Omusingi ogukwata ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri guyimirizibwa ku nkola y'abamenyi b'amateeka mu Amerika, ne guziyiza abantu okuwozesebwa emirundi egisukka mu gumu olw'ekikolwa kye kimu. Wadde nga musingi gwagwo gutegeerekeka bulungi, enjawulo eyo tesinziira ku nkola za kkooti za gavumenti ne za Amerika ezikwata ku misango. Empandika gye ziyinza okugobererwa abo abavunaanibwa, abawaabi, n'abo abafuga mu bifo eby'enjawulo. Okutegeera endowooza zino zisobola okuzibuwalibwa ennyo mu mateeka, abakugunja mu mateeka, era n'omuntu yenna ayagala okukulembera oba okutegeera ekifo eky'amateeka mu mateeka.

Ekitundu kino kiwa obukakafu obulaga nti waliwo akabi ak'emirundi ebiri mu kkooti z'ensi n'ez'ensi eyo. Tujja kukebera emitindo gy'amateeka, emitindo egifuga kkooti, enjawulo enkulu ezikola, era n'enjigiriza ez'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri ezireetawo ekimu ku bintu ebyekusifu ennyo okusobola okwekuusibwako obubenje emirundi ebiri. Ku nkomerero, ojja kuba n'ensonga ey'amaanyi esobola okwekenneenya akabi ak'emirundi ebiri akaba kagasaze mu nkola eya kkooti.

Obuteebereze bw’Ebibiina Kye Ki?

Ekitongole kya Amereka eky'ebbeeyi kirimu omutemwa gwa Laaspect Claus oguyitibwa Frigictive Mediterence of America, ogugamba nti tewali muntu n'omu asaanidde okuteekebwako omusango gwe gumu emirundi ebiri okuteeka obulamu bwe mu kabi. Obukuumi buno bukwata ku gavumenti butereevu era buwagirwa gavumenti okuyitira mu mu mutemwa gwa 14. Ekigendererwa eky'okutaasaamu obubi obw'emirundi ebiri, kwe kuziyiza gavumenti obutakozesa eby'obugagga byayo ebisinga obukulu okulumiriza abantu mu lukujju enfunda, mu ngeri eyo ne kikakasa nti ewanikibwa mu kutulugulwa oba okukuumibwa mu ntalo ebibayinjabi, n'okufeezebwa olw'okubonerezebwa okw'emirundi emingi.

Ensibuko y’Ebyafaayo n’Olugero lw’Ebyafaayo

Endowooza egamba nti omuntu bw'afuna obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri, yasibuka dda ku mateeka ga Rooma ne ku mateeka g'Abangereza aga bulijjo. Mu Amerika, abafuzi baayo baayogerako mu Bill of Rights okwogera ku nsonga za gavumenti ezikwata ku kyewatukira. Kkooti enkulu yawa olukunkumuli lwokka essatu ez'enjawulo ezaawebwa mu kkooti y'Ababiri eyitibwa Jeopardy Claus: obukuumi bw'okukuumibwa mu kkooti ey'okubiri oluvannyuma lw'okusibibwa, obukuumibwa eri ow'okubiri olw'okuvunaanibwa olw'ekibi kye kimu oluvannyuma lw'okukkiririsibwako, era n'okwekuuma obutabonerezebwa obuwera olw'omusango gwennyini. Bino byonna bikola okukakasa nti omusango gumaliriddwa, kye kiteebereddwa.

Ddi Olukongoolo Lwe Luleeta Essanyu?

Ekibuuzo ekikulu eky'okutaasa obulamu bwe kiba nga kitandise. Mu kkooti za gavumenti, okuteeka obulamu bw'omusango mu kabi konna mu kkooti nga abalamuzi balayiddwa. Mu kkooti z'abalamuzi, kikwataganyizibwa n'omujulizi asooka bwe alayiddwa. Ekiseera kino kikulu nnyo kubanga omuwawaabi bw'ateekebwako akabi, aba mu kabi ateekebwako akakwasibwa mu kabi ak'okuvunaanibwa n'okubonerezebwa. Singa omusango gusalibwa nga tegunnateekebwako akatyabaga, omuwaabiro ayinza okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa nga tagudde mu kabi. Naye singa okugwa muzesendebwa, amateeka gayinza okukyuka ennyo, era n'okuvunaanibwa omulundi ogwokubiri guyinza okusaanibwa nga tewaliddwawo.

