Enjigiriza eno egguddwawo mu mateeka era esobola okuleetera abafuzi ba gavumenti obutavunaanibwa, era ng'etaagibwa mu musingi ogw'edda ogugamba nti “kabaka tasobola kukola kikyamu kyonna,” Enjigiriza eno efuuse etteeka ek'enkuunzulwa ennyo erikwata ku nsonga ez'okwerinda mu bantu. Abantu bwe batabangulwa gavumenti, abakungu ba mateeka, oba abakungu ba gavumenti, era n'abakungu bawangudde eddembe lyabwe, batera okuba ekikoozi eky'amaanyi okukomyawo. Mu kutegeera ekiwandiiko ekyo, abakungu, enkola, enkola, oba ebyambibwa, bikulumya enkola ya gavumenti. Ekitundu kino kikebera entebe z'ebyasooka okugobeetaa, oba okugobeewala mu kkooti z'omulembe ogwa n'obutebenkenkere.

Enjigiriza ez’Ebyafaayo n’Ez’Etteeka

Enjigiriza ekwata ku kufuga obwetwaze eva ku mateeka g'Olungereza aga bulijjo, nga gaayinza obutakkirizibwa mu mateeka gamu n'okugiwa olukalala. Oluvannyuma lwa obwewagguzi bwa Amereka, ensi ezaakatandikibwawo zaasikira eddembe lino ery'okulwanyisa obwannannyini. Ekiragiro kya United States tekirina nsonga eyo, wabula kyatandika kutandika kumanyibwa kw'Olukalala olw'eby'obufuzi olw'Akaseerasanti mu 1795 lwateeka omusingi. Olukalala olwo lugamba nti: “Obufuzi bw'amateeka bwa United States tebulina kutongozebwa ku mu mateeka oba ebbeeko, oba ebbeetuu, oba okutandikira ku mu mu ggwanga lyonna ery'omu United States eriva eriva eri Abatuuze mu ggwanga eddala, oba Abatuuze oba Abava mu ggwanga lyonna abali mu ggwanga eritali lya ggwanga lya Amerika.”

Wadde ng'ekyawandiikibwa ekitegeerekeka obulungi ekya Amereka eky'Akataano kiyinza okuba nga kigaana abo abakigattibwa obutakkirizibwa mu ggwanga ekirala, kkooti enkulu yakula mangu okutuuka ku b'ewandike. Hans v. Louisiana [1890]], kkooti yakkiriza nti omutemwa gw'olukalala gusiba gusiba ku ggwanga bwe guba nga sutifuye ku mateeka. Ennukuta eno ewandikiddwa nti teyinza kuba mu kkooti y'ensikiraze buteesitemu, naye terimu n'etteeka erisinga obugazi n'olulimi olutuufu. Ebisalibwawo ebisalibwawo nga bigoberera ebyo nga b'[FLT:Ald v. [FFect9] [1999]

Okusobola okwekenneenya n'okweyongera okwekenneenya Ebiwandiiko by'Ekiwandiiko eky'Akakumi n'okutaputa nga yaakatandika, laba Connell Information Institute . Kkooti enkulu esalawo mu Alden v. Maine ye nsibuko endala ey'ensonga enkulu; ekirowoozo kyaz'omulembero kya osobola okukifunira okuyitira mu [[[FLT:]]

Engeri Ebintu Ebiri mu Bufuzi bwa Gavumenti gye Bikolebwamu Leero

Ekiragiro kino tekisobola kufuga ggwanga lya kkumi na limu. Ate era kikuuma n'ebitundu ebya gavumenti era n'ebitongole bya gavumenti ebitwalibwa nga “emmemba za gavumenti.” Ebyokulabirako nga bizingiramu abapoliisi, ebitongole, ebitongole, n'ebitongole eby'eby'obulamu. Abakungu ba gavumenti bateekeddwa okuvunaanibwa obusobozi bwabwe obwa [ obw'eby'okwewalawala obuva mu mateeka olw'empaka ez'eby'obukalu. era n'eby'ebyo ebiva mu mateeka nabyo bikuumibwa, kubanga ekkomera eri obuterekero lya gavumenti liba lya waggulu.

