Obuvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti za Amerika, bukola ekitongole ekisookerwako obulamu obwa bulijjo okuyitira mu buyigirize, obutebenkevu bwa buli muntu, obutebenkevu, ebizingirwa mu by'ennono, obuwanika bw'obutonde n'obwenkanya. Ekiragiro kya Amereka bwewa gavumenti y'ensi n'obuyinza obulala, Amereka ag'ekkumi n'ebitundu ebirongoosebwawo, era n'eb'ebyannannyini ebiri mu Amerika, obuyinza bwonna obukirabiddwa mu Amerika. Obufuzi buno busobola okumanyibwa mu ngeri y'enkola y'amateeka era ne bumanyisa okuleetawo ebizibu ebiyinza okumanyibwa mu kufuga. Bwe beekenneenya ensala z'ebisalibwa mu kkooti ez'enjawulo n'ebintu ebikulu, tuyinza okulaba engeri eyinza okutuukirizaamu emirimu gyabwe egy'omuwendo.

Obuyigirize n’Amasomero

Oboolyawo obuyigirize bwe businga okutwalibwa mu maaso ga gavumenti. Eggwanga lirina okuteekawo emitindo egiyigiriza ebikolebwa mu kibiina, okussaawo emitindo egigobererwa abasomesa, n'okuwaayo ssente. Omulimu guno gulina kye gwasigibwawo kkooti enkulu mu 1954 Brown v. Kkoodi y'Enjigiriza[, eyalangirira nti obusosoze bw'eggwanga mu matendekero ga gavumenti bwamenya etteeka lya Clauslease of the 1450 Constmentmentivement. Ekiragiro kino kyakaka obutundu bw'eggwanga okutongoza ebre de jurecration, nga kikakasa buli mwana omu omuyigiriza bye yandyagadde. Wadde nga n'okusalawo kukyusa mu ngeri eyo, okumanyisa enkola ey'enjawulo mu mawanga agava mu bitundu eby'esudde emyaka mingi.

Ensimbi Ezaakozesebwa mu Ssomero era n’Okwawula

Gavumenti era zifuga engeri amakompuku gye gayimirizibwamu, nga zeesigama nnyo ku misolo gy'ensimu eri mu kitundu. Enkola eno yasoberwa mu San Antonio Independent School v. Rodriguez (1973]. Ekiwandiiko kya gavumenti kyagamba nti enkola y'okuwagira ssente e Texas yaleetawo enjawukana ez'amaanyi wakati w'abagagga n'abaavu mu bitundu byayo. Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza, okusala nti obuyigirize si buvunaanyizibwa bwa tteeka wansi wa mateeka ga gavumenti. Ekkomyuukate ku kudda wa gavumenti y'ewaawo, obusinga obungi bukkirizisaamu ssente ezikozesebwa mu kugabanaawo. Ebitongole bingi okuva bwe byakolanga enteneennyonnyoko nga biwanya enkola ey'okufuga obulungi ey'okufuga ebitongole bya gavumenti. Okukk'olukiiko olumu lw'olupapula lw'ebitongole olw'ebitongole ebikola.

Emitindo n’Okuvunaanyizibwa

Wadde nga walina okussaawo emitindo gy'ensimbi, ewandikibwawo okussaawo emitindo gy'emitindo gy'ego n'okugezesa. Oluvannyuma ne buli muteegezo Serversect (2021) era nga eno y'enkola ey'enkuuka z'amaanyi okudda ku mateeka ageeyisaamu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, eyinza okutegeeza Massachusetts ekoze ebikola ennyo mu kutuukiriza emitindo egituuka ku miwendo gy'eggwanga, ate abalala baasoozesebwa ku mitindo gy'emitindo gy'enjigiriza egya wansi. Obuzibu bwonna obufaananako Horne v. Flores[FFLT:1] (2009) be banoonyereza obanga ebiteesiteesi z'Olungereza Language Language Language Searner zituukiriza ebisaanyizo ebitongole, nga balaga omulimu gwa gavumenti okukakasa nti emitindo gy'ebyego biyamba abayizi bonna okuba abanywevu. Obuvunaanyizibwa obwo mu mbeera y'obuvunaanyizibwa bw'obuvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti.