Obutemu obw’Enjawulo mu Kkooti Ezikola Ennyo: Amateeka Amakulu

Kkooti ezikola ku bukuumi obwa nnamba zikozesa obukubisaamu obukozesebwa mu kkooti enkulu. Amateeka gano gaateekebwawo bulungi era nga ga njawulo nnyo, naye nga gaakakasizza ddala ekifaananyi. Ekiragiro kino kisalawo ku nsonga zonna ezizikwata ku gavumenti z'eba nga yazitongodde, ka kibe nti z'ekkiriza nti omusango gwayo gwali gwa maanyi kwenkana wa. Omusingi guno gwagattirwa mu United States v. Ball (1866), olusemba olwo olusingako olunene olunene lwewandikiddwa nti omusango gukomye nnyo.

Okuddamu Okutegeera n’Okusiima

Singa omuwawawawawawa asalirwa omusango mu kkooti y'ensi yonna, okugwa mu misango emirundi ebiri tekusinziira ku gavumenti ku nsonga ezimu, gamba ng'ensobi ezaakolebwa mu mateeka mu kiseera eky'okuwozesebwa. Naye singa obujulizi busaze tebuvuusibwa olw'obujulizi obumala, okusalawo okwo kubaamu ng'okuvunaanibwa, era n'omuwawaayirwa tayinza kuddibwamu.

Enjawulo: Ebiwandiiko Ebikyamu n’Ebigambo Ebirungi

Olukiiko bwe lukoma mu kunoonyereza okukyamu, amateeka gafuuka kizibu. Singa ensonga zitongozebwa n'obw'omuwayitidwa, ensonga zikkirizibwa okusazesebwa. Naye singa ensonga zikkirizibwa okusalibwamu. Kkooti enkulu eyinza okusazesebwamu olw'okugaana omuwayitirwa, obubenje obw'emirundi ebiri buyinza okuziggula okuggyako nga wabaddewo ensobi. Ennaku ez'amaanyi zibaddewo. Ensala y'okusala z'abalamuzi ziyinza okuba nga zisseewo assemb'asaze (abalamuzi abassesse mu lukiiko olukulu olw'assesaze) singa esokerowo olukyamu. Ate era, olukiiko olukulu mu [FLT:] olwo luyinza okukolebwa mu [FLT: [FFFON] [24]

Ebireetebwa Gavumenti

Ekiragiro kya gavumenti kikugira nnyo gavumenti okusawanya oyo aggiddwako omusango. Gavumenti teyinza kusalira musango oyo atalina musango, ne bwe kiba nti ekkiriza nti kakiiko akalamuzi kalina omusango mukyamu. Kyokka, gavumenti eyinza okusasuza enkwanya ezimu eziba zivuddemu okugoba emisango singa amateeka ago tegakoma ku kukkirizibwa. Gavumenti eno efugibwa 18C. 7631, ekikkiriza ebiragiro okugaana oba okuziyiza obujulizi, naye singa tegasabirwa kuddamu kutunula kutunula mu maaso oluvannyuma lw'okugoba oyo abawamulirinzi.

Obusibe obw'Ebibiri mu kkooti z'amateeka: Enjawukana n'obukuumi bwa Law

Kkooti z'eggwanga nazo zikkiriza obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri, naye obukuumi buno busibuka mu ssemateeka ne mu mateeka agayinza okuwa obukuumi obwagazi okusinga amateeka ga gavumenti. Kkooti Esingirayo ddala kibadde kigamba nti tekyetaagisa kussaawo etteeka okusobola okuwa abantu obukuumi ng'erya bulijjo nga gavumenti bw'esobola okuwa abawandiisi obwa Claus Claus; gavumenti ziyinza okuwa abawandiisibwa mu mateeka gaabwe obuwandiikizi obusukka ku mateeka ageenkanankanankanankanankana ekiwandikiro eky'ekitongole kya Claatiika ne KG provity Resity Claus Calause; ebiwandikiddwamu ne bye bisobola okubawandisizza obukuumi obw'amaanyi abo abawandiriddwa mu mateeka gaabwe.

Enteekateeka za gavumenti

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa okusala etteeka eryo nga limaze okusalibwawo, era nga lisobola okukomyawo ddala emirundi ebiri. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Amateeka ga Alaska gawa omuntu n'alyoka ateekebwa mu kabi ak'okuteeka omuntu mu kabi ak'omusosoze. Kkooti ezo ez'omu Alaska zitegedde nti kino kye kisinziirwako okugonjoola ensonga oluvannyuma lw'okunoonyereza ne bwe kiba nga kikkirizibwa. Mu ngeri y'emu, Amateeka g'ensi yonna ga Montana gasaaniddwa okugaana okuwozesaamu oluvannyuma lw'okumenya omusango oguva mu busonga obw'olukulo, ekifo eky'obukuumi ekisingira ewala ennyo okuba eky'omutindo ogwa bulijjo. Obukuumi obwo bukkirizibwa okusalwa mu mateeka g'eggwanga ne kkooti tegattiddwawo na ku bwo.

