Enjigiriza y'obufirosoofo obufuga enzikiriza z'amateeka okunnyonnyola nga zisinziira ku makulu gaayo agasooka mu bantu mu kiseera eky'okukyusizaamu, kye kifuuse ekitongole ekifuga enzivuunvu mu Amereka. Abawagizi bagamba nti kigukugira abalamuzi, okussa ekitiibwa mu nkola ya demokulase, era n'okukuuma amateeka. Wadde nga buli nsonga yagootaanya, okukozesa enkola yaalyo ku nsonga z'abantu ab'omu kiseera kino, kiyoleka obutategeeragana obw'amaanyi ennyo. Ebibuuzo eby'enkyukakyuka mu by'enkyukakyuka mu by'enkola ya bulijjo, obufumbo bw'ennamba, eddembe lye bumu, n'ensonga ez'eggwanga tebyawulibwawo mu nkomerero y'ekyasa kikumi kya nnamu, era n'ensonga ez'eggwanga tezingirwamu ku nsonga eziba nga zigobereddwawo mu ku ku kusalawo kwanganga ebika n'okusala oba okugonjoola ensonga ezigoberebwa mu n'okuzibwetaa, nga bannabirowoosoosoozesebwa mu ngeri ezisooka.

Okutegeera Okutaputa Obuto

Mu ngeri eyangu okutegeera, enjigiriza egamba nti ebigambo ebiri mu 'FLT' birina okuweebwa amakulu ge birina mu kiseera we byakakkirizibwa. Amakulu ago tegakyukakyuka mu nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa ku bantu oba ebirondebwawo mu lukiiko. Waliwo amasomero abiri amakulu mu nnukuta zino: ekigendererwa eky'olubereberye[, ekituukagana n'ebiruubirirwa bya ba 'firective' ne ratifiers', ate amakulu agamu agamu n'amakulu aga bulijjo, agassa essira ku ngeri omuntu gy'ategeeramu. Ekyaddirira, ekyalwawo n'Omulamuzi Anton Scintalia n'abalala, kye kisinga okumanyisaamu ennyo mu n'okunoonyereza okumanyisawo. Ekiwandiiko ekipya kiyamba okumanya amakulu g'omu n'ensonga mu n'ensonga enfunze mu n'omulemberomenti ekiwandikibwawo.

Mu ngeri emu, enjigiriza z'obukaafiiri zaakolebwa ku ngeri gye zitwalibwa okuba nti zaakolebwamu mu ngeri ey'obw'omu butonde, era nga bangi baalowooza nti ziiyingizizza eddembe eppya (nga eddembe eririmu okuggyamu olubuto mu Roe v. Wade) era nga tewabaddewo bukakafu mu byafaayo. Abakuutifu bagamba nti Amateeka g'ensi yonna gakkirizibwa, so si kiwandikiro ekiramu, era nti n'okukyusiza obubonero obutuufu mu ku kukyusa nkyukakyuka y'amateeka. Obweyamaddaaka ku mateeka gaanyi obwo buwabulako etteeka eriraga bulungi eky'ennukuta: abalamuzi balina okugoberera amakulu agasooka, wadde nga amakulu gago gamu ku ekyo gaba nga bagaaleetera obutaba nga bannanya.

Wadde ng'okugoberera amateeka tegalina makulu, okutandikira ku mateeka kisoberwa nnyo: Amateeka gaagomerwa abantu abatakyaliwo. Amakulu agasooka agali mu bigambo nga “ekibonerezo oba ekibonerezo ekitali kya bulijjo,” oba“eddembe ery'okwogera,” galina okukozesebwa mu bya tekinologiya atabangawo oba mu ngeri ez'enjawulo. Njigiriza eyo ereetebwawo wakati w'ebigambo n'obukabonero obwa bulijjo. N'ensonga y'ensonga y'ensonga lwaki abantu ba bulijjo babaddenga bakozesa enkola eyo.

Obuzibu bw’Okwogera ku Bikwata ku Bulamu mu Kiseera Kyaffe

Enjigiriza eyo bw'egobererwa mu bibuuzo abantu bye batera okubuuza, ebizibu bino bijjawo mu ngeri ey'enjawulo. Obusobozi buno tebukwata ku buyigirize obusookerwako, wabula bukyusa ebiva mu kuba nti omuntu alina ebbeetu era ne buleetera abalamuzi okulonda abalamuzi.

