Endowooza ey'okugatta awamu n'okugatta awamu n'okugatta awamu, ekkooti enkulu kwe kikomya omutwe gwa gavumenti w'entegeka eya gavumenti nga biyita Claus Claus ku Ssazese ow'Ekiwandiiko ekya 14 ekiwereddewo olukalala olw'enkyukakyuka olukyasinze mu mateeka ga Amereka. Enkola ya Kkooti eno ey'okukwata ku kugatta awamu n'enkola ya kkooti ekyuse nnyo. Endowooza z'enkyukakyuka ezibaddewo ku gavumenti, eddembe lya gavumenti, n'ekifo kya judicala. Okutegeera engeri emikolo gy'omu kkooti esinga obukulu gye gikutte ku ku ku ntegeka y'obuyinza n'obuwagizigi.

Emyaka gya Kkooti Egikulu egy’edda (1790s-1930): Ekiseera ky’obufuzi bwa Bannaakyemalira

Mu myaka egyasooka egya mu ggwanga eryo, Bill of Rights yamanyibwa nga essatu eri gavumenti. Enjigiriza eyaliwo ennyo ey'obufuzi bw'omulembe guno yakkiriza nti gavumenti n'eggwanga birina obuyinza obw'enjawulo, nga buli kimu kiriko ekkomera. Kkooti Esingira Ennyo yagaana okuteeka ekitiibwa mu bukuumi obwali mu mikutu ekkumi egyasooka.

Barron v. Baltimore (1833): Essomero eriyitibwa Sfandel Constantin

Omusango ogwali guwandikiddwa Baltimore v. (1833) gwassaawo ekigambo ku mulembe gwa pre_Fourteenth Ame Amerekance. John Barron, nnanyini ku kiddukanya kissa ettaka, yasala bbugwe w'ekibuga Baltimore olw'okukyusa enzizi ze nga bazimbye oluguudo. Yagamba nti ekibuga ekyo kyali kinyaze ebintu bye awatali kusasula ssente. Gavumenti y'enkola eyava mu gavumenti.

Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebirimu n’Okusalira Omusango Okusooka

Oluvannyuma lw'olutalo olw'omunda, okutongoza Omuteende ogw'ennamba mu 1868 kyatandikawo olulimi olupya oluyinza okufuuka olukozesebwa okugatta awamu. Ekimu kiwa abantu eky'okussaawo nti tewali gavumenti ejja “kusobozesa muntu yenna okuba n'eddembe oba ekintu nga tekitegekeddwa mu mateeka” oba nga tewali ‘ muntu yenna ali mu buyinza bwenkana. Abakuutizi basuubira nti amateeka ago gajja kufuga mu ngeri y'enjawulo. Wabula, olukiiko olukulu olw'okukwata ku nsonga zino lunaassa ekitiibwa mu nnukuta enkulu. Kyokka, olukiiko olukulu mu myaka nga 19, olusooka terubuusabuusa. [FL.FL.2]] Omuntu yenna atwalanga amateeka mu nnyumba y'omu nnyumba y'amateeka.[FLD [FF:3][3][187], yawayira ddala obuyinza obw'okusoma oba obutono mu kkooti, era ne luba lwamu ku kugiwanyanyanya eddembe lya Clauston, nga Kkooletton, olufulumet. . Ekiragiro ekigo kyeyama

Ensonga nga 'v'. New Jersey (08) era zalaga engeri kkooti gye yagaana. Mu kkooti eyo, kkooti yakkiriza nti eddembe eryandikuumye liyinza okuba nga erikwata ku ttima oba ettuufu oba nedda, naye lyagaana okuyingizaamu enkizo ey'okutaano ey'okwemalirira ku buwandiike. Kkooti eyo yagamba nti, enkola ya SCTES Comment Clausce yakuuma eddembe eryo lyokka “erina kutegeera nti lirinamu eddembe ery'okuteetongoza.”

Enjigiriza y'Okulondamu Emergets (1920s-1960s)

Enkola eno yatandika mu mwaka gwa 1935 nga kooti enkulu etandise okussa mu nkola obukalu bwonna obwa buli muntu kinnoomu obwa Zuni ku kkooti essaawa emu. Enkola eno emanyiddwa nga errolation, ekkiriza kkooti okukuuma eddembe ly'enkomeredde nga tezikaka gavumenti okukkiriza etteeka lyonna ery'entegeka ya ddembe.