Okussa Ssaddaaka mu Blango z’Ettabi

Ebbanga liyinza okukyuka okusinziira ku mateeka. Eggwanga lisinga obungi ligoberera etteeka lya gavumenti: olukwatano lwesanga nga abalamuzi balayiddwa mu kkooti y'abalamuzi oba nga omujulirwa asoose alayiddwa mu kkooti y'olukiiko olukulu. Kyokka, gavumenti ezimu ziwandiikidde amateeka agaawukana. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu bitundu ebimu, obujulizi bwe busomebwa mu balamuzi, oba kooti bw'etandika okufuna obujulizi. Kino kitegeeza nti enjawulo y'emu eyinza okuteeka obulamu mu ggwanga erimu naye nga si mu limu.

Amateeka g’Edda ku Misango Egitaataaganyizibwa ne Hung Juries

Kkooti za gavumenti zigoberera emitindo gyazo bwe ziweebwa emisango mu bukyamu era ne zisalirwamu abalamuzi. Wadde nga gavumenti nnyingi zigoberera omutindo oguba gufugiddwa mu mateeka ga gavumenti, ezimu zitaddewo amateeka agaawulibwawo. Amateeka ga New York Criminal Procedure gawa etteeka nti oluvannyuma lw'abalamuzi okusalirwa omusango, kkooti eyinza okulangirira ebbeeyisa oba oyo avunaanibwa ayinza okudibwa, naye kooti eteekwa okulowooza obanga abalamuzi abo tebakyalina buyinza kutuukiriza kiragiro ekimala. Gavumenti endala, nga California, ziwadde kasaze kakwate n'embeera eziba nga zikkirizibwa okuddamu okukkirizibwa.

Enjawulo Enkulu Wakati w’Eby’Okukuuma Obubi mu Mwaka ne mu Gavumenti

Wadde omusingi oguli mu musingi gufaananako bwe gutyo, enjawulo ez'amaanyi ziva ku kukolera awamu etteeka lya gavumenti n'ery'eggwanga. okutegeera enjawulo zino kikulu nnyo okusobola okulagula akabi ak'emirundi ebiri akayinza okugobererwa mu mbeera yonna.

Obuwanvu bw’Eby’Okukuuma

Gamu gawa obukuumi obwenkana ne gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, etteeka erya gavumenti likkiriza okuwozesa ensonga oluvannyuma lw'okusala omusango nga gwewalirizza mu buzibu obw'amaanyi, naye gavumenti eyinza okuziyisa mu mbeera ze zimu singa lukalala lwa mateeka gaayo lwokka nga gagala okulabika mu kifo eky'enjawulo. Okugatta ku ekyo, gavumenti ezimu zigaana okutongozaamu oluvannyuma lw'okunoonyereza okukyamu, wadde nga tekwasibuka mu gavumenti. Ensobi eno eyinza okuba nga y'ensonga y'ensonga eyagonjodde mu mateeka, ekkiriza emitindo gy'amateeka okugobeegobererwa oluvannyuma lw'okumenya emitindo egya bulijjo.

Ebikwata ku bugazi

Ekiseera n'embeera mwe bigendera okuteeka akabenje emirundi ebiri bisobola okwawukana. Nga bwe kyogeddwako waggulu, kkooti za gavumenti ziteekako obulagizi ku lukiiko olukola ku kabaga oba obujulirwa, naye gavumenti ezimu ziyinza okuteekako etteeka eritali limu singa omuwawaabibwa atwalibwa okuba mu kabi olw'ensonga eyokubiri oluvannyuma lw'okwegattulwa oba singa enkyukaanya ereetebwa ereetebwawo eyinza okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa. Enkyukakyuka zino ziyinza okusobozesa abakunguzi okuwakanya nti akabi kalina kusinziira ku mateeka agamu naye nga ga njawulo.

