuze bano, tebyekenneekenneenya ebyo ebikolebwa mu ku yunima y'ebyafu; ebitongole eby'ebyafumo-theofu mu bulamu.

Ebiri mu Byafaayo n’Ekigendererwa ky’Empapula

Ebitundu ebifulumira ku kaweefube eyategekebwa mu 1781, byatandikawo gavumenti eyalina obunafu naye nga tesobola kugonjoola bizibu by'eggwanga. Obuzibu bw'eby’enfuna, obukuubagano mu nsi endala, n'okutiisibwatiisibwa okuva mu mawanga amalala byalaga nti kyali kyetaagisa enteekateeka y'eggwanga okwongera okuba ey'amaanyi.

Mabaluwa ga division Papers gaakubibwa mu mpapula z'amawulire mu New York wakati wa Ogufukuto 1787 ne Agusito 1788, nga balina ekiruubirirwa eky'okusendasenda New York okuzikiriza Endagaano Enfunda n'obuwangwa. Kyokka, bye baawandiika byakulaakulanyizibwa ne bisukka ku ttuluba lya nnamba ezo. Ebbaluwa ezo zaddamu okucaandiikibwa mu bitundu byonna ebyabulibwa era ne kiba nga kyetaagisa abalambuzi okusomera enkuŋŋaana ennene. Ekigendererwa ekikulu eky'ebiwandiiko ebyo kwe kumalawo enkakaalwa z'abalabe ba Anti-Féderali, abatya nti Amateeka gaayinza okuteeka essira ku buyinza n'eddembe ly'eggwanga.

Okuyamba Abantu Okulekera awo Okutya Gavumenti

Ekimu ku ebyo ebikolobero ennyo ebyasalibwawo ku lukalala olwo kwe kuba nti tewaaliwo Bill of Rights. Abaziyiza gavumenti baagamba nti nga tewabaddewo bukuumi bwonna, gavumenti yaagiyingirira ddala eddembe ek'enkomeredde. Mu ] Fulaudalist N'akatono.[, Hamilton yakiwawa ekiragiro nti Amateeka gennyini ge gakkirizibwa, okuva bwe gaatongodde obufuzi obwaweebwa ate nga ate nga atereka obufuzi obulala bwonna buwanikibwa eri gavumenti ne buwandiika emitwe gy'abantu. Yalaga nti okusengeka eddembe erimu teriimu kabi, nga bwe kiyinza okuba nga kiraga nti eddembe eritakkirizibwa.

Era bye baawandiika byali byeraliikiriza abantu ku bunene bw'eggwanga eryo eryali liteeseteese. Abakuutivu baalowooza nti gavumenti bw'erina obuyinza okuvaamu obulembe obutono ennyo mu bitundu abantu gye banyumirwa okubeera awamu. Federalist No. 10, Madison yakyusa endowooza eno ku mutwe gwayo nga agamba nti gavumenti esobola okugonjoola ebizibu okusinga obutundu obutono. Yagezaako okuteebereza nti mu nsi endala eyinza okubaamu ebizibu. Yagezaako okukebera omu ku buli omu, ne kiba kizibu okumanyisaamu ensonga zonna ezikwata ku nsonga z'ebyobufuzi bw'Amerika. Kino kiviiriddeko ddala obutuufu okutegeera enkula y'ensonga eyo.

Emisingi Egiteekebwa mu Kitongole Ekikola ku Kibiina

Mu mboozi 85, emisingi esatu egikwatagana gitandika nga gikwatagana n’amateeka agafuga amateeka, emisingi gino tegyali gya bufirosoofo bufirosoofo naye gyali gya muganyulo nnyo mu kugonjoola ekizibu ky’okuteekawo gavumenti ey’amaanyi ekimala, naye nga gigobererwa okukuuma eddembe.

