Entebe y’Okusumulula Emiryango mu Amereka: Okutegeera Ebiva mu Kukyusa Endagaano ku Kiwandiiko

Ebiri mu kibala kya Amerika bikwatagana bulungi n'enkyukakyuka ezikoleddwa mu mateeka era ne bigobererwa mu 1791. Okuva Bill of Rights bwe yakkirizibwa mu 1791, buli nzivuunula yakolebwa eyinza okuba nga yagaziyizza oba okulongooseza eddembe ly'abantu abawakanya gavumenti, nga bwe kiteeberezebwa obukujju enjawulo obubadde bukosezza eddembe ly'obuntu eryasse mu ggwanga. Okutegeera obusosoze obwo si kye kintu ekikulu mu kutegeera obutuufu bw'amateeka obwa bulijjo eddembe ly'abantu ek'omu kiseera kino kwe lirina okuyimirira. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola ennyo ebiruubirirwa by'ensonga ezisinga obungi ebireeseetezza eddembe ly'eggwanga mu Amerika, okwekenneenya entegeka zaabwe, n'enkola zaabwe, era n'ebigo eby'entebe z'eggwanga.

Olugendo olw'okukyusa eddembe ly'abantu okuyitira mu nkyukakyuka ezikolebwa mu mateeka luva ku kukulaakulana okw'enkyukakyuka mu nkola y'amateeka, entalo ez'amaanyi mu by'obufuzi, era n'okufuba okukyekenneenya okuteekawo ebisuubizo ebireetebwa enzijizo ez'okwefuga. Okuva ku kumalibwawo kw'obuddu okutuuka ku bukuumi bwenkana n'okugaziwa kw'eddembe ly'okulonda, buli kitongole eky'okulonda kiba kitegeeza nti obumenyi bw'amateeka bweyongera okugezesa enzivuunula enzivu mu Amerika. Bwe twekenneenya enzivuunula zino ez'amateeka, tulaba amaanyi agali mu kukyuka kw'amateeka era n'obusobo obuzzewo mu bulamu.

Ebiwandiiko eby’Eddembe: Obukuumi Obwasooka obw’Eddembe

Wadde nga yateekebwawo mu 1791, enkola kkumi eyasooka okutereeza enzivuunula y'amateeka ga Amereka, nga ze zimanyiddwa nga Bill of Rights(*) eyatandikawo obukuumi obw'enkomeredde ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu erireme okufugibwa gavumenti. Wadde nga okutereezebwa kuno tekwateekebwa butereevu ng'entegeka z'eddembe ly'abantu, baateekawo omusingi gwagobererwa watawandiika wa ntalo. Bill of Rights yazaalibwa mu ttwale ery'entintintinti ya Anti-Féderali nga teyetaazesembyewo bukakafu bumala ku ddembe ly'abantu kinnoomu. James Madison, nga tasoose kubuusabuusa kwetongoza kwa ddembe ng'ebyo ebizingirwa mu nviirinzi.

Enkyukakyuka eziwerako ezikoleddwa mu Bill of Rights ze zikoleddwa mu kulwanirira eddembe ly’abantu era n’okugoberera amateeka ga gavumenti:

  • [[NKULU:0] Omutemwa gwa Mpeesa ogusooka: guwa obukakafu ku ddembe ly'eddiini, ery'okwogera, ery'okukuba empapula z'amawulire, ery'okukuba, ery'okukuŋŋaana awamu, n'ery'obwannannyini obw'okusaba gavumenti. Kino kye kiwandikiddwawo ebibiina ebirwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu ebitabalika, ebikkiriza bannaakirizi okutegeka, okwogera, n'okulagira enkyukakyuka. Awatali kukikola, eddembe ly'abantu lyandibadde terisobola kukolebwa.
  • [[NKULU:0] Omutemwa ogw'obusatu: gukuuma obusobozi obut'onoonyeza oba obuswaze. Mu ngeri ereetera eddembe ly'obuntu okulongoosebwa, kino kikosezza enkola y'okukwata abasosoze mu langi n'okutulugunya obutulukufu, naddala nga Kkooti Enkulu bwe kiremesezza okulaba emitindo gy'amateeka n'ebitundu ebya buli muntu kinnoomu.
  • [[NKULULA] [-0] Omutemwa ogw'okusatu: kikakasa obwannannyini obw'amateeka era ne kikukuuma obutatwalibwa ng'obuteeyisa. Kino kireetebwawo nnyo mu kukyusa mu nkola z'amateeka okusobola okugonjoolereza abawandiisi, naddala ku bikwata ku kwenenya n'okuyisa obulungi abo ababa baba bakoseddwa ka babe nga ba langi ki oba nga ssente zaabwe teziwali.
  • [[NKULULA]] Omutemwa ogw'okukka wakati w'ekirabo: Okusasuza amasawo agasingako obunene, okusasula enzivvuunula, n'okubonereza okw'amaanyi era okw'omusokerwa. Kino kikwatagana bulungi nnyo n'enkaayana ezikwata ku kusibibwa okw'ekika ekya nnamba, ekibonerezo ekyasalirwa ekibonerezo ekibalirirwamu, n'ekibonerezo eky'okuttibwa kwenkanankanankanankanankanankanankana `/all' kwe kibawa ensonga ezikwata ku n'ennamba ez'ennambalo z'eggwanga n'abantu.

Wadde nga Bill of Rights yatandika kukwata gavumenti y'ensi eyo yokka, oluvannyuma olukalala lw'ebiwandiiko 14 olw'okukyusa Emirimu gino (Created Process Claus') "esinga obungi ku bukuumi obwo eri gavumenti n'abantu nga kiyitira mu kugatta ekifo ekimu.

Ebigambo Ebitongozebwa: Eddembe n’Obutuuze Bikendeeza ku Buwanguzi

Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo Omunaana, enkyukakyuka ssatu zaakyusa Amateeka era n'amakulu g'obutuuze bwa Amerika.

Omutemwa ogw’Ekkumi n’Esatu: Enkomerero y’Obuddu Obukkirizibwa mu Mateeka

Mu mwaka gwa 1865, Enziji z'amateeka 13 zaamalawo obuddu n'okulagira obuddu obwabanga buteekeddwawo obwali buteekeddwawo ku muntu oyo okuggyako ekibonerezo eky'okuzza omusango gw'omumenyi w'amateeka. Ebiwandiiko bino ebyangu naye nga byewaggula byasumulula abantu ng'obukadde buna mu Afirika abaali bafuuse abaddu era ne bigaana ekibiina ekyali kyawula eggwanga okuva lwe kyatandikibwawo. Consementments yayisibwa mu Jjanwali 1865 era n'etongozebwa gavumenti mu mwaka ogwo, ne zigifuula enteekateeka eyasooka eya Amerekawo.

'O'smenti ey'ekkumi n'okusatu' yaleetawo okusoberwa okwavaamu ebizibu eby'amaanyi. Gavumenti ez'omu bukiikaddyo zaateekawo mangu "Balangira Tteeka" ebyazzanga emisango emitono ennyo, ne kiviirako abantu b'omu Afirika okukwatibwa n'okukozesebwa mu buwambe okumala ebbanga ddene nga basibibwa mu kkomera n'ebibinja by'abamenyi b'amateeka. Ne leero, okugattirwa kw'amakomera n'okusibibwa kw'amateeka, tekuyinza kuba kuwa buvuzi mirimu gya maanyi.

Omuteende ogw’Ekkumi n’Ekkumi n’Ebiri mu Kibiina: Olukalala lw’Ekiwandiiko Ekikola ku Ddembe lya Kiviiri

Mu mwaka gwa 1868, enteekateeka eno ey'okuyisa mu nkola eya 1450 etwalibwa okuba nga y'etteeka erisingayo obukulu mu byafaayo bya Amerika. Ebitundu byayo bitaano birina okwogera ku ntegeka y'obutuuze, enkola esaanidde, obukuumi bwe bumu, era n'ebinaavaamu nga gavumenti tezirina busobozi bwa kulonda. Ebiba bikkiriziddwa mu kukyusa kw'amateeka agafuga ennene bye bisinziira ku ku kusalawo kwa Kkooti esinga obukulu okugaziya eddembe ly'abantu mu bungi:

  • Ekiragiro kino kilangirira nti abantu bonna abaazaalibwa oba ababeera mu Amerika bafuuse batuuze. Ekitongole kya kkooti esinga obukulu kyasendebwawo mu mwaka gwa 1857 okusala mu Dred Scott v. Sandford[ nga kilangirira nti abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaakolebwa mu Amerika ba bulijjo batuuze. Ekiragiro kino kye kiwandiikibwawo olukulembedde olukulu olw'okuteesa n'okukakaaw'obusika.
  • [[NT:0] Ekitegeeza nti omulimu gwa Claus gulina okukolebwa: Provitess zitegeeza nti omuntu yenna "obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu, tateekeddwa kufuga mu ngeri etakkirizibwa." Ekiragiro kino kikozeseddwa okussaamu ekiwandiiko ekkulu eky'Eddembe ly'eddembe mu gavumenti (okugattibwa) n'okuteekawo obusika obw'enkizo, nga mw'otwalidde n'obwo obukwata ku bufumbo n'amaka.
  • [[NKULA]] Ekirabo eky'Okukuuma Claus:[ Kikwetaagisa obuwagizi bwe bumu wansi w'amateeka okusobola okuwa abantu bonna abali mu buyinza bwabwe. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa okuwangula eddembe ly'ekiwandikiro, nga mwe muli rown v. Akakiiko k'Essomero[ (154]] akaakomekkerezebwa essomero ez'omu mateeka, ne [bergefell v. Hodges[[:5]] (20) Kino kyaleetera ekiragiro okugattibwa mu ngeri y'emu n'okugatta kwa bannannyini.

Ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'ena eky'okuyuzaamu ekiwandiikiddwa kizingiramu Ekitundu 3, ekiva mu kifo kya gavumenti yonna eyeenyigira mu bujeemu(empaka eyakolebwa oluvannyuma lw'obulumbaganyi bwa Kaggayi 6, 2021 Capitol). Okugatta ku ekyo, Ekitundu 5 kiwa Akakiiko akakwasisa enkyukakyuka okuyitira mu mateeka agaago, agasimbye etteeka ekkulu erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu nga Civil Rights Act eya 1964.

Wadde nga mu lulimi lwayo olusaanyewo, ekisuubizo kya 141 eky'okwegatta okw'obukuumi kyenkana kyabuusibwabuusibwa ennyo ennyinnyonnyola za Kooti enkulu mu nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 19, naddala mu Ennyumba ey'okuseka[ (1873] era ne [[FLT]] Plaveryv v [1866]], ekyatandikawo enjigiriza eyo nga "Ennyumba naye yenkana". Yatandika mu byasa byakati bya kyasa 20 [20] era n'okuvaawo olukyayirinyuma lwayo lwe lwali lusobola okutuukiriza obusobozi bwayo ng'obusosoze obw'okusosola.

Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Etaano: Eddembe ly’Okukolera Abasajja Abamerika Abaali Bamu

Mu 1870, Amereka ag'eky'ekkumi n'ettaano gaawera gavumenti z'ensi n'ez'ensi ya gavumenti okugaana oba okukugira eddembe ly'okulonda nga zisinziira ku "mbala, langi, oba obuddu obwali bukyali". Guno gwali mutendera gwa maanyi nnyo okusobola okulonda abantu bonna mu nsi yonna, naye gwali gulina ekkomo lya maanyi: tewaaliwo muntu yenna gwe gulina okulonda, era tewaagaana gavumenti okunoonyereza ku ku kusoma, oba okulonda emisolo, oba eby'okukozesa ebirala ebitongole ebya bannalukalala ebyagamba nti byava ku ku ku franchize ya African Americanvvocificive.