Ebireetebwa Gavumenti

Ekiragiro kya 'Federal' kikugira obusobozi bwa gavumenti okujulira abo abavunaanibwa, naye amateeka ga gavumenti gaawukana nnyo. Gamu gakkiriza abawaabi b'amateeka okusa etteeka eriyinza okukomyawo ddala abo ababa babawaabidde mu mateeka okugoba abamenyi b'amateeka mu mateeka singa basooka kujulira mu maaso ga kabenje. Gavumenti endala zigaana gavumenti okujulira abantu okusaza gavumenti okubasaza enzigye, okulaga etteeka eririna kye liragira mu ggwanga. Amasaza nga New York ne California galina amateeka agakyogerako nga ag'enjawulo agakkirizisa amateeka agakkirizibwa abamenyi b'amateeka, era n'amateeka gaago gaaweebwa. emirundi mingi okusambibwa mu kkooti z'eggwanga ziyinza okugaana omuwayiti bw'akakiiko w'eggwanga.

Colterateral Estopel n’Ekibuuzo Ekiyinza Okuviirako Obusosoze

Akabi emirundi ebiri kakwataganyizibwa n'enjigiriza ya compale estoperal, eziyiza gavumenti okuddamu obujulizi obwasalibwa nga tebunnatandika. Mu kkooti z'ensi nnene, okulabira ku ebiwandiiko eb-stoppel kukozesebwa ng'ekitundu eky'okukeberereza obukulembedde obw'emirundi ebiri, nga bwe kiragibwa mu Ashe v. . .SENEENson [1970]. Enkola y'enkola y'enkola ku musingi guno, naye era ebizingirwa mu kkooti z'ekitongole bya gavumenti bisobola okwawukana.

Enjigiriza y’Obufuzi bwa Kristo: Ekintu Ekyasoomoozebwa

Oboolyawo enjawulo ya maanyi ennyo wakati w'okuteeka obulamu bw'abantu mu kabi emirundi ebiri n'okusinziira ku gavumenti, ezingiramu enjigiriza ey'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri. Enjigiriza eno egamba nti gavumenti za gavumenti za njawulo, nga kitegeeza nti ekikolwa kye kimu kiyinza okusalirwa omusango nga tekyesembye emirundi ebiri.

Ensibuko y’Ebikolwa by’Okwesalirawo n’Ennyumba

Enjigiriza ey'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri yasooka kubunyisibwa mu United States v. Lanza (1922) era ne bweyalibwa mu . Alabama [85]]. Enjigiriza eyo eyinza okuba nga ereetera ensonga okugobererwa esobole okugobererwa amateeka gaayo. Kyokka, kkooti esinga obukulu bw'eba nga emenyesezza enneeyisa yaayo mu mateeka ga gavumenti ne mu ggwanga, buli omu ku nnala ayinza okubonereza munne awatali kukmanya oba kugattirawo. Ekiwandiiko kino kireetawo empaka olw'okufiirwa ensonga ez'emirundi ebiri. Kyokka, kkooti esinga obungi ebibadde bikkirisibwa mu [F:4].[5]

Bye Bayinza Okukola

Enjigiriza y'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri erina akakwate n'okumenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, omuntu ataliiko musango mu kkooti ya gavumenti ayinza okusalirwa omusango olw'okutta omuntu mu ngeri y'emu singa gavumenti y'efuga oba singa obumenyi obwo buba bubaddewo ku ggwanga oba nga buzingiramu okumenya etteeka ly'obuntu. Mu ngeri y'emu, omusango mu kkooti y'eggwanga gulina okusalirwa omusango. Kino kitegeeza nti abawaayiriza basobola okukosebwa, okusasulwa, n'okutuukibwako okuwozesebwa mu ngeri y'emu, nga kye kiteendwawo ekiteeso kya Leodooce Jeopardy Claus Claus. Enjigiriza eyo y'emu nnyo ng'eyolekedde mu kkooti ezikwata ku gavumenti.

Ebisobe ne by'empandika

Wadde ng'enjigiriza y'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri nga ya maanyi, erina ekkomo. Gavumenti bw'etabeera n'ensonga ez'enjawulo ku nsonga ze zikuuma, kooti eyinza okusanga nga y'emu mu ngeri emirundi ebiri. Ng'ekyokulabirako, singa gavumenti ewaabirwa gavumenti ewagidde buwagizi ku nsonga ez'enjawulo, okusasika kuyinza okusiikiriza okw'ensi eno okuddako. Okugatta ku ekyo, enjigiriza tekwata ku gavumenti ez'enjawulo: okusiba ekivumenti nga biri ku buyinza okuzikibwawo olw'ensobibaawoko olw'okukukalulala olw'ensonga ez'emirundi ebiri kubanga ebitongole bitwalibwa nga b'ebbeetwaliddewo obwannannyini, naye okusala okw'ensonga kuyinza okukkirizibwa singa empewo ensi zibaamu ebigendererwa eby'enjawulo. amateeka bino bibaamu ensonga ezikwata ku nsonga ezizingirwamu era nga zikwata ku nsonga.