Ebyafaayo Bikoma ku Bintu

Ekiragiro ekyo kyawandiisibwa mu 1787 era Bill of Rights yakiwandiisibwa mu 1791. Ensi yonna eyatandikawo obwakalbiri, nga mu bibuga, era nga mu kiseera kye kimu, obuddu obwali businga obungi. Obuddu obwali businga obungi bwali bwa mu mateeka, abakazi tebaalina ddembe lya bya bufuzi, era nga bwe tutegeera nti tebuliiyo. Abasawo ba bulijjo kiba kibeetaagisa okusalira omusango okukweka mu mbeera z'abantu, mu by'enfuna, era n'embeera z'amateeka ez'ekyasa.

Lowooza ku ekyo ekyakkirizibwa mu kkooti etaano ey'edda mu kusooka. Era ekigambo Ekiragiro kino kitegeeza ekibonerezo ekyasalibwangawo abantu bangi mu kiseera ekyo, gamba ng'okusiiga emikono n'okusala emisango egyabanga gibavaako. Naye ate, okutegeera okwo okwasooka kukwata omwana omutiini okuttibwa, oba okukozesa ekibonerezo ekivunaanibwa ekiteeka obulamu mu kabi ak'amaanyi. Abo abeekenneenya ebikwata ku njigiriza ez'edda baasambajja ku bibuuzo bino nga bagamba nti amakulu g'ekiragiro kino gaakulaakulaakulanye bulungi ne gasobola okuzingiramu emitindo egy'obusosoze, ate abalala ne bagamba nti amakulu gaakyo gaayinjamye okuva ku ku kunoonyereza okw'ebyafaayo.

Okukyusa Endowooza z’Abantu

Ekimu ku ebyo ebireetera ennyo abantu okugattibwa mu nkalala z'eddiini ez'edda kwe kuba nti tekisoboka kukyusa mu nkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu nkyukakyuka mu mpisa n'enkola. Ekiragiro bwe kyawerera ddala 146, abawandiisi baaweerera emmere mu mwaka gwa 1868, nga tekigenderedde kukuuma bufumbo obw'enjawulo, obufumbo obw'ekika eky'ekika eky'ekika ekimu, oba okwenkanankanankana n'obw'abantu ab'enkola, olw'ennamba ezigoberera enkola ya bulijjo. Kyokka, abalamuzi ab'edda bwe baakakasibwa okusala omusango nga bergefell v. Hodges[[FLT:] (20)] (20) kirina kye basalawo okukola: kye baasooka okusomera ddala amakulu ga “obukuumi obwa waggulu, okugaana endowooza eyo, oba okumanyisa obutuufu.

Mu obeeko , Omulamuzi Scalia yawakanya ensonga ezisookerwako, ng'agamba nti Amateeka tegasalawo kukwata bufumbo mu ngeri y'emu era nti okugattika obukwakulizo obwa demokulase. Omulamuzi omukulu Roberts era yakiggumiza nti abasinga obungi tebaalina “omusingi gwa nnyiriri” mu kufuga kwaalyo. Wadde nga baakulemberwa Judge Kennedy, baagamba nti “Obwenkanya obwali obukusigebwa ne Amereka'ekkumi n'ena, buleetera abantu kinnoomu okwefunira ekitiibwa nga basinziira ku ngeri gye bategeeramu ebyawandiikibwa. Wabula, okukontana n'enkola y'enkola y'emu mu n'enjawukana ez'enkola ya bulijjo. Ekkukaaluunizo ezo ziyinza okuba nga zikyasibuka mu n'enkola ya k'enkola mu n'enkola ya mu n'enkola ya kakyo.

Okunoonyereza ku Nkyukakyuka mu bya Ssaayansi

Abakola eby'okulabirako tebayinza kuteebereza nti bawandiisa ebigambo nga banyiivu, oba nti baterekebwa ebintu bingi. Ekirabo kino kikuuma “obusaze obw'enkaluuni oba obuswala. Wabula okusobola okubikozesa, kyetaagisa enkyusa ey'ekika kya sistemu esobozesa okulemesa ebiwandiiko bya ~a nga Ekiragiro kino. California [2014] [19] (2014, Kkooti enkulu ekkiriza nti abasirikale bonna beetaaga obukwagibwa bwa poliisi okunoonya essimu mu ngeri nti eyinza okubukwata mu kiseera eky'okukwatibwa. Mu ngeri eyo, abalamuzi batuuka ku ku kukkirizibwa, ne batandika okubuuza engeri abatandikawo gye bayinza okukwata obujulizi mu mubiri ate nga bawakanya obujulizi obwa bulijjo. Omulamuzi Alito alwanirira endowooza y'ensonga ez'enjawulo, awandiika ku nkola y'ensonga ey'enkola ya bulijjo, naye nga teri mu kkooti y'ensonga ey'omulembedde mu kifo ky'omutirgo agigo agigigigigigigi

