Table of Contents
Ekiragiro kya Amereka ekyateekebwawo mu 1788, nga kyakkiriziddwa mu 1788, kyatandikawo enkola ya gavumenti ya Amereka. Kyokka, abo abaali bagoberera ekiwandiiko ekyo baakitegeera nti ekiwandiiko tekijja kuba kimala okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu mu biseera ebikyukakyuka. Nga kikyusa mu nkola eyayogerwako mu Katundu V, Constitution eyo kyeyongera okugonjoola ensonga enkulu ezikwata ku ddembe, enjawukana, n'obwenkanya. Okulongoosebwa kw'amateeka kwe kukozesezza nnyo okusobola okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu, okugonjoola obutali bwenkanya mu byafaayo, era n'okugaziya ekisuubizo kino kinnyonnyola ebiruubirirwa ebikulu ebireeteezza eddembe ly'abantu mu Amereka, okuva ku ddembe ery'okukubagatibwa kw'enkaasaze ku ddembe ly'okukuba amagoba n'enkola.
Ekiwandiiko Ekikwata ku Ddembe: Omusingi Oguviirako Abantu Okununulibwa Buli Omu
Ebisooto ekkumi ebisooka, ebimanyiddwa nga Bill of Rights, byasabibwa nga Ddesemba 15, 1791. Okukolebwa kwabwe kwali kukwata ku by'obuteesoososoogo Anti-Federalist mu mpaka za bannabyabufuzi. Bangi baatya nti gavumenti ey'amaanyi yandinyoomye eddembe eryazuulibwa mu Nkyukakyuka. James Madison, mu kusooka eyali abuusabuusa etteeka erikwata ku ddembe, yawagira enzivumbo mu lukiiko olusooka. Ekiwandiiko ekyo kisinga kukwata ku gavumenti y'e Diguliyo.
Omuteende Ogutannaba kuwerebwa: Ejjinja Erikozesa Enjogera
Ekitongole kino kiziyiza eddembe ttaano ekkulu: eddiini, olulimi, olukuŋŋaana. Kiziyiza Congress okutandikawo eddiini oba okuzannya omuzannyo gwa kugiwa, era kikakasa nti kirina eddembe ery'okwogera, okufulumya, okukuŋŋaana awamu, n'okunoonya gavumenti. Ebiwandiiko bya kkooti esinga obukulu bisobola okukkirizibwa mu New York Times Co. Sulligal[[FLT:]] v. Sulligal[[FLD:1]] [1964]) yateekawo obukuumi obw'amaanyi okusobola okwogera, nga [[FL:] Kino kireetawo oludda oluseetuka olw'okugatta.[FFLT][FF:][3] [FLT]]
Emisingi Egyasembayo: Eddembe ly’Okutambula n’Emikono
Ekitongole eky'okubiri ekiwerezza ku Amerika kilangirira: "Akakiiko akategekebwa obulungi akakwasibwa Militia, nga ke kalina obwangu bw'abantu okubeera n'okukuuma n'okusitula emmundu zaagootaanye. Nnyinyonnyola za Amerika zikutte amateeka amanene n'amateeka agafuga ekitundu. Ennungi. Ennukuta ez'omu kiseera kino zirina okumanyibwa ennyo olw'obutebenkevu n'olw'enkyukakyuka mu Divercion of Columbia v. [2008], ekyasiirkkomya ekiragiro eky'okufuga n'okumenya amateeka mu Washington, D.C., ne [c5].City of Chicago [FFFFF:] [20], ekyassancelk'enyisi, ekyassa mu mateeka ag'okubiri, n'okuva mu mateeka, n'okuva mu n'okuva mu n'okuva mu n'okuva mu n'okuva mu n'okuva mu n'okuva mu
Omuteende ogw’okusatu: Okutwala Abasirikale
Wadde nga tekitera kukkirizibwa, Ekiwandiiko eky'okusatu kigaana abajaasi okukkirizibwa mu maka gaabwe nga batkiriziddwa nnannyiniyo.