Kyokka, waliwo enjawulo ya maanyi wakati w'obuwanguzi n'obukalu obwa bulijjo. Kkooti enkulu esala ku Ex parcee Young (08) (08) eyalaga nti essomero enoonya obuwanguzi [ n'enkyukakyuka mu bufugenyi obutongole okusobola okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti tezikikkirizibwa bannaagyo. Ekikowero kino ekiwandikiro tekikkirizibwa bannaakyewandikiro. Ekireetera abawandikiro okuwakanya enkola oba enkola ya mu nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga za gavumenti nga tezikulembeddewo butereevu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omusibe ayinza okukomya omujulizi w'obuyinza okukomya omulimu ogwa kko awatali kubaako kyewa.

Nga wayiseewo ebbali ey'ekifo, eggwanika zikkiriza okutuuka ku mbeera entono okuyitira mu mateeka. Ekiragiro ' ebitongole bingi byateekawo enkola ezikolebwa [ nti ebiteerekebwa ku kwewandiisa okwesigamiziddwa ku busososo, ebitera okukosebwa, okumenyebwa ebbali ez'ekiseera ekitono, n'omulimu ogw'enjawulo. Amateeka gaawukana okuva ku ggwanga ku limu ne limu ne likola ekikongo ekyo.

Emirimu Egifuga Omukungu wa gavumenti bw’agigeraageranya ku Kintu eky’Omu Bufuzi

Enjawulo eri wakati w'okusingisa omukungu mu buyinza bwe. Kyokka, gavumenti nnyingi zisobola okutunda obusobozi bwazo n'obw'omuntu kinnoomu (okuva mu muntu) nga kyangu okugonjoola ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezikwata ku bukuumi. Singa omukungu alaga nti omukungu yawa obuwagizi obwa bulijjo mu kifo ky'omulimu oba okukola ekintu mu bugenderevu, omukungu oyo ayinza okuba ng'alina obuyinza obwa nnannyini. Kyokka, gavumenti nnyingi zisobola okulwanirira abakungu ne bye zikola nga bikolebwa mu kukkiriza, ne kiviirako obuwagiziko okuba obuzibu mu ngeri y'okukimu. [[FLT:] Obuwagizi bwa gavumenti obutabaako kye bukola okutaawumba oba okumenya amateeka ne bwe gayinza okuwangula singa embeera y'emu eyinza okugobewa.

Ebikugira n’Ebireetebwa Omufuzi w’Obutonde Bwonna

Wadde nga yeetongodde kiyinza okukkirizibwa, si kya maanyi nnyo. Amakubo esatu ag'okufuga amakwasiro gayinza okusobozesa okuvvuunuka engabo: Kino kikkiriza eky'enjawulo[, ] okumenya amateeka[[, ne [[FLT:] ekitundu eky'ekimu [[FLT]]] Ex ekyannyonnyonnyolebwa waggulu.

Endowooza z’Ebikolwa by’Abatume Zikkirizibwa

Eggwanga lirina abawagizi abakugira obuteefuga abawagizi abakolera mu kifo ekiba kyenkana ekya wansi ku mirimu gyabwe. Ng'ekyokulabirako, California Tort Peacess Act (Etteeka lya Government 76 810 et seq.) lileka obuteefiirayo obuwambe obuva ku gavumenti obwa buli kika ekya doola 5000,000 mu buli kifo. Gavumenti ezimu zisirisa obutundu obutono obutono obusobola okutawaanyizibwamu doola nga doola 5000,000 oba obutereseera ddala obutoosi nga doola [200,000]. Ebiwandikiro ebimu tebyogera ebikwata ku “milimu ku kwenyigira mu mirimu gya kakolero". oba “ebyesalirwa obululu ebitera okugibwa ku bakungu abakungu. [FLT:]

Okukuba Enkizo

Mu kifo eky'okugonjoolera ddala ekiwandikiro, Consell alsenti esobola okugobererwa gavumenti ng'ewa amateeka agagisobozesa okukaka obusobozi bwa mateeka. Ng'ekyokulabirako, amaka n'Ekirango ky'eddagala[[[FLL:1] era ne Amelika ezinamu n'obulema[[[FLT]]] zizuuliddwa nga zisobola okukugira ekiwandikiro oba ekigo, naye Kkooti enkulu eteeka ekkomo ku buyinza obwo, nga kyetaagisa amateeka agamenyebwawo okukkirwawo n'okuzza obukyamu. Mu nzikkiriza okukebengo ez'enkola, nga zimaze okukiikibwa wansi w'enkola ya [FLD] Empala y'ekibiina ekimenyeddwamu mu kkooti z'amateeka, naye nga tegasazesembyewo. Kkoluso . K'Esbotik'empalaak'enkola ya K'esaze ya propu ya [Ft:[6][5][5]

