Okutegeera Ebiremesa Etteeka ery’Obusosoze Kirungi erigasa ab’Eggwanga

Okusiba olukoba ku gavumenti olw'okusosola mu mawanga y'ensi y'emu ku bifo ebisinga okusoomooza mu by'entegeka z'abantu. Wadde nga siteesitekiti z'amateeka ga Amerika ziwa abantu enzijanjaba z'okwetongola, enfuge mu bya bufuzi eby'enjawulo bireetawo obuwambe oba obuwambe obusobola okulemesa abawandiisi aba bulijjo obutanyumirwa. Abawaabi ba mateeka abagezaako okuvunaanibwa olw'okusosola mu mateeka balina okuyita mumpimpi z'eby'obuwootemu, emitindo egigobeetaago, obujulizi, n'ebyetaagisa ebiteekusibwe okuwangula okuwo n'okusoosa okubutuukiriza ebibawandikibwa nga tebannatuuka ku kkooti. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola ebbuguufu mu mateeka, obufunda obutonotono n'okunoonyereza okw'ensonga ezibakwatako.

Okusosola mu mawanga kutera okuteekebwa wansi w'amateeka nga omutwe VII ow'Akakiiko ka Civil Rights aka 1964, Amerika alina Act (ADA), ekitongole ekiwanvuula ab'amawanga mu nkola y'emirimu (ADEA), era Ekitundu 504 ku kakwate ka Rehabilitation Act, era ne wansi w'ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga Ekirabo kino kisalawo okuzza ebirowoozo ku mulongo ogwa 14 (Dissee) ogwakolebwa mu mwaka gwa 1964. Naye k'empandiika y'amateeka, enkola eno ebaamu enkola ey'okukyusaamu mu mwaka n'ekkumi n'ekitundu ekola buli nsonga.

Enjigiriza y’Obumu n’Emitemere Ekkumi n’Emwenda

Ekintu eky'okukuuma gavumenti kisibuka ku njigiriza egamba nti abantu tebasobola kwefuga bokka, era nti etteeka eryo libafuga okuyitira mu mateeka ga Amerika era ne liteekebwa mu mateeka gaayo okuyitira mu Enteerth Amendment. Ekirango eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'etaano kiwandiikiddwa mu 1795, Amereka agafuga mu ngeri eya Enteneembirira ey'eby'obufuzi n'empandika eya Atlantics.

[FLT:] wadde nga waliwo ekirabo eky'ensonga ez'enjawulo mu mateeka ga United States, kkooti enkulu teriginnyonnyola nzivumbo ezitagisaamu mu kkooti z'eggwanga. [FLT:]

Ebizingirwa mu Kukkiriza Okugattibwa kw’Emitemere Kkumi

Omuntu ow'ennamba agezesezza empikisano y'obufuzi bw'ensi eno, era n'ebitundu ebitongole ebitwalibwa ng'enkuyanja. Ekiragiro kino kisalawo obanga ekiwandikiro kituukiriza ebisaanyizo by'omukono gwa gavumenti kitwaliramu ekigezo eky'enkola mu ngeri ezigezesa empandika z'obufuzi bwa gavumenti, ensibuko y'essente, era oba obanga ekibonerezo kiyinza okusasulwa okuva mu mu ggwanika lya gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kisalawo okusussibwamu ssente, okutaasasulira, era oba okuweweza obuweerero mu mbeera nnyingi. Kkooti enkulu ekiraze kisinzidde nti obuteeyambi obwo tebuliiko kkomo mu bujjuvu, wadde nga kiwayimirimu esatu esatu: (1) singa proteeso zikkirizibwa mu ku kubaako ekitongole ekigobeetaa, (2) singa embeera eyinza okugobererwa mu mbeera nnyingi mu kiseera ekibadde ekibadde ekitegekebwa mu nzikkirizamu.[F][F1][0]][3][0]

