Endowooza y'obulabirizi nkulu nnyo mu nkola ya gavumenti y'Amerika. Abakola b'enkola y'enkola y'enkola eyo, bamanyi bulungi obusobozi bw'okufuga, baateekawo enkola y'ab'obuyinza obwawumbiddwa buli ttabi.[1] Ekiragiro kino kirina obuvunaanyizibwa obw'enjawulo era kirina n'eby'okukozesa okulaba obanga obulabirizi obukola ku nkola y'enkola ya gavumenti, era nti tewali ttabi lifuga era nti gavumenti y'ekola kyonna mu nsonga z'amateeka era n'abantu. Ekitundu kino kiwa obuvunaanyizibwa obw'ennono ku ngeri erabiriramu buli ttabi gye lirabiriramu linnalyo, era n'embeera zaazo ez'omulembezo, n'obukulu bwalyoka obugenda bule nga bukola mu ku bunnaanyinyinyinyinyinyinyi.

Ettabi Eriddukanya Obukulembeze bw’Ettabi

Obulabirizi buno si buvunaanyizibwa bwa maanyi obuteeberezebwa wabula obuvunaanyizibwa obw'omu mateeka obusinziirwako obutongole obutereevu obukkirizibwa okuddibwamu ababaka ba gavumenti. Enkola zino ziva ku mpagi z'amateeka ne zikozesebwa nga zikolebwa.

Obukakafu ku bikwata ku kulonda

Olukiiko olwo olukulu bwe lunaafuna “obuyambi era n'obukkiriza” wansi w'Akakiiko II, Ekitundu 2, kyekeberezebwa butereevu ku busobozi bwa prezidenti ku ttabi era ne ku lukiiko. Buli mukampula w'akakiiko, omulamuzi, omubaka, omubaka, n'abakungu ba kitongole ekinene ba kikakasibwa n'abakungu abasinga obungi mu lukiiko. Kino kye kifuga enkola y'okunoonyereza ku bannamu ku buli muntu. Okunoonyereza okw'amaanyi ku", okunoonyereza kwa desemba, obukiiko obujjuzi, n'okuteesa kwa wansi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, buli mukampukujusi akaka okukakasiza ku ngeri y'olekamu oba engeri y'omuwandiisi w'omukulu w'eggwanga James Mattis gy'alwayolekamu oba engeri y'okugaana obukulembeze w'obutebe obuyinza okulondamu mu ngeri ey'okutuukirizaamu ebibakwata ku ekyo. Okusemba okusasula okugobega kw'okwewala okusasula obutuufu okw'ebyo ebiba ku nsonga eziba ku kkagobeeko.

Entegeka y’Edda

“ Obukodyo bw'enkusu mu kasawo” buyinza okukolebwako ennyo. Mu katundu aka 8, akaawunti I, akategekebwa teri kasobola kukyusa ngeri ssente gye zikozesebwamu. Tewali mulimu gwa bakungu abafuga mu nsi yonna gusobola okubaawo nga tewali ssente zivudde mu Guantamo Bay. Mu kunoonyereza okwa buli mwaka, Consert esobola okweyongera, oba okukendeeza ddala programu. Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okuteekako abakuumi abakugira enkola y'obukulembeze bw'ekibiina nga(okugeza: okuwera, okuwera n'okukozesa ssente okuggya abasibe mu ggwanga e Guantanamo Bay mu United States. Okutiisibwa kw'abasibe ba gavumenti okuzimya enkalu, nga bwe kulaga mu 2013 ne mu 2018191919, okutuukirizibwa kw'empewo. Ate ne ku Kkomiti y'Accountanti (GAO), ekitongole ekitongole ekikola ku by'esawo ebitongole ekikola ebitongole ekikola entebe ekikola mu mateeka kiyinza okusala mu mateeka.

Okunoonyereza n’Okuwulira

Obukiiko bw'abakulembeze b'amatabi bulina obuyinza bungi okukebera buli kintu ekiri mu buyinza bwabwe. Obwaw'obuyinza buno, bukakasibwa mu mbeera nga McGrain v. Daughty (1877), buleka obukiiko okuwandiika ebiwandiiko bya poliepuana era ne busiiga obujulizi okuva eri abakungu b'amatabi. Okunoonyereza okwakolebwa ku mampuku guzingiramu okunoonyereza okw'endwa kwa ga ga ga Watergate (1973/1974), okwazuulibwa Prezidenti era ne kuleetera Pulezidenti Nixon'okuwattukirawo; Iran-Contra okunoonyereza okubunnyiga obukyamu okumanyisa eby'okulwanyisa ebya Iran mu ssente entebenkeransiya, ne mu Jjanwali 6 mu mwaka gwa 200021920222222222222222,222,22222, era nga tekugunjudde mu kunoonyereza ku ekyo kyokka, amateeka awatali kusoma ku ekyo.