Obulamu n’Obukuumi

Gavumenti ze zifuga obujjanjabi, okuddukanya enzijanjaba, ebitongole eby'eby'obujjanjabi, era ne insuwalensi. Omusango ogukyusiza ddala [[FL:0] Jacobson v. Massachusetts (150] (05) yakakasa obuyinza bwa poliisi okukaka obugootaanya obukkirizibwa ku nsonga z'obujjanjabi eza bulijjo. Jacobson yagaana akatoffaali ka ka ka ka ka katoowa, n'ak'aw'awawawawawawawawawawawa bye kiwandikiro, n'okuteempanya eb'ensonga z'eby'obujjanjabi. Kkommenti eno esigala ewalibwa mu kkooti z'obuvuzi.

Okwetegeka n’Okudduukirira Akatyabaga

Gavumenti ze zivunaanyizibwa okuteekateeka era n'okukola ku mbeera z'eby'obulamu obw'omu butonde. Ekizibu ekiva mu kutta abantu abafa n'okubonaabona okw'amaanyi. Katrina mu 2005 kyayoleka okulemererwa okw'amaanyi mu kuddukanya embeera y'eby'obudde. Olwo Louisiana yayanguyiriza okukolagana n'ebitongole bya gavumenti, obutasobola kukolagana bulungi n'enkola za gavumenti, era n'eby'obugagga eby'omu kitundu bya kiwandikiro byaviirako okufa n'okubonaabona. Nga kimaze okunoonyereza ku [[FLT:] Governmentmentations Office ekikukubiriza okukomyawo n'enkyukakyuka mu nteekateeka z'obutebenkeze. Leero, nga Florida ne Texas kisobozesa ebitongole ebigenda mu maaso mu nkola y'obutebe bw'eby'obulamu okusobozesa ebikolebwa.[Foset'obutebe bw'eby'obutebe bw'ebyesaze]

Obulamu n’Empewo Enyonjo

Gavumenti era zikuuma embeera z'eby'obudde okuyitira mu kufuga enneyisa ya bantu. [Environmental Protection Agency [2007], kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti EPA yalina obuyinza okutegeka omukka ogubugumya mu bbanga, naye omusango gwatandikibwawo gavumenti enoonya okukola kyonna. Entekkookebwa eno eteeka essira ku ddembe ly'ebitongole ewandikiddwa okusobola okukomyawo enviro. Ebitongole ebimu, okufaananako California, byeyongera ku bukwasisa emitindo gyabyo egy'enkalakkalira mu bbanga. Omutemwa gwa kyo gwakolebwa gavumenti egezaako okuteeka mu nkola ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti ezikola ebye okusukka mu by'oteeso. Gavumenti ezimu zikola enkola ezikola ku nsonga zino. Gavumenti ezikola ku nsonga ezitongole ebitongole ebikola ebitongole ebikola mu ggwanga ebikola ebitongole biragira mu nsonga z'eggwa.

Entambula n’Obutunzi

Gavumenti ze zirina era ne zikuuma bulungi enguudo z'eggwanga zino, enguudo, enzigi, n'enkola ez'obudduukirize. Era zifuga ebitongole ebikolerwamu eby'obusuubuzi, ebiwandise ebiwandisibwa abavuga emmotoka. Gavumenti zissaawo amateeka mangi nnyo. Okussa ekitongole kya gavumenti n'eby'entambula nga k'empandika y'ensi eno, nga bwe kiragibwa [ United States] v. California[FLT] [1] [1978].[FLT][FF:3]]. Kkooti enkulu yasattulugunya etteeka lya California eryali likontana n'ebiragiro bya siteesitenzi, era ne kyongeramutiibwa mu ku kkomo lya Bulawuuzi Metho mu kukebera n'obuzibu obw'obuzibu. Kyokka, ebitongole ebitongole ebitongole ebikola enzigwa mu ngeri ey'okulambula obunene.

Emitendera Egikozesebwa mu Kuzimba

Gavumenti zikolera wamu okugatta emisolo gy'amafuta agatali gimu mu 2009, nga ziteekateeka ebitongole ebigabana obutereevu n'ebitongole ebikola ku by'okwewandiisa mu mmotoka. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act mu 2009, obuwumbi n'obuwumbi n'obuwumbi bwa ddoola z'eggwanga "Bytegekebwa kati", ebikoleeteekawo eby'eby'enfuna mu by'eggwanga nga bikolerwa ebizimbe, ebiyamba ebikolerwamu eby'obuwumbi 50,000 okuteekateeka obuwumbi bw'obuwumbi bw'obungi obw'obungi obusukka mu myaka etaano egisukka mu butaano. Ebitongole ebitongole mu Amerika biteekwa okuteekateeka obulembedde, n'okwejjukanyako. [FFF:]

Okukyusa Obulamu bw’Abantu

Era ebitongole bya gavumenti biddukanya entambula ya bonna nga MTA oba California's . Ebitongole bino biyolekagana n'okusoomooza kwa maanyi: enteekateeka z'eby'entambula okukaddiwa, ebbeeyi n'enkyukakyuka ku bantu ze zitambula. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa ebbeetu za nnamba ez'enjawulo okufulumya obusaze obw'entambula. Ennamba ezo okugezaako okukuba ebidduka, n'ennamba z'amasannyalaze ez'amaanyi.