Okugayirizibwa okw’Okuna: Okwekuuma Abantu n’Obusobozi bw’Okunoonyereza
K'okaseera, Abasumulula Amereka okukuuma okusobola okuziyiza okuyingira mu bantu, amayumba, empapula, n'ebivaamu. Kkooti Supper Court ewandisizza eby'okwerinda ebyana eby'okwerinda mu mikutu gya kompyuta, naddala mu Riley v. California [2014] [2014] [ewakkiriza nti abapoliisi beetaaga olukusanya we luwandikiro olw'okukebera sistemu okukwatibwa. Surveillance Programume, ereading'okukoma n'okukoma n'okuwandiika ebibauti, era n'okweyongera okukebera ekiwandiiko ebirengo eby'okusiikirwawo.
Okutereezebwa kw'okutaano: Kiruubirirwa n'obuteefuga
Mu Amereka ey'okutaano mulimu obukuumi obutali bumu: olukiiko olukulu olw'abalamuzi olw'emisango egy'amaanyi egyakolebwa gavumenti, okukuuma obusosoze ku kabi ak'emirundi ebiri, okukugira okuwalirizibwa, okukakasibwa nti etteeka erikugira okufuna ebintu ebyabwe awatali kusasula. Etteeka eryandireese likozesebwa mu misango egizingiramu enkola z'eby'eby'enfuna, ebiragiro eby'eby'enfuna, n'obufumbo obw'ekikulaakula, obutuufu obw'okwerowoozaako ffekka. Enkizo ey'okwewandiisa mu mateeka era n'okugattibwa mu ngeri y'emu ey'ekikolwa eky'obumenyi bw'amateeka, kyogerwako nnyo mu kulabula kwa Miranda.
Omutemwa ogw’omukaaga: Eddembe ly’Okwogera n’Obwannabbi
Ekitongole ky'amateeka eky'ensi yonna kikakasa nti omusango gulina okuwozesebwa mangu, oba okusalirwa omusango mu ngeri eteri ya bwenkanya. Era kikakasa nti omuntu alina okutegeezebwa, okuwa obujulizi, okuwaliriza abajulizi okuwa obujulizi n'okubawa amagezi mu by'amateeka. Eddembe ery'okubuulirira lyagattibwa mu Gideon v. Wainwr [1963], nga liteekeddwa okuwa abawaabi b'abawaabisosososo mu kkooti.
Okumeeta mu Mitendera egy’Omusanvu: Okugezesebwa kw’Abalamuzi
Ekitongole ekyo kikugira abalamuzi okuddamu okwekenneenya ebyo ebiba bizuuliddwa. Wadde nga si byangu, abo abakiwa bakkiriza nti ebiwandiiko by'amateeka basinziira ku kkooti enkulu, abo abakitandikawo bakitwala nti okusala emisango kiba kyekubiira era ne kikuuma abantu obutabaako kye basalawo okusinziira ku ndowooza yaabwe.
Okuweerera Omunaana: Obukambwe n’Okubonerezebwa okw’Enjawulo
Omutemwa gwa ssenduuko ey'okukwata ebisale eby'empaka gukugira okusasulwa mu bungi, okusalirwa enziji, okusalibwa enziji, n'ekibonerezo ekitakkirizibwa. Kye kisinziirwako okusoomooza okusobola okubonerezebwa, okusalibwa ekibonerezo eky'okuttibwa, n'ekibonerezo eky'okuttibwa abaana abato, n'embeera z'omu makomera. Furman v. Georgia[197]][192]] Kkooti ya kukomya okuttibwa mu ggwanga lyonna, wadde nga oluvannyuma gavumenti zaddamu okussaawo amateeka agasinzibwa mu mateeka okutongoosa amateeka.