Ekiragiro eky'okukyusa enkola y'okuzza obukujju kyatandika nnyo mu kiseera eky'okuzzaawo era nga mu Amerika abasajja bangi balonda era nga balonda n'ababaka ba gavumenti z'ensi eyo.[1] Nga mw'otwalidde ne Hiramu Revels, omubaka eyasooka mu Amereka, eyatwala obukiiko mu 1870. Kyokka, okukoma kwa kookolo kwa Jim Crow mu 1877 era n'okuyitibwa kw'amateeka agamu gaagonjooza omutemu omuddo mu bukiikaddyo ekyasa nga ekyasa kya kikumi na kikumi. Okuva ku ekyo, gavumenti ez'ebukiikaddyo, zaawumba amatwaze: amarembe ge bokka ezaaterekereza bajjajja baabwe nga baakalonda mu mwaka gwa 1867, okukuŋŋaanya emisolo, n'ettemu ebyava mu bibinja byava mu bibiina by'ekutaano mu bukiikaddiriŋŋanwa eyo nga Klu Klu Klan.

Okuweerayo kw’Abakazi Omusango: Etteeka ery’Ekkumi n’Essatu

Mu 1920 oluvannyuma lw'emakumi g'emyaka egy'ekibiina ky'abakazi ab'okusiigatululwa, enziji z'amateeka 19 ziraga nti eddembe ery'okuvwoota "taligaana oba obutabbibwa Amerika oba gavumenti yonna olw'okwetaba. Kino kyalaga nti abakazi baawangula eddembe lyabwe, naye kikulu nnyo okukitegeera nti okutereeza okwo tekwajjukiriza abakazi bonna. Abakazi bannannannyini Amerika okusingira ddala baasabibwa okutuusa ku Kiragiro kya Bumasaza wa 1924, era n'abakazi ab'omu Asiya Amerika baayolekaganye n'enkugirwa z'obutuuze olw'eggwanga olw'okuva mu buwaŋŋanda. Abakazi mu Amerika, naddala mu maserenge, beeyongera okukuba obululu ng'abasajja b'Afirika nga bannamerika okutuusa nga balonda eddembe lya Amerika mu 1965.

Ekitongole eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'ekumi eky'ekkumi n'ekkumi n'emwenda kikiikirira ekibiina ekyatandika mu Nkuŋŋaana y'Abamasaza mu Seneca Falls mu 1848. Abakulembeze nga Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, era oluvannyuma Alice Paul ne Carrie Capman Catt baasala enkola ez'enjawulo, okuva ku kaweefube mu ggwanga lyonna okutuuka ku butebenkevu mu nteekateeka y'amateeka okutereeza engeri y'okulwaniriraamu n'okutereezaamu amateeka. Okulwanirira abakazi kwatandika okuzikwata n'okulwanirira eddembe ly'omunda, ng'oluusi baakolagana n'okukaaw'okukolagana n'okukkakkakkaanya. Ng'oluusi, ekitongole kya National American Woman Suffge Association kyakutula Association kyaya olusooka ne kimenyawo olusooka olw'okumenya amateeka olw'okumenya amateeka olw'okumenya essira olw'abakazi kubanga tekwanganga ebinaago ebiva mu n'enkola enviirimba z'abantu bonna.

Omutemu ogw’Amakumi abiri n’Ataano: Okulangirira Omusolo ogw’Ebikolwa by’Obulimba

Mu 1964, Empeereze ey'Amakumi abiri n'ekitundu yagaana okusasula emisolo mu kulonda. Poliisi yakozesebwa nnyo mu masaza g'ebukiikaddyo okuva ku nkomerero y'ekyasa ekya 19 okugoba abannamerika mu Afirika nga yeetaaza okusasula abaavu bangi ssente ze baali batasobola kusasula. Okutereezebwa okwo kwali kutuukiriza butereevu ebbeeso ly'obusobozi bw'okukuba akalulu, era kwayisibwa nga Congress Congress ne kiwandikings awamu n'obuwagizi obw'amaanyi nga bumaze emyaka mingi nga bannaaw'okulonda.

Wadde nga Amakumi abiri n'ekitundu eky'obukasaamu mu kifo kino, oluvannyuma kkooti enkulu yasalawo mu ku ludda olumu. Virginia State Board of Ecountations (1966) nti okulonda kwali kusasula kwa buteetongodde mu gavumenti wansi wa desikiti ey'okulonda mu nteekateeka ya Claus aw'okutongozaamu aka Draamma. Ekiragiro kino kyasibawo ekikongo ekigo ekisobozesa enkyungizo eky'okula emisolo egya bulijjo. Ekiragiro kyagobererwa mu Amerika mu bululu mu bukiikaddisi y'ebukiikaddyo ate nga kiri nti mu bunene, wadde nga kyatwala etteeka erisingako awra akakwakulizo ak'omulembedde aka 1965·toota k'okukuba obululu.