Kitasoboka

Akatundu I kawa Abakiikirira ab'obuyinza obukoma ku bakungu ba gavumenti, nga mw'otwalidde ne pulezidenti, era ne Olukiiko Olukulu obuyinza obw'okugezesa okugasa. Okunoonyereza okwo kwe kunoonyereza okusembayo okw'amateeka(ya k'amateeka agafuga obulyi bw'enguzi oba obumenyi obulala obw'amaanyi." Badayirekita basatu baatendekebwawo abakungu ba gavumenti: Andrew Johnson (168), Bill Clinton (1969), ne Donald Trump (ku, 2019 ne 2021). Tebaasali baavunaanibwa omusango olw'enso, naye enkola y'obuwonnyini, n'obujulizi , n'obujulizi obwawula obujulizi, n'obujulizi obwa wansi, obusobola okuteeka mu nkola ey'okugoba kwa prezidasaaza.

Ofiisi y’Ettabi Ekulira Omululu

Wadde nga bulijjo ofiisi y'ettabi etwalibwa ng'evunaanyizibwa ku bukulembeze, ekozesa ebintu ebikulu okulagirira, okuyingiza mu nkola by'amateeka ebisalibwawo akakiiko akafuzi.Nkola zino ziyamba prezidenti okukuuma enkuka za bannakyewa era zikakasa nti amateeka gagendera wamu n'ennyinnyonnyola y'amateeka.

Amaanyi ga Veto

Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevet device kiyinza okuyisa ebbaasa zonna eziyisibwa Consert. Ku katundu I, Ekitundu 7, emirundi ebiri mu bisenge byombi kisembebwa okukomyawo ekipande kya nviiri. Mu biseera eby'edda, 4% ku bisenge ebya bulijjo tekitera kubaawo. Mukulembeze wa gavumenti Franklin D. Rooselt enses 635; gye buvuddeko awo, omukulembeze Donald Trump chud kkumi. Munvuzi w'akolera ng'ekyuma eky'amaanyi: pulezidenti asobola okukomyawo n'okukaka abantu okukola enkyukakyuka mu mateeka, oba okukozesa akasawo akato (kasasiirwako tewabaawo ennaku kkumi nga akakiiko akategese) nga tekasizza gavumenti. Congresss tesobola kutta ssente olumala.

Ebifuga Ebiragiro n'Ebigambo

Ekiragiro ekiwa obulagirizi kikkiriza pulezidenti okuluŋŋamya emirimu gya gavumenti mu kifo eky'okukkirizibwa mu lukiiko. Wadde nga tebasobola kussaawo ntegeka ya gavumenti oba mateeka okukyusa, bayinza okussaawo enteekateeka ezisookerwako ku ngeri amateeka agaliwo gye gategekebwamu. Ebiragiro by'abakungu ba gavumenti bizingiramu Ntegeka y'Abajapaani 9066 (Enkola ya Amerika mu kiseera kya WWII), Olukiiko lw'Abamaya (Okwasisa ekiragiro 13769) (okuwera okw'ekitongole) mu 2017, era n'amateeka mangi agatuukiriza ebiragiro ebifuga ennono. Congresssion gayinza okuyisa ekiragiro mu ngeri y'okumenya amateeka ga bannakyewa w'ebyuma ebifuga, okukaka ekitongole ekifuga. Ate era, ekiragiro ky'abakungu ab'obuyinza eky'obuyinza kiweebwa okujjunjula ebiwandiiko okuva ku ttabi ery'okusatu.

Eggwanga ly’Okukolagana Obumu n’Okugaba Obugambi

Ssaawe ya pulezidenti mu ggwanga lya Union eddikkiriziddwa mu mateeka. Ek'asaasaanyizibwawo kifuuka ekitongole ekisookerwako kya sistemu eya sistemu eya bulijjo. Nga kiraga ebisinga obukulu.[1] Awaawe w'eggwanga, enkola ey'okukyusaamu mu by'obutuuze, ebisaawebwawo nga(* pulezidenti anoonya okubuuka ku b'obuyinza n'okukaka ab'ebitundu bya Consert. Ekitongole ekikola ku butongole ekya Greevislative Affairs ekikola abawiiyi b'amateeka: okulonda olulimi, okukuba ebitongole ebiwandibwa, n'okuwaayo.