Okukuba Akakiiko mu Kitundu 5

Ekiragiro ekifuga kiyinza okuguvaako obuteefuga singa guwanyisa gavumenti nga guwagidde ekitundu 5 eky'ebbanja ekya 14th Amendment, ekiwa Consert obuyinza okukakasa obukalu obwa kkomo n'obudde eby'okukukuuma bye bimu. Ekiragiro kiteetaagisibwa kiri nti amateeka galina okuba nga [[FL:0] obwa ' obwa "[FFON][F:][FF:][FF:][FF]] [FFF:][5] [emperomenti mu bugyengo, olukalala olwo oluvanyuse lwava mu ngeri gye kifugamu n'ensonga eyo.[10][19][E]

Ebiwayi n’Abakozi: Engeri Amerika gye Yakkiriza Okusekererwa

Ne bwe kiba nti gavumenti terina bukuumi bwa kkooti, gavumenti eyinza kyeyagalire okukkirizibwa okukikkiriza. "/ackoundiumments" teziyinza kukkirizibwa. Eggwanga lisobola okutaasa omusango okuyitira mu mateeka ga gavumenti, ebiragiro, oba okuggyako omusango. Ng'ekyokulabirako, gavumenti nnyingi ziwandisizza ebikolwa ebikkiriza ebizingirwa mu kkooti ez'enjawulo okukosebwa, naye ebikolwa bino biteeka ekkomo ku ku bisale, weetegereze ensalo, era n'ebigamba ebikkirizibwa.

Ebikolwa n’Enkola z’Ebitongole

Mu masaza mangi, okusemba ekitongole kya gavumenti okusobola okusosola abantu mu ngeri ey'obwetwaze kisooka kuteeka kakiiko oba kakiiko akakola omulimu nga(madirisa). Okusobola okutuukiriza ebisaanyizo bino, kiyinza okuvaamu okugobebwa amangu. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu gavumenti ya California Tort Peonties Acts Act, ekiwandikiro kiteekwa okuwandiika ebigambo n'ekitongole kya gavumenti nga kiwandiikiddwa nti kiwandikiddwa okuyingiza ekiwandiiko oba gavumenti nga tennakkiririza mu kkooti.

Enjigiriza Egito Ennyo Egibadde Ku nkomerero

Oboolyawo ekyetaagisibwa ekisingayo okwawukana ku kuteebwa okw'okwerinda kwe [FLT] Ex errece Young Enjigiriza eyo esobozesa abakungu ba gavumenti okukkirizibwa mu buyinza obutasukkamu mu busobozi bwabwe obw'okumenya amateeka agafuga. [FFON] Kino kisobozesa omuyigiriza okunoonya ekiragiro ekinoonya omukungu aleme okukomya enkola ey'okutongoola amateeka ag'eggwanga okuggyako ekyokulabirako, ekiragiro okulekerawo okukozesa enkola ey'okusasula ekikongojjeeteeka mu langi okukibwa ab'eggwanga okusobola okukuuma ewandikiro. Kyokka, enjigiriza eyo teyinza kukozesebwa okufiirwa ssente okuva mu ggwanika z'omuterekero, era n'omukungu oyo ateekwa okusoomooza amateeka. Singa ebiteesookebwa byonna ebigenda okugobererwa mu kkooti ey'ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekipya, ekiwambulula ektongole ekipya ekibadde ekibadde ekigo. [FFF4] [F4] [esaze ekitongole ekitongole ekitongole ekitono]

Emitindo gy’Empisa n’Emigugu Ebirabula mu Mitawaana Egiviirako Abantu Okusosola Abalala

Ne bwe kiba nti omuyizzi asobodde okuvvuunuka emitindo gy'amateeka agafuga obusosoze, bateekwa okuvvuunuka omuteesiteesi omuzibu okulekayo. Enkola esingirayo ddala kwe kukyusa omugugu ogwateekebwa mu [FLT][FLT]][P]Mcnell Douglas Douglas Corp. v[FL][12]] [1973] [19, ekikozesebwa ku ttalantalo, ADEA, ne ADA. Mu kifo kino eky'okusosola, ekikosebwa kiteekwa okusooka okuteekawo assibwawo k'ekirawuka olw'ekitongole ekikuumibwa; (2) baagoberera ekifo oba baafuna ebisaanyizo ebibaganyula; baafuna obuyambi wadde nga baaze; era (4) n'ensonga ez'okukyusiza mu kifo eky'okukkula okuva mu kibiina. Omuntu omuteesokebwa mu kifo ky'omuyagaaze. Kino kiyinza okusobozesa okulagibwa ng'omukisa ekitongole ekiba kiyinza okukolebwamu.