Okwawukanya Obufuzi

Okwawulamu ab'obuyinza mu matabi ga mirundi esatu ag'enjawulo: bannaakyemalira, bannaakyemalira, era n'abalamuzi. Buli ttabi lirina amaanyi n'obuvunaanyizibwa ebya limu, nga liziyiza ekintu kyonna okufuna obuyinza obutakugirwa. Féderalist N'ogw'obwa bulijjo. Madison yakozesa obufirosoofo bw'ebyobufuzi bwa Montesquieu, okuwakanya obugamba nti "okuteekawo amatwaze gonna, ekitongole, oba obwannakyewa, oba obutono, oba obungi, era oba obungi, obutongovugizi, oba obwandironze, busobola okunnyonnyola obunyoosebwa obwa nnanyinyinyi."

Ebitundu bino bikakasa nti okukola amateeka tekwetongoza. Congress kiwa amagezi era ne kiyisa amateeka, Pulezidenti atuukiriza era n'akwasisa amateeka ago, era abalamuzi bannyonnyola amateeka gaago. Buli ttabi likola nga limu ku limu, era abalimu balondebwa okuyitira mu nkola ez'enjawulo — okulonda okw'enjawulo, okulonda kooleji, n'okulonda kwa prezidenti nga kuliko ekiwandiiko. Engeri zino ez'enjawulo ez'okweroboza amatabi zigobererwa wamu ne bye gaagala okumala akaseera.

Ebweru n’Obujjulukuka

Wadde okwawukana kw'ab'obuyinza kusobozesa buli ttabi okubuuka, okukebera n'okussaawo empandika mu buli lukalala kisobozesa ebinaakolebwa okuziyiza ebifunvu by'ekifo. Madison yannyonnyola empandika eno mu [FL:0] Faceralist No. 51: "Ebiwandiiko birina okukolebwa okuziyiza ettwale ery'okutuuti. Okwegwanyiza omuntu n'enkola ya tteeka eririkwatanyirizizza n'enkola zaamu endala. Mu nkola, Prezidenti ayinza okussaawo amateeka agayisibwa ne Consetment ago, naye Consement ayinza okuguetwalidde mu lukiiko olukulu. Olukiiko olukola olukulu luyinza okutongola amateeka agatakkirizibwa mu ku kugoberera mateeka, naye abalamuzi ne ku k'abalamuzi ne ku k'abalamuzi ne kuyisawo akakiiko ekkulu.

Enkola eno ereetera enjawukana mu nkulaakulanya. Egireetebwawo okufuga era ekwetaagisa okukolagana mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku by'obufuzi mu Washington, ng'abakugu batujjukiza nti obukuubagano buno bwakolebwa mu bugenderevu. Abakola amateeka ga gavumenti baakifuula kizibu gye bali okusalawo ku sipiidi ya waggulu. Ng'abantu bwe bategeera enkola eno, kibayamba okukebera obanga enjawukana mu by'obufuzi kabonero akalaga nti wattuufu oba nti wazzewo ddala nkyukakyuka.

Fraationalism

Gavumenti ekiikirira enkola wakati wa gavumenti y'eggwanga n'okugatta gavumenti ez'empaka. Munsi wa mateeka, amaanyi gagabanyizibwawo wakati wa gavumenti z'eggwanga ne gavumenti z'eggwanga, buli gavumenti nga yeefuga ku bantu mu bitundu ebimu. Gavumenti y'efuga byonna ebikwata ku by'obutuuze. Gavumenti efuga ensonga ezikwata ku by'obusuubuzi, eby'obusuubuzi, n'eby'obufuzi eby'eggwanga — ne gavumenti ne zibeera n'obuyinza ku nsonga z'eby'enjigiriza, amateeka g'eby'obugagga n'obwenkanya bw'amateeka.

Mu Akawayiro kano kaleetera ekiragiro okulonda enviromenti n'obubonero nga 39, Madison kyeyava kikola ng'ekiwandikiro nga "sikwa ddala eri eggwanga oba enfuga yonna. Ekiragiro kino kyakolebwa okukuuma omuganyulo gwa gavumenti ey'omu kitundu gye gibeera nga bwe kibeera nga kitandikawo obumu obw'amaanyi ne kisobozesa ensi okubeera obumu. Empira n'ebitundu bya Amerika bye bikola mu ngeri eyeewuunyisa, naddala oluvannyuma lwa ssematalo wannyini ne New Decial, naye omusingi gwa gavumenti zisigala nga kitundu kya Amereka.