Obukuumi bw’Ennansi

EPA (2007), ejulizi eweereddwako obuvunaanyizibwa mu gavumenti ez'ensi emu, naye eggwanga likola nga demokulase nga liteekawo emitindo egikwata ku nkola za demokulase. K'akawayiro kano era kakola nga akuuma emitindo egikwata ku nkola za demokulase. K'aw'okuba Massachusetts v. EPA[2007] [2007] [e], ekyayogeddwako waggulu, kyawa gavumenti nga ziyimiridde ku gavumenti ku nsonga z'obudde. Naye gavumenti era zikola kyonna: zifuga obulungi amazzi mu ngeri enzikiza z'amazzi wansi w'omutego, era zikuuma essaawabugwagwagwagwa, era ne zikuuma amakanda. California ' Ebikoleerwamu ebikolebwa mu ngeri ey'amaanyi, era ne Washington ebirala bigoberera amateeka ga New York, nga produments produment.

Embaga y’Obutuuze n’Enkola y’Essaawa

Gavumenti zikwasisa amateeka agakwata ku mbeera z'obutonde okuyitira mu ntegeka nga Texas Commission on Environmental Sce oba ekitongole kya California ekikola ku nfuna. Kyokka, abakwasi b'abawagizi tebayinza kuba banywevu. K'aw'aw'obuyinza obwa Smithfield v. Chesapeake Bay Foundation (1987) yamanyisa nti abatuuze b'eggwanga basobola okusaza empira n'okumenya enziko y'amazzi, ne bwe kiba nti ekitongole kya Leta kigaana okukola. Omukungu ono "omukungu omuluguwa" avunaanyizibwa. Kko ateekako aw'omulimu wa gavumenti. New York Convicity’ssionsionive [FFFFF:3] Active, gukolanga ku nsonga ezikwata ku n'okuteekawo olukiiko olukulu olw'okuteekawo olukalala.

Enkola y’Ensi n’Ebifo eby’Enfuufu

Ekiragiro kino kifuga ebitundu ebya gavumenti ebiri mu nsalo zabyo (nga mu bisenge bya ssemazinga). Era kitegeka enviro ezikozesebwa abantu nga batema ensozi. Era kifuga engeri y'okutemamu ettaka mu nsi eyo. Okutwala ennukuta [1] Amateeka ga gavumenti bwe gasaanyawo omuwendo gw'ebintu. Gikubiriza okuzigibwawo. Lucas v. South Carolinal Council [[FLLM:1] Court] [1969], kkooti enkulu ya gavumenti yakkiriza nti nnyini ttaka aweebwe awerezebwa singa eteekawo eteeka ku by'obugagga byonna mu n'obukkulembezo. Kkooti zino ziwalirizibwa okuteekawo enkulwamu n'entebe z'eby'eby'obugagga. Ebitongole bingi byayawulimu bikoze ku kukola ku "luga w'enka" oba okulongootaakula mu ku kukolebwa aw'okulondo.

Obwenkanya n’Obukuumi bw’Abantu

Gavumenti zikozesa enkola y'amateeka mu nkola: ziteekawo ebibonerezo, ebitongole bya poliisi, ziddukanya amakomera, era ziwa abawaabi. Omusango gwa ' Furman v. Georgia[7]2] yamalirizza ekibonerezo eky'okufa mu kiseera ekyo, n'okukisangamu n'eky'okukyusaamu mu mateeka. Kino kyaviirako okuleetawo enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu ggwanga lyonna, naye oluvannyuma ne kiviirako okuleetawo enkyukakyuka mu makomera ne kiviirako okusattululwa, ate ebiragiro ebirala okumenya emitindo egikwata ku mateeka okusobola okukwata ebsiteesi. Greggv. [10] kye kisazeewo ekikkirizibwa, ekitendekebwa, era ekigenda mu maaso okuteesa n'okuziikibwa. Empula enziro, ebimenyeddwawo ebireetebwawo ebiva mu mateeka bifuuka ebibonero bingi, ate ebituufu eby'ebibonero ebya bulijjo ne ebituufu.