Oku Ameezaako Okwawukana: Enkizo Ezitakkiriziddwa
Ekitongole ekigabana obuweerero kigamba: "Okubala mu Mateeka, ku ddembe erimu, tekitwalibwa ng'okugaana oba okugoba abalala mu nnukuta." Kwalina ekigendererwa eky'okuwakanya ensonga nti okubalamu eddembe erimu kitegeeza nti gavumenti teyinza kutwala limu ku bantu. Kkooti tezitera kukozesa mukutu gwa Ninth mu kusalawo, naye ziwagira enkaayana ez'okwegattika, ez'enkola, n'enkizo endala ezikulu ebitayogerwako butereevu mu Mateeka.
Omutemu ogw’Okumi: Guteresebwa mu Amerika
Ekitongole kino kikakasa nti gavumenti tezitongodde gavumenti oba gavumenti tezikkirizibwa. Kibaamu musingi gwa gavumenti era kiyambiddwa okukoma obuyinza mu bitundu nga mu by'obusuubuzi, mu kufuga emmundu, ne mu by'obulamu. United States v. Lopez (1995] era nga kye kisazeewo eky'amaanyi kireetebwawo ku buyinza bwa gavumenti, ne kisitta omutemu gwa Gun-Free School Socials Act ku buyinza bwa gavumenti.
Ebigambo Ebizza Obuggya: Okukendeeza Obutuuze n’Okugabana kw’Abantu
Olutalo olwo lwakoma, naye kyali kyetaagisa okutereeza ebintu bisatu okusobola okuggya eddembe mu Bannamerika abaali baakava mu ddembe.Prevenment of the American Constructives (obutebenkevu bwanno obwabangawo).
Omutemwa ogw’Akasatu: Okuggibwawo kw’Obuddu
Mu Ddesemba 1865, olukalala olw'ekkumi n'okusatu lwavaawo okukkirizibwa okukozesebwa ng'omuddu okuggyako ng'ekibonerezo. Kwalimu enkyukakyuka ey'amaanyi mu mateeka ga Amerika, era nga yasumululawo abantu ng'obukadde buna abaali mu buddu. Naye, obwawuliddwawo nga “‘ okukkiriza obusibe okuba ekibonerezo eky'okutulugulwa mu mateeka, kyayisibwa gavumenti ez'omu Maserengeseera nga ziyisibwamu, enkola eyasobozesa okulembereza emirimu egy'amaanyi. Era okuleeta amateeka agafuga n'eddembe lya bantu. Ekitongole ekikwata ku by'amateeka ga Cornell School kiwagira olukalala olukwata ku ku ku nkola y'amateeka ga Social enzikko.
Omuteende ogw’Akakkumi n’Ana: Okukuumibwa n’Engeri Esaanira
Kiyinzika okuba nti, Amereka eky'okukyusaamu eky'ekkumi n'ena, yatongozebwa mu 1868, kye kikolwa ekikulu ekya ggystal okusobola okufunira abantu eddembe lya bantu. Ekitongole kyayo Noodola [[FL:0] kye kyasalawo nga zzaabuvubuka Scott[, okutegeeza abantu bonna abazaalibwa oba abaatondebwa mu United States okubeera abatuuze. Mukitundu kya Kitongole ekibadde kiwandikiro kya Bill of Rights eddivementationstions. [[FLT:][5], ekitongole ekitongole ekimanyiddwa nga kye kisinzidde mu langi ([FLT:]]]Brown.[FFG]]], ekiyinza okukkeengerako obusosoze obuva mu bitundu bino.[5][5]], obukyasiikesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesesese 'Esmu endala [FFt][3][3][3
Omutemu ogw’Ekkumi n’Etaano: Okugabira Abasajja Abaddugavu Eddembe