Bye Balina Okunoonyerezaako Biyamba Abalwanirira Obukulembeze bw’Eby’Omu Mateeka n’Abakugu mu by’Eby’Omu mateeka

Okutegeera enjawulo ezo tekikoma ku kuyiga buyigirize. Abawawaabiikiriza bwe bayolekaganye n'emisango mu kkooti ya gavumenti ne mu gavumenti, obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri busobola okusinziirwako ku kye banaakolako. Bannamateeka ab'obuwagizi balina okuba abeegendereza ku bikwata ku kiseera eky'okuteeka obulamu mu kabi, amateeka ageefuga, n'obusobozi obulaga nti waliwo obufuzi obw'enjawulo. Obumu ku busobozi obusobola okugobererwa mu ngeri zino mwe muli:

  • Ekirabo eky'Eby'obufuzi bwe kiba nga kyategekebwa okusindika ' Singa omuwayirwa ayolekaganye n'emisango mu kkooti y'amateeka era ne mu ggwanga gimu, aw'okwewozesebwa alina okusooka okwetegereza obanga anaasaba endagaano mu buyinza obusobola okubaako ky'ayinza okukola ku bulala. Olw'okuba obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri bukkiriza okuzza obujulizi obw'engeri eyo yombi, okwewombeka tekweyimirizaawo mu kkooti ya gavumenti okuwozesemba kw'ensi eyo era nga buli kimu kye kyetaaga.
  • [[NKULA:0] Omuteeze ogw'okukakala:[ Bannamateeka ab'oludda olw'okwerinda balina okuyisa mu ngeri eyeesigamye ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri nga bwe kisoboka, naddala singa wabaawo okupiwa mu ndukusa enfunda n'enfunda. Sistemu eno eteekwa okumanyisa ddala ddi era na ddi olukube nga lukwata ku mateeka, era lutya lw'obuyinza bw'eba lukuteerewo.
  • [[NT:0]] Appelte Strategy:[ Singa kkooti esaba obutakkiriza nti wabaawo akatyabaga ak'emirundi ebiri, okusawo okwamangu kuyinza okubaawo wansi w'enjigiriza ey'okulabirako, ekkiriza obujulizi obulaga nti ebiwandikiro ebimu biyinza okusalibwa obubi ennyo okusalirwa olukalala okutuusa ng'okuwozesebwa. Kino kiba kikozesebwa okuvumirira abawayitiddwa abakkiriza nti bawaayiriddwa olw'okubiri okusazeseebwa.
  • [[NKULA] Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga kikutegeeza nti otuuti tukubye ebiragiro:[[FULT:1]] Singa wabaawo ensonga eziyinza okuvaamu akabi ak'okukubisaamu, okubuulirira okw'okwewozaako kusaanidde okutegeeza abalamuzi olukalala lw'abalamuzi ensawo entono gye baba basazeewo. Kino kiyamba naddala singa omuntu aggibwako omusango ku nsonga endala.

Okwo Kufundikira: Ensonga Lwaki Kizibu Okutegeera

Obukuumi obw'emirundi ebiri mu Amerika bukuumi bwa maanyi nnyo, naye okukozesebwa kwabwo mu kkooti za gavumenti ne mu kkooti z'ensi tekufaanagana. Enteekateeka y'ensi ewa obukuumi obw'amaanyi ennyo obutaddamu kuwangulwa oluvannyuma lw'okutereezebwa, naye enjigiriza y'obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri esobozesa okukuba kkooti ez'enjawulo. Kkooti z'ensi emirundi mingi ziwa obukuumi obwagazi wansi wa mateeka gaabwe, naye obukuumi obwo bwa njawulo. Abakuguwa b'amateeka n'abawaayirizibwa, okutegeera obulungi ensonga zino okuba nga bwetaawulamu kiba kyetaagisa okukuba ku mateeka, okutemagana, okuteekawo amateeka agakwata ku bufuzi, okuteekawo ebiseera, n'obufuzi, omuntu ayinza okukulembera obulungi embeera ez'enjawulo era n'obukuumi obwo busobola okugobeeyambizibwa mu ngeri ennungi.

Ekiragiro kino kisalawo engeri gye kikeberaamu ekirala eya Application Information secure secure edds, Court ennenti ey'oku mutwe en'awula mu []Ggurge v. [FLT]]][FLT]]] [[FLT:]], ne [[ olukalala olukalala olufuga enkola y'abalamuzi [[].