Republicanism

Mu nsi emu, abatuuze balonda abasalawo ku lwabwe ku nsonga z'eggwanga. Abakungu baalowooza nti gavumenti y'ensi yaagyo ya waggulu ku y'eggwanga eddene, kubanga yandiyambye abantu okulongoosa endowooza yaabwe okuyitira mu lufulube lw'ababaka abalondeddwa.

Mu [[NKULA].[FULT:0] Enkola ya 'Federalist' Na., Madison yagamba nti "bukungu, kwe kitegeeza gavumenti ekola enteekateeka ey'okukiikirira erinnya, eggulawo essuubi, era esuubiza okuwonya kwe twagala. Okukiikirira kusobozesa abatuuze okulonda "amagezi agasinga okumanyisa omuwendo gw'ensi yaabwe, era okwagala kwabwe n'obwenkanya kwe kuyinza obutayinza kugisuula mu tteekamu okusobola okwerabirira ku balala. Okwolesebwa kuno kulaga nti omuntu asobola okulonda ababalina obusobozi era n'obugolokofu, era nti alina obuvunaanyizibwa okulonda abo abasobola okusalira abalala omusango mu kifo eky'okutunuulira endowooza zaabwe.

Okusiima Obulungi Enkumu kw’Empapula z’Abatuuze ab’Omu Kiseera Kino

Ebitongole bya gavumenti bitera okuyigirizibwa mu masomero ga bannabyabufuzi ne mu masomero ga sayansi agakolerwa mu matendekero ga siniya, naye era n'abatuuze abanoonya okutuukiriza obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe mu nfuga ndala yonna, bye bawa obulagirizi obw'olubeerera. Okutegeera emisingi gy'ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti kikyusa endowooza z'amateeka ne gikola nga basinziira ku nkola y'enkola ya gavumenti era ne ku ku kusalawo nga basoose kutegeera.

Okusalawo Obulungi mu Kakasanduuko

Omuntu bw'asuubiza okugaziya amaanyi mu bitundu ebyaddandikirwa gavumenti, omutuuze omumanyidde n'eggwanga ly'eggwanga ayinza okwebuuza obanga okugaziya obutuuze bw'ensi eno ku mateeka kikwatagana n'emitindo gya demokulase. Munnabyabufuzi bw'amala ga gavumenti, omutuuze akkirizibwa okumanyibwa mu bifo ebya bulijjo, bw'asinziira ku mateeka okugaziwa kw'amateeka gaamu. Munnabyabufuzi bw'asaba obuyinza obw'okusalawo obutabaako ky'okola ku nsonga z'entalo oba eby'obusuubuzi, omutuuze omumanyidde obumanyidde obumanyidde obutundu bw'ensi mu nsi yonna, ayinza okupima obanga ekyo kituufu nti kikwatagana n'enkola ya gamateeka.

Era bye bawaautira biyamba abalonda okulonda okulonda enjawulo wakati w'obutakkaanya obukkirizibwa mu mateeka n'okuteeka mu kabi okuteekawo amateeka agafuga.

Okwenyigira mu Bulamu Obulala nga Tuweereza Katonda

Abatuuze abatwala obuvunaanyizibwa bwabwe nga batwala obusanduuko z'ekkolero, nga bagenda mu nkuŋŋaana z'ebizimbe, nga batuukirira abalamuzi, nga beegatta ku bakungu abalondeddwa, nga beegatta ku bibiina ebikola ku nsonga za gavumenti, era nga bategeezebwa ku nsonga za gavumenti.

Madison yawandiika mu [[NKULA] Na. 14 nti okutuuka ku buwanguzi mu mateeka kw'abantu kwesigamye ku "obusobozi bw'abantu obw'okwefuga" Obusobozi buno tebulina kukolebwa; buteekwa kuyigibwa okuyitira mu buyigirize, okunyumya, n'okugoberera enkola. Omuntu bw'alina okwenyigira mu bulamu obwa bulijjo, akulaakulanya empisa n'obusobozi obwetaagibwa okusobola okwefuga. Bayiga okuwuliriza endowooza ezikontana, okutuukanya ebifo bye balimu mu ngeri esikiriza, era ne bakkiriza okwawukana ku nkola za demokulase.