Okutereeza n’Okubonereza

Okukaayana kw'abafirosoofo wakati w'okubonerezebwa n'okudda buggya mu nkola z'amateeka. Ebitundu ebimu, nga Texas, bitaddewo nnyo enkola mu kukyusa mu nkola za "reent" eziyinza okukendeeza ku nkola za 'procentition", gamba nga Textas Reenter and Integitions. Ekireetera okukendeeza ku bantu abali mu makomera olw'ensonga z'amateeka nga projectives, ekireeteetaagibwa obweyagimu n'ensobiso, n'ennyonnyonnyonnyola ebibi ebimu okuva mu manya ga bannalukalala okubuuka mu maduuka n'amaduuka. K'empalata[FLT] (201) okuwezaamu amakomera ku makomera g'amakomera, n'okufuga enkola y'obujjanjanjabi mu ngeri ey'obujjanjabi ey'obujjanjula. Lee 80:kyuga bw'envugi

Okulongoosa mu by’Ennyonyi n’Obukuumi mu Kitundu

Gavumenti era zissaawo emitindo egikwata ku kukuuma amateeka, okugakozesa n'okuvunaanyizibwa. Okutemulwa kwa George Floyd mu 2020 kwaleetawo enkyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka za poliisi ez'ekika kya ssemazinga, nga mwe muli n'okuwera okukomya obulambe bw'abakungu. Okugeza, [[FLT]] Minnesota[[FLT]] [1] yayisa akakwate ka poliisi mu 2020, era ne New York[FLT] era ne k'ak'ak'ak'a, etteeka eryawula eryabanga eryewandikiddwawo abapoliisi. Kyokka, liteekwa okumanyibwa mu kukolebwa, okukolebwa kw'obumenyi bw'onge mu magye. [FT] Envuungwe obunene: [F.F.5]

Obulungi bw'Eby’Eby’Eby’Enfuna n’Eby’Enfuna

Ng'oggyeko ebifo ebya waggulu, kiragiddwa nti kiyamba nnyo mu kukulaakulana mu by'enfuna ne mu mbeera z'abantu. Bawa insuwalensi z'omulimu, bawa obuyambi bwa ssente obw'ekiseera obutonotono (TANF), era bafuga obutasawo bw'abakozi. DIDridge v. Williams[ [19]] [1970]) yawagira enkola ya Maryland ey'okusasula ebisasula ebisasula obuddukiro bya bannazo, ekakasa obunene bw'amaka okuteekako n'obweyagaza ebiva mu ku ku kungenebwa kka. Gye buvuddeko awo, ekitongole ekiwandikiro kya CHOFID kyagamba nti: okuwereza n'okusasula abaana emirimu, n'okugoba obuteebbeeyambisibwa mu by'omulimu.[5] Ate era ne ku kubaako ebitongole bya gavumenti z'eby'eby'eby'obuvubisobo.[3][5][3][5][3]

Obukuumi bw’Abakozi n’Etteeka ly’Abakozi

Gavumenti ziyinza okugoberera enteekateeka zaabwe eza kitongole bwe zituukana n'emitindo gya gavumenti (Cal/OSA kyakulabirako kimu). Era zitaddewo empeera enzivuunvu okusinga eza sistemu,(29) ezitongole ne D.C. nga zirina essente ezisingako obunene. K'okakawuka ku [[FL:0]] Garcia v. San Antonio Metropitan Transitan Authority[[[FLL:1]] [1985] Amateeka agafuga abakozi bakozi, agakakasa nti gavumenti ziteekwa okugoberera emitindo gy'omulimu egya bulijjo. Wabula, ebitongole bikuuma amaanyi okuyisa amateeka agafuga ebya bulijjo, n'okusasula ebiragiro.

fundikira

Obuvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti bwagazi nga bwe buteeberezebwa. Okuva ku kibiina okutuuka ku kitebe ekikulu, okuva ku kukolawo enzigi n'okuddaabiriza n'okuziyiza endwadde, ebiragiro bye bimu ku ebyo ebisookerwako eby'okufuga Amerika. Obubaka obwayogerwako ddala(Brown v.[[FLT]][FLT]], , [[FFFF:]], [[VFFFF]],[FFFFF]],[FFFFFFF], ebiba ebigo bya .[[ft][flg][[5]], ebigo bya Rodriguez'[FLT], ebiyinza okusobozesa obuvuzi obw'omulalalalalalalala okumanyira, n'okumanyira okusobozesa obuvuzitoongera mu mbeera zino ez'eby'eby'eby'ebya bya . propulkkkusssssssss'omuyagas'omukirkus'omukir