Gitlow v. New York (1925): Olupapula olwasooka olw’ekitabo kya Break

Enkyukakyuka yajjawo mu GYUM v. New York (1925). Benjamin Gitlow yawaanibwa omusango wansi w'amateeka agaayisa obusosoze mu New York olw'okugaba obutabo bwa socialist. Wadde nga kkooti yawagira obukakafu bwe ku nsonga ezo, yalangirira omusingi guno ogwa mutawaana: “Ku bikwata ku kigendererwa kino, tuyinza okusobola okufuna eddembe ery'okwogera ne ery'ekitongole ekya poliisi, era ne tulowooza nti eddembe eryo likuumibwawo olusooka okuva ku by'osasa ogusooka, era nga likuumibwa Congresskoround zzation. Giw teyakyusiza ku ku kusalawo okw'omutindoooo.

Okugaziwa Okugenda Kujja: Mu 1930 ne 1940

Oluvannyuma lw'okuwulira nga Gitlow, kkooti yeeyongera okuyingiza obukwasi bw'enyongeza obwannombe Obusooka ku mateeka. Nearbor v. Minnesota (131] (193) (1931) yagamba nti okugaana okufulumya ebitabo kwagobererwa kwa BP kumenyebwawo mu kkooti ey'ekikumi n'ekikumi (14) nga kumenyesebwa ekiragiro eky'okukuba ebimenyesebwa tekireetera tteeka lya mukutu okuyingiza fayiro ku nsonga. [[FLT:] [FLD]] [DOnge] v'enkola enfunze. Oregon [193] [193] Yakolanga olukulembedde ku lukulembedde ku lukulembe. Kko, Kkootikko nyingi kyatongootikko kyako

Kkooti era yatandika okuwa emboozi ku ddembe ly'abamenyi b'amateeka. Powell v. Alabama (1932]), oludda olumanyiddwa nga “Scottsboro Boys” lwagamba nti, kkooti yalina okuwabula omuwagizi mu kkooti mu nsonga z'etwale nti, okusobola okuwa emboozi z'omussi ezisaanira, eyo yali si y'enkola eyakalusooka eri edde ku nsonga ez'enjawulo. Plakko v. Connecticut[F:3] [197]) yakmanya omutemwa gw'okwerinda mu nsonga ezo zokka: eddembe eryo zokka eziyinza okuzikwata ku ddembe okuteebwa. Tujja kugezesebwa mu ngeri eyo ey'okugezesaamu. Palko v.[FLT:][FT.][37][3]

Warren Court Revolution (1953 -1969)

Kkooti ya Warren yakozesa nnyo ekiweerwa eky'ekkumi n'ena mu kukyusa eddembe ly'eggwanga n'enkola z'amateeka.

  • [[NT:0] Mapp v. Ohio (1961): Yagattamu etteeka ery'okuna ery'okuvaako ebiwandise, nga kyali kyetaagisa kkooti z'eggwanga okukweka obujulizi obuva mu kunoonyereza okw'ekimenyamenya amateeka n'okukwatibwa embuyaga.
  • [[NKULA:0] Gideon v. Wainwright (1963): Yafuga ebigezo ebyava mu 'Betts' ku 'Brady' mu'1942) era n'akkiriza nti okuyisa ebiwambe mu ngeri ey'enjawulo kyali kikulu nnyo mu masaza aga buli kabenje.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Malloy v. Hogan (1864): Yagattamu enkizo ey'okutaano ey'okuyisaamu ebiragiro ku busosoze obwa bulijjo, ey'okunyigako Twinling v. New Jersey.
  • [[Act:0] Pointer v. Texas (1965): Yayisa ekiragiro eky'okukyusakyusa okw'ekyasatu Noodolas mu masaza.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Klopefer v. North Carolina (1997): Yagatta ekiragiro eky'okuwerezebwa okw'omukaaga ku kusalawo okwa mangu.
  • [[NKULULA] Divv. Louisiana (1968): Yagatta olukusa olw'omukaaga olw'okuyisa emisango egy'amaanyi mu kkooti, era n'eraga nti omusango gwasalibwanga “ng'amaanyi” ng'emisango egisalibwa abayisiddwa mu makomera abasukka mu myezi mukaaga.

Ku nkomerero ya Kkooti ya Warren, enkola y'abamenyi b'amateeka okusobola okukuumibwa mu Bill of Rights(*) era ng'okukkirizigamya ku kyalo eky'okutaano ekkomera eryali liteekeddwamu olukalala olukulu olw'abalamuzi. Enkola ya Kkooti eno yeetongodde ddala mu olutongoze olukalala lw'enkola[, era nga egaanye Omulamuzi Hugo Black’s'okuyingizaamu mu mu bujjuvu (endowooza nti, okukkiriri nti, okukkukkiriza okukkulembebwa kwa desisitemu kwa desisitemu kwa digiti 142 kwalina akakwate n'enkola ya Bill of Rights, era nga buli kibiina kyako.