Okusamba mu Kibonyoobonyo Ekigo Kyonna mu 1983

Omulimu ogukolebwa mu bitundu byonna ebitegekeddwa guleetera gavumenti okukakaatika eddembe ly'abantu wansi wa 42 U.S.C. 1983 okulumiriza abakungu ba gavumenti kinnoomu. Ekiragiro kino mu mwaka gwa 1983 kiwa oludda olukunkumuli olw'okumenya amateeka oba olw'obuyinza. Olw'okuba kkooti zivunaana omukungu omu, teyetongola ku bukuumi bwa gavumenti. Kyokka, omusirikale ayinza okuteekawo olukalala olulina kye kiyinza okukola ku butebenkevu [[[FL:] olumu ku nsonga, olulina kye luwandikiro ku nsonga ezizingirwamu, so si luba nga lukulu olw'obuyinza ku mateeka. Enjawulo eno y'ensonga eno y'enkuyinza okuzingirwamu singa gavumenti esalawo okutawangirira omukungu oyo, naye nga terina ngeri y'emu. Okugatta ate, essawo obupakiti obutereevu wansi w'empala ebizi ebizingirwamu wansi w'enjigiriza, ate nga tebye ku ekyo.[3][3] Ek'enjigiriza eyo terimu, ate eba terimu.[3][3]

Emisango Egikwata ku Kwewala Obubenje:

Obubonero obuzingiramu okugolola obukyayi mu mateeka, obutakangavvula oba okulemererwa okukola ebikolebwa ku butyabaga, busobola okusobozesa obutundutundu obutakkirizibwa kufuga buddukiro.

Okukakibwa Okuli mu Mateeka

Abakwasisa amateeka, gamba ng'okukaka obukujju, okukwatibwa okw'obulimba, oba okufa okw'obulimba, bye bimu ku bintu ebitwalibwa okuba nti byesigika. Omufuzi akuuma ekitongole kya poliisi n'atakikolako butereevu. N'olwekyo abapoliisi kinnoomu bateekwa okuvunaana abakungu ba gavumenti wansi w'amateeka ga 76 1983, naye balina okudduka ku bukuumi obw'amaanyi era n'okwewala amateeka agakwata ku by'obukuumibwa mu mateeka olw'okwewala ebikolwa eby'emirembe. Amagatte mangi gakuuma abakungu ba gavumenti singa bakolera ku buvunaanyizibwa bwabwe, okuggyako nga balaga “obuteefugeefu oba nga balaga obukaba.”

Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu [[NKULA:0] smith v. Wade (19983), kkooti enkulu yakkiriza ebibonerezo okukolebwa abakungu olw'obutafaayo ku bukuumi bw'omusibe olw'okuba abakungu baawerebwa. Mu ngeri y'emu, abakungu baawerebwa ne baleme okuteekebwako obuddu. ] Mu lukalala olwa waggulu, mu nnukuta ennukuta en waggulu, mu kyenvu kiyinza okulemesa abasibe. Omusango ' (20) 'X5], kkooti yawazesemba omukungu eyadduka ekirwawo n'abakungu abadduka, nga tewali mateeka gaagigaana bikolwa bye. Kino kiraga nti ne bwe kibaawo nga enzijijira bulungi, kiyinza okuziyiza okuvugibwawo.

Okutereezebwa n’Okusibibwa mu Kkomera

Abasibe boolekagana n'ebibakugira ennyo mu by'obufuzi. Priigason Legation Act [[FLRA]] Act eteeka amateeka ku by'okusasula ebisale, n'ekisiba ekiyinza okuteeka ku mitawaanya ku bwongo oba ku nneewulira nga tewabaddewo kabi mu bantu. Omuntu okusibibwa mu mateeka tasoosa bulungi ebiva mu makomera okugoonoona ebiba bikoleddwa mu kkooti ya gavumenti singa tagobererwa. Abakungu mu kkomera bayinza okusussenga ebisalebwawo mu bugenderevu nga tasoose kwefiirayo ku nsonga ez'amaanyi ezikwata ku by'obujjanjabi mu birowoozo oba ku nneewulira ez'omunda, naye nga balaga nti tewali buzibu bwonna obufuga. Ate era, ebitundu bingi eby'okugobererwa mu nkola ey'olukiiko olwo, nga n'ebintu ebibadde bikolebwako.