Okutwala Gavumenti ng’Evunaanyizibwa

Ekiragiro kino tekikolera ku nkola eyakirinako obukugu. Ekiragiro kino kifuga engeri gavumenti gye efugamu era ne kiwaliriza abantu okuvunaana omusango gwayo. empapula zigamba nti abatuuze balina okubeera abakuumi abakuuma eddembe lyabwe. Mu kunoonyereza okutali kwa bannakyewa. 51[[Madison yagamba nti, "okwesiga abantu kwe kuba nga, awatali kubuusabuusa, kwefuga gavumenti; naye ate okumanyisa abantu bye bayiseemu mu kiwandikiro kikusobozesa okufuna obuddukiro.""

Obuteegezo obwo obuwagizi buzingiramu engeri z'okussaawo amateeka, naye era bwesigamye ku butongole bwa gavumenti obw'amasimu, ebitongole by'abantu, n'obutuuze. Omuntu bw'assaayo omwoyo ku ekyo gavumenti ky'ekola, nga yeebuuza ku ebyo ebiba bibakwatako, era nga bateekateeka okwogera ebibeeraliikiriza, bassa obulamu bwabwe ku mateeka. Ekiragiro kino kitujjukiza nti Amateeka tegalina ngeri muntu gy'ayinza kugitemamu; era kitwetaagisa okufuba okw'okutambula nga bwe kiba kigendererwa.

Okussa Omutindo ku Ensonga Ezikwata ku Kiseera eky’Omu Maaso

Emisingi egyalabibwa mu materekero ga pulogulamu tegikoma ku kukwata ku buli nkaayana ez'ebyobufuzi mu Amerika.

Ekitundu ekirabirira era n'obutebenkevu mu ggwanga

Enkaayana ezikwata ku kifo eky'obuyinza bwa prezidenti zeeyongedde nnyo mu myaka egyakayita, naddala mu nsonga ezikwata ku bukuumi bw'eggwanga. Ofiisi y'ettabi bw'eraga obuyinza obusibuka mu nkola ez'okulabirako, okukuuma abalabe, oba okutandikawo obujaasi nga tewali bukkirizi, byewawaanyi bino biyinza okubuyimirizidwa ku sistemu eyatandikibwawo mu ttwale lya pulezidenti. Hamilton yawabulanya mu [FLT] nti amaanyi mu kibiina gaalina okusobola okukuuma eggwanga, naye era nti kampasi y'ayinza okukozesa amaanyi gaalyo okuwaliriza obukulembeze. Abatuuze abamanyisa bannabyabufuzi bategeera bulungi oba nga bategeeza oba nga bannabbira w'akabi mu mateeka.

Amaanyi g’Omulamuzi n’Okunnyonnyola Amateeka

Ekifo kya balamuzi kivuddemu enkaayana mu byafaayo byonna ebya Amerika. Ekiragiro kya 'Federalist Papers' kiyamba okutegeera engeri abalamuzi gye batwalamu obuyinza obw'okusala emisango. Mu Fieralist No., Hamilton yannyonnyola ettabi nga "ow'akabi ennyo'amaanyi era nga lirina obuyinza ku kusala omusango obukyamu. Yalaga nti kkooti zirina obuyinza okutongoza amateeka agatakwata ku ttabi, naye era n'agyongera kulaga nti obuyinza bw'enkola y'ebiragiro by'ensonga businziira ku butuufu.

Okuwakana mu kiseera kino okukwata ku kusala emisango n'okusala emisango, enkola y'okusoosaamu n'okumenya amateeka, awamu n'okunoonyereza okutuufu okw'emitwe emituufu egyasooka okwogerwako mu kakiiko akafuzi akafuzi ak'ensi yonna. Abatuuze abategeera ebyafaayo bino basobola okubeera n'ennyimirira ey'amaanyi ku nsonga ezikwata ku kuggyamu embuto ne ku mateeka agakwata ku by'embalirira.