Era 'External' ne 'Enk' - Emirimu egy'eBugazi'eBugazi (1960s/Presenter)

Oluvannyuma lw’ekiseera kya Warren, kkooti ezikola ku by’obufuzi zaakuuma obukuumi ng’obwo ate nga mu kiseera kye kimu zibunyisaamu, era nga zikola enkyukakyuka ezisinga obungi mu kiseera kino zizingiramu Ekiwandiiko eky’Okubiri ekiweesezza Amateeka n’Ekiwandiiko eky’Okugakyusa eky’Okubiri.

Okutongozebwa kw’Emitemere ey’Okubiri

Okumala amakumi g'emyaka, kkooti enkulu teyayogera oba nga emmeeri ey'okubiri ebadde ewandikiddwa era nga tekwata mikono ku masaza. Oluvannyuma lw'okuyita mu Columbia v. Heller (2008]) yategeera omuntu omu okuba n'obuyinza ku bufumbo obwamu mu bitundu bya gavumenti, ekibuuzo kyajjawo mangu ku mateeka ag'ensi n'eby'omu kitundu. [FLT:]] Mcradald v. Chicago (2010), obungi obwa Kkooti obwa Kkooti nga bukkirizibwa mu nkola entegeka y'okubiri mu ngeri y'enkola ya Claus Clauscease olw'okusalawo okukkirizibwa mu ngeri y'eggwanga. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kyagoberebwawo mu kkooti y'enkola enkola y'emu n'emu mu ngeri endala ey'envumbooto, era tekkirizibwamu bulungi mu ngeri y'ensonga enkulu ekkirizamu. Tsomero endala endala endala ekkiriza okutuukirizibwamu, Tomas stany stando.

Okutongoza Amateeka ga Yakuwa

Ekitongole eky'omu California Robinson v. California (1962), ekyassa etteeka ku California okufuula omuze gw'okunywa enjaga okuba olubonero olw'obukyayi era olw'enkima ku Mulongo gwa 1450. Gye buvuddeko awo, Timbs v. Indiana[[FLT]] [2029]), Court yagatta ku mateeka ga California okufuula okusukkirira ekiteerezaamu ekitongole kya Endeece eky'okunywa enzijijira mu ngeri ey'obukyayinjaba nga eyisamu enziro ya Claus, era n'ewalimu nti obukuumi bw'empiti bw'ebirongootasaanira bukuluvumu bukuluvumu. Singa obujulizi obukyasiikiriza, endowooza ya Ginsburg ejulibwa “mu ku produce Clauss Clausch (empeer Reformation Revolution) olw'ensonga enkulu n'ensonga enkulu ey'envumi

Embeera Eriwo Kati: Kiki Ekikyamalirizibwa?

Kati ebyo byonna bituuse ku nsi nnyingi eziriwo leero era nga bisobola okulaga embeera eriwo leero:

  • [[AKMENTI:0] Mpulkuteeramu eya bulijjo:[ Ennamba zonna enkulu (enkola eya tekinnyonyola, okukuba, okukuŋŋaana, okusabiriza, okuzikola ku bwereere) nazo zikkirizibwa mu bujjuvu.
  • [[AGUMENTI]] [[[AKITANDIKI]] Kino kikireetera okwongerako n'okukyusa ebiva mu [[KITONGO:]MC]Donald[[[KATANDIKI]] (2010).
  • [[AKMENTI:0]] Okuyisa Omutemwa ogw'okubiri: Tewayitizibwa; tewabaawo kkooti enkulu etegeeza ebizingirwamu. Kkooti ez'omu ntono zimenyawo, naye ensonga tezitera kujjawo.
  • [[AGUMENTI]] [[[AK'AMULALA]] Mu bujjuvu, nga mwe muli n'etteeka ery'okuvaawo.
  • [[NKULULA] [:0] [ Ebipimo ebisinga obungi bigattiddwako okuggyako etteeka ekireetera pulogulamu ([ Hurtado v. California, 1884, obukyasiivu obw'amateeka amalungi). Okwefuga we kuliko n'otaddewo akatyabaga, n'okutwala ebimenyedwa byonna biteekebwamu.
  • [[Act:0]] Omutemwa ogw'enkola eya ttix:[ Obusobozi bwonna (okuwozesebwa oba okusalibwa mu lukiiko olukulu olw'ensonga), okulagibwa kw'ensonga ezitasosola, okuyomba, okubunaanya, okukola omulimu ogw'okubulirizi) bizingiramu.
  • [[AKMENTI:0] Entegeka ey'okusala omusango tekkirizibwa mu ggwanga. Kkooti tessassaamu nkola ku masaza era ebigikomedde ku lukalala olwo biba bitegeeza “amateeka aga bulijjo” nga tezimenyawo kkooti za gavumenti.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Omutemwa ogw'okukka wakati w'empapula:[[[NKULA:1] Ekibonerezo eky'obukambwe n'ekitali kya bulijjo ([[[KITONGO:2]]] Robinson[])) ne faindiro eyitiridde ([[]]]]TMS[ 2019]) biteekebwamu omutemwa gwa kiragiro. Ekibonerezo ekiyitiridde obunene tekikyungiddwamu, wadde nga kkooti entono zikitwala nti kigibwa mu.
  • [[Act:0]] Enkyukakyuka ez'omu kkumi n'ez'okuna:[[[Akawayiro:1] Tezibaamu; entegeka zikolebwa mu kifo ky'entegeka omuntu kinnoomu.