Obusosoze

Mu nsonga eza mu lukumbo lwa Claus Classia, omutemu oyo ateekwa okulaga nti eggwanga lyalina okuteekawo olukunkumuli lw'amateeka nga lirina ekigendererwa eky'okukyusa endowooza yaalyo() so si kukyusa buzibu obwali mu kkooti enkulu mu [FLT][[FLT]][FULT]][[] [66] [6] [6] [6]] yeeyama] ekiragiro ekikkiriza nti etteeka oba enkola esobola okukosa ekigonjoonjoosezza ekibiina ky'ekibi n'ekikukkiriza okumenya amateeka okuggyako nga omuteeb'ayiti obwewamu, okusobola okulaga nti omuteesi w'ensonga akolera mu kigendererwa. Kino kiyinza okulemererwa mu ngeri ey'okusala omusango ey'amaanyi kubanga mu nzijudde eyo tekkirizibwa mu nkola ey'enkola y'obujulizi obw'ekitongole. Era, obujulizivugizi obwa bulijjo busobola okulaga obutuufu mu ngeri endala ez'okukiragira ddala ey'okukimalidde mu mateeka.

Okuddukanyizibwa Enzijanjaba z’Eddembe

Nga tannasiba kkooti ku mutwe gwa kyo, VII, omukkirizi asooka kuyisa mu kkooti mu lukungo olw'eggwanga asooke asosoomerebwa mu kibiina ekikola emirimu (EOC) oba ekitongole kya gavumenti ekinoonya obutuufu obw'okukolera emirimu. EEEOC ekibonerezo kirina okusalibwa mu nnaku 180 ez'okusalibwamu olukalala olw'okuweebwa olukalala. Mu nnaku 300 mu magye ng'alina ekibiina ekikolera emirimu eky'enkanya olutegeke obulungi. Mu ngeri y'emu, EEEOCC esooka okunoonyereza ku nsonga zonna ezizikwata ku AD (mirimu misa). Mu maaso g'emboozi II eyinza okuwandiika ebbaluwa oba okugoba omusango oba okugusazaamu. Wayinza okuba nga teweresebwa oba nga kkooti zimaze okusattululwamu. Mu ngeri y'ensonga zino, mu maaso ga ku nsonga ezisinga okuneetaasaasaasa kibaawo mu maaso: [F]

Emisango Egyaliwo Egitali Gimu n’Ekulongooka kw’Eby’Eby’Amateeka

Ebitundu ebisengekebwamu okusosolwa byeyongera okufuukafuuka. Gye buvuddeko awo, kkooti zifunye obuzibu mu kwawulamu okw'okwewandisa okw'okwefuga, Esomero VII, ne ADEA, nga zifuna eby'enkyukakyuka ezeesigamiziddwa ku nsonga ez'enjawulo. Omulembe guno okugwa mu [[FLT]][1]. Leromenti ya Georgia[[[FLT][FLRAT] v. [FON] [2] [2] [2-11] [2], omu ku abo abawandikiddwa mu Georgia Omulembero gwagobe nga gulina obuggwenyuse] kubanga mu bufu bwonna obubadde butegekebwa mu .[F][5]

Ebibaddewo mu Kikolwa ky’ADA n’Okukyusa Obulamu bw’Abantu

Ekitundu ekirala eky'okukifuulamu kikola nga ADA era nga mu Kitundu 504 eky'omu Kiragiro kya Rehability Act. [FLT]], Kkooti enkulu yakkiriza nti olukalala II olw'okuyingira mu kkooti lukugibwa mu ngeri y'emu.[FLT][FLT][12][2004], olumu ku lukalala olw'okukubirizibwamu mu ngeri y'okukukkiriza okukkirizibwa mu kkooti z'amateeka.[FLT] Olukalala olwo lubaamu ebiteeso olw'ensonga ezikuteesiteesi kikusikebwa ebibadde ebigo byago byago mu ngeri eyo ebibadde ebigobeetago byago byagookebwa, naye era nga tebirina nsonga enkulu enzirowo zisobola okunnyonnyola ensonga ezo eziri mu kifo kya Kko.[FFF.][AFFF:6][FF:[F:][F:][FM:8][5][5][5]