Abakugu mu by'edda bawa amagezi ku ngeri ezitali zimu ez'okuyitamu enkola ezikwatagana n'entegeera ezaasooka. Naye ye Justice Scalia eyayita “enjigiriza eya nsibuko”. Ensobi erina ekigendererwa eky'okuzuula omuwendo gwa gavumenti guleme okuwugula gavumenti mu ngeri etegeenyanyanya n'enkyukakyuka ezikwatagana n'entegeera eyasooka. Naye abanoonyereza bawakanya enkola eyo bagamba nti tesobola kutegeerera ddala mu ngeri ekontana n'enkyukakyuka ez'edda kubanga ekubiriza abalamuzi okulondamu enkola egonjoolekawo. Singa amakulu gaasooka gagamba nti “obutaba bategeevu” bunoonyereza kukyamu buyimirimu mu njigiriza ey'enjigiriza ey'ekyasooka, ate ne bagoberera omutemwa gwa desiro nga tewamu na kutegeera mu ku nkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'edda, bakyusa y'amateeka agakyusa amateeka.

Okusirika n’Okumenya Obuwaatwa mu Bigambo

Ekiragiro kino tekirina kye kyogera ku nsonga ezisinga obungi ezikwata ku bulamu bw'abantu obwa kkaseti. Ekitongole kino tekirina kye kyogera ku nkyukakyuka ezikwata ku by'obufuzi, ebitongole ebifuga, obwannannyini obw'obutunzi, oba engeri embeera y'obuwangwa mu kiseera kino. Ekiragiro bwe kiba nga kikola ku busirisimu, abagoberezi baakyo baddira omusingi nti Amateeka gaago tegafuga nsonga eno nga zigireetebwawo mu mapeesa. Ekyo kiyinza obutakkirizibwa mu nteeso, naye kisobola okuvaamu ebiba ebiba ebiteebereberye ebyago. Ng'ekyokulabirako, amateeka gaaleka obuteetwaze bwa gavumenti ez'omulembe guno okuteekawo obuwagizi obutuufu okuleetawo okuleetawo enkulembezo. Kyokka, abatuuze mu nsi mu nsi zaakyewa gavumenti nnyingi zibadde tezikkiriza kutuukiriza buvunaanyizibwa bwa gavumenti.

Ate era, singa etteeka terifuga ngeri y'okukulemberezaamu, oba enkizo ey'okutumbula obutereevu mu ngeri etegeerekeka obulungi, abakugu mu by'obufuzi bateekwa okwesiga enteekateeka eziba zizzeewo buli wamu. Nga bwe kikakasa “Etteeka lya gavumenti” oba obwawule obwawula obufuzi obukirimu busobola okubuwakanya. Amakulu agaliwo mu kusooka bwegatabula nga genkana ddala amakulu gaagoolekaganya oba nga ensibuko ez'ebyafaayo zikontana.

Obulagirizi Obukwata ku Kusalawo

Abalamuzi bwe bagezaako okugoberera enkola eyo mu ngeri ey'okusibuka mu buwandiike mu nsonga z'omulembe guno, enkola eno eyinza okuvaamu ebiva mu kugoberera enkola eya bulijjo (egamba nti omuntu alina eddembe eppya) oba, emirundi egimu, bawa enguudo (okusiba obukuumi obw'amaanyi ku ntegeka z'emmundu, nga mu difitution of Columbia v. ]). [[FLLY]] [[FLY]]] [[FLY]]], kkooti yakuba ekiragiro ku nvuunika ebiwandiiko ebinoonyezaamu ennyo eby'okusiibya ebikwata ku ku kutandikawo, era ne kukebera ebiva ku ku kitebe eky'okubiri ekikuumibwanjula, ekiyinza okumanyisa emirundi mingi mu ngeri y'okwekuumamulwanyisiikiriza. Kyokka, abavuunvugibwa bannazo bakkirizibwa nti amakulu agasooka ag'okugifuga mu mateeka, nga tegattiddwawo ddala mu ngeri y'enkola mu ggwanga erimu.