Okussa owa sisitemu mu kussawo akalaga omulimu

Bannaakyemalira beeyongedde okukozesa ebigambo eby'oku ssimu, nga bassa emikono ku tteeka nga bassa empapula nga bassa emikono ku lukusa olutuufu olw'amateeka oba nga balangirira nti ebitundu ebimu biyinza okuba nga tebyalina mateeka. Wadde nga wabaawo okukaayana, ebigambo bino bikola ng'obulabirizi bwa bakungu ba ttabi b'obukulembeze. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga George W. Bush yafulumya ebigambo ebiteeka omukono ku kiwandiiko ekyo nga bigaana abafuzi b'obuyinza bannaakyewa, gamba nga ebteeka amateeka agakwata ku ku ku ku ku nkola y'abajaasi. Congresssions ziyinza okutereeza amateeka agajjawo mu biseera eby'omu maaso, naye ebigambo ebyo bikola ng'okukebera amangu nga biraga engeri omukulembeze w'ekibiina gye yeetaagobereraamu amateeka.

Amatabi Agalabirira Olulyo lw’Omuntu n’Omutwe Ebizingirwamu

Ekiragiro kino kikakasa nti gavumenti n'omukulembeze wa gavumenti tezisobola kusukka ku mateeka.

Okwejjukanya Okusala Omusango

Amaanyi ag'okulambulako enneyisa y'okusalako omusango.[1] Okuyisa amateeka oba ebikolwa ebyannakyemalira ebyatongozebwa mu [FL:0] Marbury v. Madison (1995]. Okuva olwo, kkooti enkulu etaddewo amateeka 170 n'amateeka agafuga gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu [[FLT:] United States v. Lopez [195], Kkooti yafuga nti Ekikolo kya Mu Bukiika Ddoofu, ekiragiro kya Bankassomero za Busuuzi kyayisibwa mu kifo kya Bannakyewansi mu kifo kya Kenteko mu kiseera kya bya bya bya katemba mu ggwanga, era tewagira mateeka ga gavumenti. [[FLD]

Okunnyonnyola Amateeka

Kkooti zinnyonnyola amakulu g'amateeka nga ga kizimbe ekitegekebwa Congress. Singa wabawo okutategeerekeka, okutaputa okw'emisango kuyinza okukyusa engeri amateeka gye gakolamu. Chevron U.S., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council[[FLL:1] [19984]), Kkooti gye yassaawo enkola esobozesa abantu okugaana ennyinyonyinyonnyonnyola amateeka agaj'enkyukakyuka. Ekitongole ekyo kye kisalawo ku ngeri gye kiyinza okukeberamu mu nkola y'ekitongole ky'eggwanga. Ekkookolo kyakko kikosezza ekkomera nti, okuzza obukiiko obw'omu mateeka okuzza obutongole obukola amateeka.

Obukuumi eri Ennimi Zokka Ezeenkana Wa

Obubonero obw'entegeka n'okukyusa ebiba bitegekeddwa buwandikiddwa ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu erimenya amateeka ga gavumenti. Olukiiko olusaze luteeka amateeka gano ku matabi ga gavumenti n'ag'abakulu ba buyinza. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti yasala olukiiko mu Brown v. kampulumenti ey'Essomero[[ [1954]] [194]) nti obusosoze mu masomero ga gavumenti bwaleetawo enjereere wakati w'eggwanga, obwanze okukkirizibwa mu mateeka, ne mu ngeri egguka obutongole obufuga amateeka okukkirizibwa kwa Kongressko n'okukkomyawo.