Omugabuzi wa Athorney era State Securences

Singa eggwanga lisalirwa omusango olw'okusosolwa, bannamateeka balyo batandika okuteeka obusosoze obw'amaanyi mu kuleetera abakuumi obutakkirizibwa ku bufuge, okulemererwa okuzikiza, n'okusalawo. Abawayiriza mu gavumenti era bagamba nti omuwaabi tayinza na kutegeera kaweefube gwenkana okuteekawo oludda olumu. Okugatta ku ebyo, abalwogera olukalala bayinza okuwakanya nti amateeka g'obunafu obwa bulijjo gawedde; kubanga ekitongole kya 1983, ensala z'awandiika ekkomo lya gavumenti ekkomo, ekiyinza okwewolekebwa okumala emyaka mukaaga. Enkyukakyuka mu bye kiteeyambisibwa mu ngeri eyo zitegeeza nti ebiteeso nga bisuubira oba nga bibalabiddwa mu ngeri ey'enjawulo mu lukalala. , okunoonyereza okw'okunoonyereza okw'okwegomalidde mu nsonga ezisooka, kutegeeza nti abateesokebwawoozesebwa mu nsonga enkulu eziba ebiba ebiba bibaawo mu n'okugibwawo.

Ebisaanyizo by’Okutendeka Abasomesa n’Ababuulizi b’Ebigambo

Ng'osinziira ku bizibu ebizzeewo, abantu abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku ngeri y'okusalamu emisango egy'okusalamu obusosoze mu ggwanga balina okusooka okulaba oba nga kino kikolebwa wansi w'amateeka agafuga. Omutwe VII, Ruawul 504 (ku bufuge bwa gavumenti,) era ne Applice Pay Act byonna biwabula. Ebyo ebisalibwa wansi wa ADA, kebera obanga okusosolwa okwo kukwata ku lulyo olukulu olw'oku Kkootifu kwe kikkiriza okuba ekikulu. Entekoode, okukkirizibwa mu kkooti, okutongoza, okulonda obuyigirize, obutongole. Singa tekutunuulira okutwalibwa kwa bakungu kinnoomu olw'obudduukirize mu ngeri eyo wansi w'obusobo bwonna, oba obutongole obutongole obunoonya obuyambi mu nsonga enkulu. [FL.FFF.NUM] Kirowonna kizuulibwa ng'omulembedde mu nsonga enkulu ezisinga okuziganya.[FFosense, obutuufu bw'obuvuzivuzi obw'ebyo ebiva mu .[3]

fundikira

Okugoba gavumenti mu mateeka ga Amerika agafuga enfuga oba okusosoosa obusosoze kye kimu ku mirimu emikulu ennyo mu mateeka ga nnawookeera. Okugatta awamu kw'ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku kukyusa entegeka za gavumenti ez'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'omusanvu, okuwa obuwagizi obw'okukakaasibwa, okuwa obusosoze mu bugenderevu, era n'okukakaaluka mu by'eggwanga, byonna ebisaanyizoooooooobya kireetawo ekiteeso kya kka ne kkomo ekiyinza okuleetawo ebiwandiiko ekiyinza okuteekawo n'obusosoze obw'amaanyi. Kyokka ebyafaayo biraga nti okusala omusango kuno ku n'obutebenkenkevu ku nsonga ezisingira ddala zireeseteeredde ddala obutuufu. ku nsonga ezigobeetaago zennyini, tezingirwamu ku ku ku bikwata ku ku nkola ey'ensonga ey'ensonga mu mateeka, era ne ku nsonga ezigobera ddala. amagye bannaasosososososososezza ebituufu bisobola okumanyisawo. [F.]