Era eky'omuganyulo kye ky'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'ebyafaayo ebizingirwamu nga bagoberera enkola ey'okwefuga. Abalamuzi ab'edda batera okugamba nti tebakola nkola ya kugoberera nkola naye bakakasa amakulu g'ebigambo. Kyokka okunoonyereza okw'edda kumanyibwa bumanya. N'onoonyezesezza ensibuko kikkirizibwa, era n'okunoonyereza obanga enkumbo kikkirizibwa, era n'okumanya empandika z'ebyaliwo ezisobola okuteeka ku misingi egyasooka nga buli musingi guzingiramu okusalawo mu ntegeka. Okugeza, mu [[FL:0] Mccnucted v. Chicago[[FLT][10] (20:0]), Kkootikko eteekamu enzigerezo ku by'ogobererwa okumenya amateeka. Abakulembedde mu ngeri nti munnazo ez'enjawulo zizingiramu okusalawo mu ngeri ey'amagezi oba mu ngeri y'okumanyiirairaira, era ne ku ku kutegeera okw'okutegeera okw'ekiragirootisa obutuufu mu ngeri y'okumanyisaamu. Ekitongole kya Activesirkirkirtude kiragira ekya waggulu kya

Ate era, okukakaatika endowooza z'ennuŋŋamu kuyinza okuvaamu ebintu ebikontana n'enkola z'ekika ekya leero, bwe kityo ne kiviirako abantu obutassa bwesige mu nnukuta z'amateeka. Singa kkooti yalangirira nti okugaana obusosoze mu langi tekukkirizibwa kubanga abakkenneenya Kkooti ey'ekkumi n'enaana ey'okukyusaamu mu mateeka teyetaaganya enkola y'okugonjootaanya obusosoze mu langi, oba amateeka ga gavumenti okumenya obusosoze obusosoze mu mpisa z'abalyituuze bw'abasosoze mu bantu, gayinza okuba nga gakalubya nnyo. Amatabi ga by'obufuzi buyinza okubuusa amaaso enkola ya Kko, oba okukoma ku bugunjaanyi obutuufu.

Okutegeera Obusobozi bw’Omuntu n’Eby’Omu Kiseera Kyaffe

Nga baddamu okusoosa bino ebibadde biwandiikiddwa, abakugu bangi bawa endowooza ez'enjawulo ezitasobola kukuuma nnukuta za mu kusooka okutegeera okw'ekika ekya bulijjo naye nga zisobozesa omuntu okutuuka ku buzibu obutali bumu. Omulamuzi Stephen Breyer, wadde nga si munnasayansi, agamba nti abalamuzi basaanidde okulowooza ku mateeka n'ebivudde mu ntandikwa. Bannasayansi abamu, nga John McGnins, bakkirizza ku “bukodyo obw'edda obwasooka. Enkola ezo bwe ziba nga zitegeerezza ebigambo ebya bulijjo."

Enkyukakyuka endala ye [[NKULU:0] eya bulijjo eya 'LYC'[, ereseeyo okuva ku kiwandiiko ekya sooka, naye era egamba nti Amateeka gabulijjo galina okutaputirwa okusinziira ku misingi gya bya bufuzi (nga obwenkanya n'obulungi) ebitayinza kukendeezebwa ku ebyo ebisuubirwa mu kusooka. Wadde ng'endowooza eno evumiziddwa ng'eggulawo oluggi ku nsonga ezikwata ku ku kusalirawo olukalala, eraga nti okukajja kw'omusingi ku k'obwannannyini ku nsi tekukkirizibwa.

Oboolyawo okugezaako okutangirira n'enkyukakyuka mu nnukuta esooka kwe ‘ kuzimba n'enkyukakyuka.'Abamataandiika ba njawulo wakati w'ekiwandiikizo okutaputa (okumanyisa amakulu ag'ennimi eziri mu kyawandiikibwa) era [[FLT:]] [okwanjula] (okutegeeza amakulu g'empandiikizo mu mateeka bwe gaggwa mu nnukuta). Okusinziira ku bannabyafaayo nga Keithton ne Randynet, amakulu agasooka gataddewo ensalo ez'ewandike z'ennyiriri naye amasinzira ku nsonga eziteekwa okujjuzibwa olw'okuteebiwandiiko, n'ebyobufuzi. Endowooza eno tegonjola buli kizibu kya mu ngeri y'okugonjoola ebizibu ebya bulijjo; okugobera awamu n'okukireetera abalamuzi amateeka okugoberebwawo.