['Akawayiro] Awatandikirwa ddala awandibadde omutindo oguteekeddwa mu Estelle v. Gamble (1976], kiba kyetaagisa omukungu okumanya era n'okubuusa amaaso akabi ak'ennamba ak'amaanyi. Kino kiba kisobozesa omuntu okuvvuunuka ekiwandikiro olw'okuba amateeka gaakakasibwa bulungi. Kyokka, gavumenti yennyini esigala nga terina tteeka lya kukwata ku by'okwagala okuggyako nga waliwo amateeka agakkiriza. Eggwanga nga New York, eyinza okugaana obusobozi obw'obusobozi obw'obubonero mu kkooti ez'ebiragiro, naye ekiragiro ne by'okwetaanoonyeza bye byetaagisa biba bitegekeddwa.

Emirimu gy’Ebyafaayo n’Ebitoogo

Kampuni era ne gavumenti zikozese ebitongole ebikola ku by'obudde obw'omuliro ne ku nkola endala ez'obudde obw'ekika kya 'FLT'.' era ne ku bitongole ebikola ku bizibu eby'eby'obudde. Gavumenti nnyingi zitaddewo amateeka agakuuma obukiiko obukola ku bizibu n'obuddukirizi bwa bannakyewa singa tegalagibwawo bukolwa obw'amaanyi. Ekimu ku ebyo ebikolebwako Enkola y'eby'obudde obw'okukulagajjanjabi bw'omutissokezo.[FLT:] Act [FLT:]] Act [[FLT:]] Activeral Medicalments Act [[[FLT:]]] Activesssssssmentsssmentsssssssss offiedededrity jourmalmat'okunnyonnyola ebironze eby'okuwaayo ebikolebwa oba ebiteetebwabubulibwa. Kino kireeta ekireego. Kino kireeta ekireebuzibu

Ku nsonga emu enkulu ezingiramu okuwaawula nti ssemateeka yamenya era n'ayisa ekiragiro ekiyita Access Access of Access Claus nga yalemererwa okukuuma abantu okuva ku bikolwa eby'obukambwe ebyabwe ku bwabwe. Kkooti enkulu ebadde ebeera mu Denhaney v. Winnebago County[ [199] Leeteentu etalina mulimu gwa kukuuma batuuze okuva ku kabi akakolerwa, okuggyako nga “enkolagana ey'enjawulo” weebiriwo (eg., abantu kinnoomu, ebigobesebwa oba abo abalwadde abazingirwamu). Kino kifuga ekitongole ekifuga ensonga endala nga kigamba obutebenkera ssente ezisingako.

Abakuumi ba Emmere Ennyo

Nga basinziira ku ngeri ey'ekitalo ennyo era ey'enjawulo ey'okukuumamu obwetwaze, bannamateeka abakola ku nsonga ezikwata ku butebenkevu mu bantu balina okukolawo enkola eziyinza okukendeeza ku kakwate k'obusobozi k'okuziddaabiriza. Enkola zino wammanga zitera okukozesebwa:

  • [[NKULA]] Bw'obeera omwandiikiriza omuwandiisi , ojja kwewala okusaza olukusa ebitongole bya gavumenti oba ebitongole bya gavumenti butereevu; mu kifo kyabyo, batuuze buli omu oba abakungu kinnoomu mu buvunaanyizibwa bwe bali. Abakola mu kampuni (obubonero, obuwanvu) baamanyibwa nti obupapula obugiwandiikibwa tebukuumibwa buteebwa nteekateeka eya APPPPPPPPP.[1] Batwalibwa nga “abantu ku nse wa 2016 so si si sipikiti eya bulijjo.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Noonya obuweerero obuva mu kusengeka '[[FULT:1]]: Kozesa [[[KY'OKUMENTI:2][ Okugezako nga wazzewo aw'okugezesa enkola eya bulijjo. Kino kya muganyulo nnyo mu mbeera ey'okusengeka obukwasiddwawo obumenyese oba enkola ey'amaanyi agasingako, ekiragiro ne kiziyiza okuttululwa kw'amateeka.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Kino kitegeeza nti ekiragiro kikebera ebifa ku fayiro nga kiddiriŋŋana[: Amateeka g'eggwanga galina ebisaanyizo eby'enjawulo, nga mu nnaku 90 tewannaba kulabika ennukuta nga z'ensi eno zokka zinnaazo, ebikompe ebigenda kukolebwako, n'ebirala ebikolebwa mu bugenderevu biremedwa okukolebwako.
  • [[NT:0] Kebereza ebyo ebiragibwa mu mateeka . Ekitundu 1983 kigamba nti tekwetaaga bukuumi bwa gavumenti naye nga kikuuma etteeka erikugira okukwatibwa. Obukakafu bulaga nti amateeka agafuga ensonga gaateekebwawo bulungi mu kiseera ekyo.
  • [[NKULA]] Okukkusa ekiragiro ekifuga engeri gye kiyinza okuwerebwamu. Ekiragiro kino kinoonyereza ku mateeka agafuga ekitundu ekipya nga kiwandikidwa .: Bw'obeera nga ddala amateeka aga gavumenti gaamu (um',, Abaamereka abalina ekiragiro eky'obulema, omutwe VII, Akawayiro aka Rehabilitation) kakola ng'ekitongole ekikola ku bukuumi obwa nnamba ey'okufuga. Kkooti enkulu ewadde obulagirizi mu nsonga nga . Lane (2004) ku kiteesiteesi kya brookko ekiteesiteesi kyo ekireetebwa ekifuzi 5 eky'ekikumi na kimu.