Omusango: Atteeka erikwata ku ddembe ly’obuntu eryakolebwa mu 1965

Wadde nga si mukutu gwa mateeka, Olukiiko Olukulu olw'entegeka ya Baibuli mu 1965 oboolyawo kye tteeka erisingayo obukulu mu byafaayo by'Amerika erikwata ku ddembe ly'obuntu era likwatagana n'ebyo ebiva mu kukyusa amateeka ga gavumenti. Omusango gwayisibwa okukwasisa enkumbo z'obukuumi bw'ekkumi n'enkumi n'etaano ez'okukyusaamu era n'okuggyawo emitendera egitali gimu egyaviirako okuteresebwa kw'eddembe okumalawo ddala ekiseera eky'ekyasa kimu. Gwalimu enteekateeka enkulu nga:

  • [[NKULA] 5:[[AK'AKALULA] Kyali kyetaagisa amawanga mangi okusala politi n'okutongoza mu ngeri eya bulijjo ("precreenicean") nga tannakyusa mateeka oba enkola zaago ez'okulonda. Ekiragiro kino kyayamba nnyo okuziyiza enkyukakyuka mu kulonda.
  • [[Act:0] Okulonda 2:[[[Act:1] kwakkiriza enkola yonna ey'okulonda eviirako okusosola mu langi, langi, oba olulimi olutono.
  • [[Akawulu:0] Abakessi: be baakkiriza gavumenti okubawandiisa abavozi mu bitundu abakungu b'omu kitundu gye baagaana.

Mu kakwate akalaga nti omuwendo gwa bavvuunuli ba ddembe gwakulaakulanye nnyo mu kulonda n'okubeegattako. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Missississippi, omuwendo gwa bavwoota aba Afirika abasaanira gwava ku 6.7% mu 1964 okutuuka ku 59.8% mu 1967. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu eya 2013 yasala olukalala olw'ekika kya Shelby County v. Raker yasala olukalala olw'ekitongole ekitongoze ekifuga ekitongole 5, era ne kikomya ekyetaagisa okukkomya ekkomo eri'okulonda. Okuva bwe wayitawo emyaka mingi, gavumenti nnyingi zitaddewo enzirese enziresezza etteeka erikwata ku ku ku ku ku kusalawo okw'ekibiina ekitegekebwa ekipya.

Okukyusa Endowooza n’Okufuba Okweyongera

Wadde nga tewabaddewo nkyukakyuka empya ezikoleddwa ku lukalala olwo okuva mu 1992 (Enzijigiriza ya Masanyu n'Ekkumi n'Esanvu ekwata ku musaala ogukolebwa ku ntegeka), okulwanirira eddembe ly'abantu kweyongera mu mateeka, mu kusalawo kwa kkooti, n'enkola z'abantu. Ebirowoozo ebimu ebiteesoozeddwa bikyaliwo mu mpaka z'eddembe ly'abantu ez'omu kiseera kyaffe:

Ekitongole Ekikola ku Ddembe (ERA)

Wadde ng'ensi 38 zaayongezayo, ekiseera ekigereke eky'okuzza ensawo zaayo kyayita, era n'ennamateeka zeeyongera okuzirwana oba nga zikyayinza okutwalibwa ng'enkola emu ku Mateeka. ERA kye kimu ku ebyo ebivunaanibwa abawaasaanyizo ab'ekikula okusobola okwenkanankanankana, naddala okusinziira ku misango egyasalibwa mu kkooti esinga obukulu, eddembe ery’okuzaala n'ebyekulwanyisa abantu ab'engeri endala ze zireeteddwawo.

Etteeka ery’Amakumi abiri n’Essatu

Mu 1971, enkyukakyuka eno yaleetera emyaka gy’okulonda okulekera awo 18.

Obuzibu Obuva ku Lukiiko

Ensonga ezikwata ku ddembe ly'abantu mu biseera bino zeeyongera okuleetawo ebibuuzo ebiyinza okuviirako okulongoosebwa oba okutaputa obulungi eddembe ly'abantu nga bino.