Enkola eno erina amakulu gennyini. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu mbeera ezizingiramu enzigi za kompyuta, omukugu mu kunoonyereza ku bintu kino ayinza okuteebereza nti etteeka ery'okuna ery'okufuga etteeka ery'okuna lirina okugaana omuntu okunoonyereza mu ngeri etategeerekeka, naye ekibuuzo eky'ekyo “obutaba na ndowooza” kye kitegeeza mu kiseera eky'ennamba kisiikirwa kuzimba. Kati olwo kkooti zikkiriza nti bye zisuubira mu kiseera kyaffe biba byamaguzi, oba nti amateeka gagobererwa. Kino tekisinziira ku nfunze za nnukuta wabula ku kya bulijjo, naye kiwa bukakafu obulaga nti kyetaagisa okusala emisango egy'okusala omusango.

Wadde n'okulongoosa mu ngeri zino, kiyinza okubeera ekizibu okuteegera engeri gye kwasooka, kubanga gye kiyinza okuvaamu okukontana wakati w'enkyukakyuka ezo zombi. Amakulu gasooka bwe galaga nti okusosola mu langi tekukontana na mitindo gya nsibuko.[1][FLT] era nga kukwatagana n'okutegeera okw'edda ennyo.[1] Ekiragiro kino kyatwala obusosoze okuba nga kisokerwako. Ebyasooka eby'enkola bya ggyamateeka biraga nti Kkootikko ek'enkokko ek'enkola kye kye kyegukkiriza mu ngeri gye byayolekedde mu kutegeera okw'edda. Enkyukakyuka zino, okusobola okukkeengera okuziyiiya mu k'enkyukakyuka ez'eby'omu byafaayo bisobola okubuuka mu k'enkyukakyuka y'enna.

fundikira

Okugoberera enkola y'okugoberera enkola y'okusibuka mu ntandikwa ku nsonga z'abantu ez'omu kiseera kino kya maanyi nnyo naye si kya kabi nnyo. Enjigiriza y'edda ewa okukangavvula okw'omuwendo: esalirawo okukwatibwako ebigambo n'ebyafaayo by'amateeka era ebalemesa okuteeka emitindo gyabwe ku bwabwe. Mu kiseera kye kimu, enkola eyo teyinza kusimattuka bye baabikkula mu kiseera, tekinologiya, n'ebiwandiiko eby'enkyukakyuka mu bantu. Abalamuzi abanyweredde ku nzikiriza y'okugoberera enkola eyo, bakkiririza ddala nga amakulu gaasooka tegakakafu oba nga busirikimu, era ne bakitegeera nti bye basazeewo bye basalawo bisobola okubaako kye bikola.

Enjigiriza eyo okusobola okusigala nga nfumo etuufu, abagiwagira balina okweyongera okulongoosa endowooza eyo, naddala mu ngeri gye bavvuunulamu amateeka. Era balina okwogera ku nkyukakyuka zennyini ezizingirwamu.[1] Okukkiriza nti ebizibu ebimu ebiriwo mu kiseera kino tebiyinza kugonjoolebwa nga banoonyereza ku byafaayo byokka. Enjigiriza eyo teri ntuufu, era essa ekitiibwa mu makulu ag'ennimi, naye era esobola okumanyisa obwetaavu bw'okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku mpisa n'ebiragibwa mu demokulase. Mu nkomerero, obuwanguzi bw'enkola eyo tebwesigamye ku busobozi bwayo obw'okukuddamu ebyamaguzi, naye ku busobozi bw'okuleetawo entegeka y'amateeka, era n'okumanyisaawo ensonga enkulu mu biseera ebyayita eby'emabega era n'ebyo ebijja mu biseera eby'omu maaso.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma ku nkyukakyuka n'okusoosa kwayo, laba: statford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – Original; Obergefell v. Hodges[[FLT:][4]] (2011] – enfuze n'okutakkiriziganya[; ]; [[FLTYMENTITY]], 'ORIGUMENTITY'.] – Harvard Empigitoousction ,[FLT:]] ne [[FLT:]]