Ekibuuzo ku Nkola ya Conseil

Kkooti era ekebera oba nga Congress ku bwayo yamenya amateeka agafuga enfuga nfuga ya puligaamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu S v. Chachaha (193), kkooti enkulu yasazeewo gavumenti z'ensi n'empandika ez'enkola eziziyiza enkola za gavumenti nga zimenya amateeka ga bannaakyewa. Mu ngeri y'emu, mu Kkooti y'enkola ya '[FVT:2] Constanton. Ekibuga New York[19983], Kkootikko, Kkooti n'enze Kkooti eyawa k'empati eyawawagibwa Linentonto, eyawagiwagibwawo n'empala y'ensonga ez'amaanyi agagisaagibwa mu ngeri y'okuggyawo ebisaawulibwa; mu ngeri y'empala y'empala y'empala y'empala y'emu n'empala y'empala z'empala z'e

Engeri gye Kiwandiiko Ekyenyola gye Kiyinza Okukolebwako

Abalamuzi abafuga balondebwa prezidenti era akakwasibwa ne Ssemateeka, naye bwe bamala okutuula, batuukiriza obulamu bwabwe bwonna, nga bakakasa obwetwaze. Kino kituukiriza enkola y'obulabirizi: badayirekita bayinza okutegeka olukiiko lwa kkooti okumala amakumi g'emyaka, ate olukiiko olukulu luyinza okulemesa abagoberezi obufirosoofo bwabwe obwa bulijjo. Olukiiko lwa kkooti nga buli luteekeddwawo abakungu ba democrates, ate nga luno olukasatu lwa bannaalu bannaalu bannaalu bannaalu baalu ne balango essa abalondeddwa Democrats, nga bataddewo emizannyo egitali gimu. Obulamu kkumi buleka abalamuzi okujeemera endowooza zaabwe ezi bulijjo n'amatabi ga bya bya bya bufuzi, era ne balaga omulimu gwabwe.

Obuzibu bw’Okukolagana Obuzibu n’Ebyokulabirako eby’Omu Kiseera Kino

Obulabirizi obwo busobola okujjawo okuyitira mu bukuubagano obuba buzzeewo mu nsi.

  • Enkizo ey'okufuga ennukuta empanvu. Mu bukulembeze bwa Trump, House yawa obujulizi n'ebiwandiiko, naye Prezidenti yalagira abakungu obutakolera wamu, okumenya enkizo ez'abakungu. Ebiwandiiko byatuuka ku kkooti z'oku ntikkomo, nga n'ebisaliddwawo ku kkooti enkulu mu Trump v. Mazars[ [20]) nti Kkommeya Presidenti Polena teyenkana era nti eddembe ly'okussaawaawa k'okumenya obukulembeze w'obuyinza obufuga. Kino kyalaga nti kkooti tezirina kutuukirizibwa ku nsonga za prezidenkola.
  • [[NKULA] Enkola ey'amaanyi ku kuyingira mu ggwanga: Omukulembeze Obama's Development for Childhoods (DACA) yasoberwa ng'omukessi. Kkooti enkulu mu ] era yasalirawo abakungu ba Kooti y'obukuumi mu kifo eky'ekigo mu California[[FLT:][FLT][FLT]]]20] era yafuga nti obukulembeze obwa tagoberera nkola etuufu okuko nga DCA(*) kyokka n'ekyaleka oluggi okuggulawo kusobola okukola omulimu mu biseera eby'omu maaso. Pulezidenti Trump yaziganya okujjulula ebiziikibwa mu lukiiko olwo era ne kikusigirwa mu ngeri y'emu mu ku kulaga ebitongole [[FLT].v[FFLT]
  • [[NKULA]] Okutangirira n'okukwetongoza:[[FL:1] Pulezidenti Trump (okukoma amaanyi n'okulemesa Congress) n'okumenya etteeka eryakubiri (okumenya amateeka) byalaga ekkomo ly'obuyinza obwa Servet singa Olukiiko lwa Legin luba terusingisa. Okusazaamu kwassibwako essira ku ku kufuga mu by'obufuzi ne kukebera kwa mateeka singa enjawukana ez'amaanyi mu mateeka tezibaawo.
  • [[NKULA] Ekiragiro enzikkiriza okuzimya: Akawayiro aka''1918-2019 Akawayiro akakireetera okuzimya ku bisenge by'ensalo bya n'ebbanga kalaga nti amaanyi ag'entandikwa ya n'enkola gajja kumalawo ebyana by'enkola: abakozesa 800,000 baamenyesemenyese oba bakola nga tebasasuza, ne batataasa by'emirimu gye bakolera, ate oluvannyuma ne bekkiriranya. Kyeyoleka nti amatabi gombi gasobola okuleetera obulumi obubangu obungi ku n'obusosoze ku n'obwannabwo.