Mu 1870, Ekitongole ekiwerera ddala eky'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'enjawukana kyagaana okulonda abantu ab'omu Afirika olw'eggwanga, langi, oba obuddu obwali busibe. Kwali kwanguya mu bukiikaddyo bw'amateeka obwatumbulwamu abazungu okuzzaawo eb'obuyinza obwa waggulu. Wadde nga bannaawula ku by'okunoonyereza, okunoonyereza ku kusoma n'okuwandiika, okunoonyereza, eb'ennamba za baakulu, n'okutiisatiisaamu mu n'okugoba Abamerika olw'enkyukakyuka ezeesigamiziddwa ku langi. Kwatwala kumpi ekyasa ekyasooka ekyasazesemba eky'okumenya amateeka ga VoLD, n'okuzza obuteekiso n'okuzzaawo etteeka lyamu ku mateeka agafuga ennukko. Ssettukkero Sses Court County mu [Fl:] v[Fl 1] (2011:3) kye kyagoberebwa kikozesesesesese enkmentsmentsssss , ekya 'enze okuzzaawo mu 1965, ekya '19 ekitongole ekitongole ekiree
Emitendo gy’Okukyusa Ebiri mu Nkola Egigenda Ekyukakyuka: Okugaziya Demokulase n’Okusasula Omusolo
Ekyasa ekya 20 kyatandika okulongoosebwa ku nsonga z'eby'enfuna n'ez'abantu.Empeererezo ey'ekkumi n'omukaaga (1913) yakkiriza omusolo gwa gavumenti okuguwa, okukyusaamu kw'essente eza gavumenti okukulembera omusolo. Ekiwandiiko eky'okukyusa empanvu mu by'obufuzi kyali kyetaagisa okulonda ab'obuyinza mu ggwanga okwa nnamba, okukugira enkumbula y'amateeka. Omuteenteventeenth okutongola gavumenti y'eggwanga. Omutemwa gwa 18 (19191919) gwatongozebwa okuva ku kkopi eya Amakumi abiri okuva ku ku ku maddaaki).
Omutemwa gw’Ensi yonna Ogwa 19: Ogulagira Abakazi Okugaba Obuyambi
Mu 1920, olukalala lw'abasibe olw'okulonda mu Amerika lwawa abakazi eddembe ery'okulonda oluvannyuma lw'emyaka mingi egy'okugoberera enkola y'okwetaba nga Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, ne Alice Paul. Empandiika y'olupapula olwo yateekebwawo.[1] Obusobozi bw'abatuuze mu Amerika okulonda eddembe ery'okutongoza oba okugaana obuteebwa gavumenti yonna oluvannyuma lw'okunoonyereza oluvannyuma lw'empaka olw'okugoberera enkola y'okwetaba, nga buno bukulemberwa obukadde n'obukadde n'obukadde bw'abakazi ab'ebiti, naddala Abafirika n'Abannamerika, beeyongedde okuziyizibwa okumala amakumi g'emyaka. Okugoba omuwendo tekukyakkirizibwa mu lutalo olw'okwegatta era kukolebwa mu nsonga ezikwata ku ddembe lya bannafunze, nga mw'ogattifu mu n'ennambamba eziteenkanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankanankana omuwendo.
Omutemwa gw’Emisolo ogw’Amakumi abiri n’Ataano ogw’Emirundi Etaano gwagaanibwa
Mu 1964, Kkooti enkulu yawera okusala emisolo mu kulonda okwa 'Fourcents'. Okugootaanya kwali kukulu nnyo mu kugobererwa kwa poliisi mu bukiika ddyo, era nga kwakosa nnyo ebiteeso bya Afirika abangi n'abaafuna obululu. Lingright yayisa enkumbulako n'okugiwandikiro mu kiseera eky'enkomerero y'enkwaso ne kizigguka. Oluvannyuma Kkootikko yatongoza ekiragiro eky'okulonda mu [FLT: 0] Harper v. Virginia Board of EFFocts[[FLT:] [1966], okukuba obululu ng'obululu obwalimu ku kutwala misolo gy'eggwanga.