  • LBT+ eddembe: Ebirengo bya kkooti enkulu ku bufumbo obw'obukaba (bergefell[]) era n'okusosola mu mirimu ([Bostock v. Clayton County]) kigaziyizza eddembe ly'abantu, naye abawagira enkola etali ya gavumenti egenda mu maaso n'okuteekawo amateeka agagigigigisobozesa okuzza ku by'obuzaawuluza.
  • [[NKUMBO:0] Ennamba ez'okukusiimula bwe zimala okuzuukusa [[NKULA] Shelby County[[FULT:3], waliwo kaweefube ow'okuzzaawo akakwakkulizo ak'enkwaso ez'entegeka nga wateekebwawo etteeka enzijjuvu, nga John Lewis Voting Advation Act.
  • [[NKULA]] Okukyusaamu kw'amateeka: ['Emperakusaamu ey'ekkumi n'okusatu okuggyako okukozesebwa mu makomera, ekiwere, etteeka ery'okuyisa ettuluba ery'emirundi etaano ku kibonerezo ekitakkirizibwa, n'eky'okuna ekifuga enneyisa ya Amereka erikugira okusala emisango mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya okugattika obusosoze bwonna obuva mu langi n'okusosola okw'ebiragiro.
  • [[NKULULA]] Ddembe eriva mu ggwanga eririmu: Omutemwa ogw'ekikumi ogwa 14 ogwa Claus gusobeddwa abo abagezaako okukomya obusika eri abaana abatuuze abatali ba nukuta, wadde nga abeekenneenya eby'amateeka bakkiriziganya nti ebigambo ebyo bikwata ku bantu bonna abazaalibwa mu Amerika ka babe nga ba ggwanga ki.

Ekibuuzo ekiwedde: Omulimu gw’Okukyusa Ekiwandiiko ky’Ekkomera

Ekiragiro ekikyusaamu amateeka mu Amerika kikiikirira ebimu ku bintu eby'amaanyi ebituuka ku mateeka mu nsi. Okuva ku lukalala lw'eddembe era n'okuva ku kuganzibwa kw'entegeka okuzza ebisookebwa mu kyasa ekya 20, buli nzivumeera zikiikirira okuwangula okw'obwenkanya n'okwenkanankana. Kyokka, enjawulo eriwo wakati w'ebisuubizo n'ebintu ebibaddewo mu mateeka egenda bibaawo esigala nga y'ekyavaawo nga zzaabuvu mu kulonda, omukisa ogw'eby'enfuna okulonda, oba ogw'okukkiririnnyirizaamu.

Ebiremwawo bino bya maanyi nnyo ng'obwetaavu bw'abantu n'ebitongole ebikola okusobola okugobererwa. Nga n'okussaawo kwa kooti ey'oku ntikko nga bwe kukyuka mu ngeri endala era nga n'okusoomooza okuppya bwe kujjawo, amakulu g'enkyukakyuka zino gakyeyongera okujjawo nga bannyonnyola amakulu g'ebigambo n'obukwasi bw'amateeka. Okutegeera ebyafaayo n'obulagirizi bw'amateeka bino byetaagisa eri omuntu yenna eyenyigidde mu kulwanirira eddembe ly'obuntu leero. Olugendo lweyongera era n'okutereezebwa kw'ebintu byeyongera bisigala nga omusingi era nga bikubiriza obufumbo obutuukiridde.

Ku kukyusa kw'amateeka okwogerwako wano, genda ku National Tribuctives ku zikyusaamu eza gconstround ne '] ACLU's Ebiwandiiko by'Ebiwandiiko bya DGU[. Okusobola okweyongera okuyingiza obusokero obw'enkomeredde mu kiwandiiko eky'entegeka ez'omu mateeka, [[FLT:]], olukalala lw'enkyukakyuka mu by'enkalakkalira y'enkola y'empandika y'empandika eya Crounicration luwagira olumu empandika ez'omuwendo. olukalala oluvanyunzi lw'ennamba ezikola mu ngeri ey'okusengeka obugazi.