Obukulu bw’Okubeera Omukulembeze w’Ekibiina Ekikola Ddemokulase

Obulabirizi mu matabi ago esatu tebulina kigendererwa kya kubeerawo kyokka, wabula bwa mugaso.

Kuvunaanyizibwa

Omukungu yenna okuva ku mukulembeze okutuuka ku mukulembeze w'ekitongole ekimu ateekwa okuwoolera ku matabi ga ofiisi.

Okwewala Okukozesa Obubi Amaanyi

Abakola ku by'obufuzi baatyanga nnyo. Abalamuzi baagezaako okusala obululu obw'amaanyi, okuteeka obulamu bwabwe mu kifo ky'abalamuzi ate ne bateekawo kakiiko akagoberera enkola egoosa gavumenti. Enkola ez'okusala empalana zaago ziziyiza okusazesebwawo kw'amatabi agamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, prezidenti tayinza kuyisa mu ntalo awatali kakiiko akafuzi; akakiiko akafuzi tekasobola kutongoza muntu awatali musango; Kkooti teyinza kuteekawo nkola eyagoberezebwa awatali musango.

Obukuumi mu Kununulibwa mu Bantu

Obusobozi abantu bwe balina ku gannaabwo tebusobola kukuumibwa gavumenti bwe ziba nga zikozesa amaanyi ga njawulo. Ebipimo n'enkukakyuka bikakasa nti singa ettabi erimu liyingira mu ddembe, ne bwe kiba nti amatabi amalala gayisa etteeka erikugira abantu okwogera oba okwogera, lisobola okuyingira mu nsonga.

Obutuuze Obukugu n’Okulabikira mu Kibiina

Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa abatuuze okuvunaana obubaka obwa lukale. Ekiragiro bwe kigenda okusobozesa obusawo obutuufu obwawula ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti. Ekiragiro bwe kigenda kisobozesa abatuuze okuvunaana ababaka baabwe. Gavumenti mu kakiiko k'empandika y'olupapula era n'okufuniramu alipoota y'ekitongole ekikola ku by'eggwanga, esobola okuwanirira ebiwandiiko ebyo nga bikkirizibwa mu bantu bonna. Alipoota y'ebazibisi eno bw'ewandisizza obujjanjabibwa y'amatabi gonna.

Okwefuga nga Ddemokulase

Obukulembeze era bukyusa engeri z'eby'obufuzi. Ekiragiro amatabi gye gakubirizaamu abantu okussa ekitiibwa mu nkola ezikkirizibwa mu mateeka era ne kilemesa enkola endala ez'obufuzi okugobererwa. Wadde nga obuvunaanyizibwa obwo bulemererwa, ekibiina ekimu bwe kifuga White House ne Congress, obutuufu bw'ekibiina busigala nga bwe kigoberera enkola y'empisa. Ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo, engeri gye kigobereramu amateeka ga Katonda n'ebeera nga gagobererwa mu nkola y'ebyobufuzi, ne kikendeeza akabi ak'okufuga obufuzi.

fundikira

Enkola z'obulabirizi ezeeyolekera mu mateeka ga U.S. tezikoma ku kumanyibwa mu byafaayo; ziriwo, era zikola, engeri eziraga engeri gavumenti gye ziddukanyaamu buli lunaku. Ofiisi y'ettabi efuga esobola okussaawo ensawo y'ensawo era n'ekiyinza okukugira; akulira w'ekitongole akozesa amateeka n'omuyitikkula; annyonnyola amateeka era n'okwekenneenya ebikolwa byabyo. Amatabi gasobozesa eb'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'emu okusobozesa eb'obuyinza, okukuuma eddembe lya buli muntu, era n'okusasula omusango. Abannabyabufuzi bwe bagezaako ekkomo ly'obuyinza bwabwe nga basinziira ku bukulu bwa bannakyefuyo, oba ku kkooti, era nga basoonkenya enkola. Okutegeera engeri amatabi gye gatunuuliramu n'enjigiriza endala gye gatayinza okusobozesa okumanyisanya obuyigirize obwa bulijjo naye nga mu Amejaasibwe okugonjoola.

[[AGUMENTI:0] Okusobola okwongerako okusoma, laba [[AK'AWULA] Era [[FULT:1] Era Actution, [] Ofiisi y'ebiwandiiko [[, ne Kkooti enkulu [[[FLT:]]