Enkyukakyuka Ezikoleddwa Gye buvuddeko awo

Ebitundu ebikuumibwa obuteefu tebikoma ku mulembe guno. Eggwanga lya gavumenti nnyingi litaddewo amateeka agakugira abantu okwewaawula ku ngeri ezimu ez'eby'obufuzi, naddala ezo ezizingiramu ebikolwa eby'ettemu.

Mu kifo kya gavumenti ekyawagirwa, George Floyd Justice mu Policing Act mu 2021 mwe mwali n'enteekateeka ez'okukomya obuteesosobozo obutuufu obw'okukulembereza amateeka ne ampend ibice 1983 okuleka ebiwaawaatiro ebizibya ebiva mu mateeka okumenya amateeka. Wadde nga akakwate ako tekaalimu, kalaga okweyongerayongera kwa maanyi okw'okuleetawo emitindo egikwata ku bufuzi obwa nnamba n'enjigiriza ezikwatagana nago. Kkooti era ne zitandika okuzzaawo ebiwandiiko ebiziziyiza obukuumibwa ne tekikusigibwa mu bya tekinologiya, naye nga buli muntu yenna akyekebereddwa.

Ku ludda lw'okusalako emisango, Kkooti enkulu yalaga nti kya bulijjo okukuuma ekibiina nga kirimu obukuumi obwa buli kika. Torres v'b'aw'okubiri. Ekitongole kya Texas ekiyamba abantu okumanya engeri gye bayinza okukuumibwamu (202)). Kkooti eyo yagamba nti Texas yali ekendedde ku bukuumi bwe yateebwamu nga yeegatta ku “nkola y'enkola y'enkola nga mu ntegeka , naye mu ngeri eno eyinza okuba ntono era nga ereeteerwawo obukwafunja oba ebintu ebirala ebizingirwa mu ku kugifunira.

Abo abaagala okuleetawo enkyukakyuka, olupapula olwo olusooka ku nnyiriri ez'omu Texas v. Texas luwa ekikongodde eky'omuganyulo. Ekirala kiba kigoberera Brennan Center for Justice lipoota ekwata ku bukuumi n'olw'okusasula ebya poliisi ebiba bitegekeddwa okuwa enziji.

fundikira

Ekiragiro kino kikuuma ab'obuyinza okusobola okuwanirira obwetwaze bwa gavumenti okusobola okugobererwa mu nsonga ezikwata ku butebenkevu. Emitindo gy'amateeka egyasibuka mu byasa ebikumi n'ebikumi eby'emyaka era nga ginywezeddwa olukalala lwa kkooti enkulu, kikuuma ab'obuyinza okusobola okuba n'obuvunaanyizibwa okuggyako nga bakkirizza oba nga bagobereddwa. Wadde nga wabaddewo enjigiriza nga Expace Young ne countationation artion arration arcess for fauragementmentmentations, ziwa brocumentssssssss obuk'okusobozesa obuwereza obuwagizibwa bwa poliisi okusobozesa obuwaŋŋanzi, era n'okulongoosa kw'ebibi ebikolebwa mu mateeka okuba nga bigwawo obunene.