Enjigiriza ez’Amakulu n’Engeri ez’Okunnyonnyola

Mu byafaayo byonna ebikwata ku kugatta, enjigiriza enkulu bbiri ez'okuvuganya zibadde zikyusa endowooza ez'okusalako: Kino kitegeeza nti obwenkanya bukkirizibwa. (empandika enkulu] n' [[FLT]]] era n'empandika] tesobozesa enkola eyo okubaamu byonna[[]] (ekyamala nnyo okukubirizibwa Omulangira Omulimu naye nga tewalina biyingizibwa). [FFLT:5], yalekebwawo nnyo okuva ku kiteeso mu kkooti ya leero. Enkola eno oluusi ebaamu [[5][5], ng'ekozesebwa mu ngeri entegekebwa ennyo mu ngeri ey'ensonga ez'enjawulo.[5][5][5][5][5]

Ekirala eky'okukaayana ekigenda mu maaso kikwata ku nkola ey'okulonda obukulu. Abalamuzi abamu, naddala Scalia ne Thomas, bataddeko essira ku kunoonyereza mu byafaayo ku ddembe eryatwalibwanga nga kikulu mu 1868 nga wakkiriziddwa ekiragiro eky'oku Amereka ak'ekkumi n'ena mu mwaka. Abalala, gamba nga Justice Breyer, bakkirizza enkola endala egobererwa, etwalibwa ng'eyo mu kiseera kino. Obukankano obuli wakati w'oyo asooka n'ow'omulembe gwe yamanyisa obuwandiike obutuufu bw'ensonga zeyongera okumanyisa okuleetawo enkaayanjo eziriwo.

Ennimi ez’Enjawulo ez’Okuyiga Ennyo

  • [[AKYONGERA:0] Enjigiriza ey'ekika kya Iconporation — Cornell Legiversion Institute: Okwetegereza obuntu bwonna enjigiriza, obuwayiro obufuga empandika, n'embeera eriwo kati. Kino kisingako kuyiga ku Cornell LII[
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Gitlow v v. New York — Oyez:[[FULT:1] olupapula olulina ebyuma ebifuula ennyunzi, ennukuta ezisoosa, n'ebifa ku ndowooza. Kano kakireetera okuwuliriza agumenti ku mboozi ku Oyez[
  • [[Akawayiro:0] McDonald v.Chicago — Oyez:[[NKULA]] Ebikozesebwa mu kukyusakyusa kw'empandika ey'empandika ey'ekika kya byo ebitegekebwa olw'okunaana n'okugatta ekiba kitegekedwa. Esingako ku 'Oyez'
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA] Timbs v. Indiana – SCOTUSblog:[[FOLT:1] Kino kisobozesa ebifissi okubyekenneenya ebirengo eby'enyombedde ne bifuuka bitundu bya kompyuta. Active SCOUSBURlog[
  • [[AGUMENTI]] Ekiragiro kino kiwandika ebiri mu tterekero lya United States – National TTEREKERO:[[KATANDIKWA]]

Olugero: Ekinunulo Ekiva mu Kukolokota

Olugendo lw'enkiiko enkulu olw'okuva ku kugaana gavumenti okujjuza Bill of Rights yonna n'okugimalako, lukiikirira enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi mu mateeka ga Amereka. Ssazeekeera eno ekakasa nti eddembe erya bulijjo (eddembe ery'okwogera, okutendeka eddiini, eddembe ery'okutambula, obukuumi bw'okunoonyereza n'okubonereza okw'obukambwe kwenkanankanankana ne okugatta ekibonerezo ekiba kijjuzibwa mu Amereka. Amasaza ago gayinza okubaamu ebitundu bya Amereka abantu bonna ne kitaba na mbeera ki. Wadde nga waliwo enkyungi ebiteeso ebisigala nga teby'etateekebwamu (okusingira ddala etteeka ekkulu ery'okusala omusango n'okusala omusango omugabizigizigi ku ddyo), enkola ey'okukukuuma eddembe eri mu ggwanga eri eri eri mu mateeka. Enkomereromeeri mu biseera eby'omu maaso kiyinza okumanyisa oba okuzibya ekkomera mu n'enjigiriza y'enjigiriza za tekinnoomulembedde mu Amereka. Ate, egoberera ekiwandiiko by'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'enkola y'en