Okugabanyizibwa kw’Eby’Omwoyo n’Engeri y’Okufugamu

Gavumenti bw'eragira gavumenti okubaako ky'ekolawo mu kugezesa ssente, kiba kirungi okussaawo etteeka erikwata ku by'obujjanjabi, obuyigirize, amateeka agakwata ku mbeera z'obutonde, amateeka agakwata ku bufumbo, n'amateeka agakwata ku musango, okukyogerako bitono. Gavumenti bw'eragira gavumenti okubaako ky'ekolawo nga ewanikiddwa okusasula ssente oba ng'essawo essente ezinaagobererwa, kiba kiraga nti amateeka agafuga eggwanga n'eggwanga lirina kussaawo amateeka agakontana ne gavumenti, kkooti ne ziragira abantu obuyinza oba ebikkirizibwa okusinzibwa mu kugezesa?

Abatuuze abategeera obulungi emitindo egigobererwa gavumenti z'empadde, era n'egezesa, okukola ku mbeera z'omu kitundu, okwekuuma enfuga — akajanja akakwata ku mateeka n'okunoonyereza ku nsonga ezitali zimu.

Ebinaakuyamba Okunyweza Okutegeera Kwo

Okusoma olukalala lw'empandiika y'obudde nga lukyali lwa muwendo nnyo era nga n'ebitabo ebyo biwandiikiddwa ku Intaneeti, kiyamba nnyo mu byafaayo. Okusoma emboozi emu buli wiiki kisobola okukomekkereza emboozi zonna nga wayiseewo emyaka ebiri era kisobola n'okulondamu empapula ezimanyiddwa ennyo ezikwata ku by'okuwandiika — n'okulonda ennamba 10, 39, 47, 51, 70, 78, ne 84— bye bisobola okuba omusingi omunywevu.

Ebibinja ebituulamu okukubaganya ebirowoozo n'enteekateeka z'eby'enjigiriza ziwa omukisa okukolera awamu n'enkola ez'enjawulo mu bitabo. Ebibiina mu bibiina byonna eby'eby'obufuzi ebikolamu ebiwandiiko ebitongozeddwawo, era amaterekero g'ebitabo n'ebifo bingi biwa programu ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka. Okukola omukwano n'abalala abalina endowooza ez'enjawulo kiyinza okunyweza endowooza n'okulongoosa ku ndowooza.

Ku nkomerero, abatuuze basobola okuteeka mu nkola bye bamanyi nga beenyigira mu mboozi z'omu mateeka. Okuwandiika amabaluwa eri abakuŋŋaanya, okwogera mu nkuŋŋaana, okulonda abakungu, n'okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nsonga ezikwata ku mateeka n'ab'emikwano n'ab'omu maka, byonna biyamba mu buwangwa obukola ku butebenkevu bwa gavumenti. Akatabo aka Federalist Paper katujjukiza nti Amateeka tegakoma ku kuba kiwandiiko kya mateeka kyokka naye era gakolaganira wamu ekikwetaagisa buli mu mirembe egya buli mulembe.

fundikira

Wadde nga baawandiikibwa mu lutalo olw'eby'obufuzi, basobodde okubeera n'amagezi era n'okwogera ekisusse mu lukalala lw'obufirosoofo bw'ebyobufuzi mu Amereka.

Okutegeera emisingi egikwata ku kwawula ab'obuyinza, okukebera, n'okweraga mu ngeri esaanira, kisobozesa abatuuze okwekenneenya enkola ya gavumenti, okwenyigira mu bulamu obwa bulijjo, era n'okuvunaanibwa ababakiikirira. era kitujjukiza nti gavumenti etwetaagisa okumanya, okubeera obulindaala, n'okwegatta. Naye, okubeera omutuuze owa demokulase kivaamu ebbeeyi. Empeera y'okubeera mu bantu ab'eddembe efunibwa okuyitira mu kufuba okugiwanirira.