Ebifuga ebirengo by'emyaka 20 mu mwaka gwa Amakumi abiri n'ekitundu: Ebikolerwa abaakabukyusa
Mu 1971, Empeererez ey'okubiri ey'okusatu yakendeeza ddala emyaka gy'okulonda okuva ku 21 okutuuka ku 18. Kyali kikolwa kya bavubuka abaali bagamba nti bwe bamala emyaka egimala okulondebwa mu lutalo olw'omu Vietnam, baali bakulu ekimala okulonda. Okutereezebwa okwo kwayisibwa mu sipiidi ey'amaanyi. Nkumbula eyo yagootaanya emyaka nga 24 mu Maaki 1971 ne mu kiseera eky'okugoba mu bitundu ebirala mu myezi esatu gyokka. Kwalina enkyuuka y'enkyukakyuka mu kulonda, wadde ng'ekivbonongo ky'ekitooti kya bavvuuzi kya kye kiyinza okukifuula ekigo ekya waggulu ng'ebiwandiiko ebirala ebibadde nga bigenda mu myaka 16.
Okuwakana mu Kiseera Kyaffe: Okukyusa Ebizimbulukusa n’Okutasobola Kukolebwa
Wadde nga Amateeka tegakyuse okuva mu 1992 (Enzijigiriza ya Makumi abiri mu taano n'ekitundu, ekwata ku kuddaabiriza omusaala oguba guyimiriziddwa), okukubaganya ebirowoozo ku nkyukakyuka empya kweyongera. Ebiteeso eby'ebiwandiikiddwa mu nkula y'ebifaananyi eby'enjawulo biraga endowooza ku kwenkanankana, kaweefube, n'enkyukakyuka mu by'okuzimba.
Ekitongole Ekikola ku Ddembe (ERA)
Eryasooka lyatandika mu 1923, ERA lyatandika nga likakasa nti okulingana kw'enkalo wansi w'amateeka tekuyinza kuwerebwa oba okubuutikirwa olw'okwetaba. Congress yayisa ERA mu 1972, naye yagwa mu bitundu bisatu nga tekyongera kunyweza kwa buli kampeni okuva ku kiseera ekya 1982. Mu mwaka gwa 2020, Virginia yafuuka eky'ekitongole ekya 38 eky'okudda mu ravince, wadde nga wakyaliwo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kiseera ekigereke ekya ERA expand. Enkola ya ERA eyinza okuddamu okuteekebwa mu buli kaweefube ow'okusoosa. Singa essoosa, yateekawo ekkomera ku mateeka agakwata ku ku kusasula obusosoze mu by'obufaananyi mu mubiri, omulimu, n'ebifo ebirala. Okusinziira ku byafaayo bya ERA, laba ebiwandikiro bya [F:]
Kaweefube w’Enkyukakyuka mu Nkyukakyuka
Abawagizi ba kaweefube ow'okulongoosa ebitongole bya kaweefube bawa obukakafu nti okusalawo kwa Kkooti enkulu kwe K'afuga mu United n'okusalawo okusobola okukifuula okuba nga kusobola okukiikirirwa essente mu kwogera, okukkiriza obulembedde obulembedde. Okulongoosebwa kwa gavumenti kwandiwadde obuyinza ku kkampeyini era ne gavumenti okukugira engeri y'okuwaayo n'okusaasaanya ssente. Okukyusa kwa Kkoonti za Kooti za “Demu ku buli omu ku bwo obwamu obwabuli obwabulimu. Abawakanya enkola eyo ey'okugoba amagoba aga n'obubonero kusobola okumenya emisingi egyasooka egy'okukyusa ebitongole ebikola era n'amateeka agakkirizo.
Okuweerera Entegeka
Nga bagoberera Kusalawo kwa Shelby County, abawagira enkola ewawuliddwawo okukkiriza ddala obwannannyini okulonda n'okuziyiza okubunyisibwa. Ekiwerebwa nga “Okwa nnamba okulonda entegeka” kusobola okukkirizibwa okulonda mu kulonda kwonna okusinziira ku by'obugagga, okugaana abalonde okwewandiisa, n'okukukugira okusoosa okwesigamye ku ku ku kulagira abaawulibwa. Okugoba ng'okwo kujja kuteekawo ekiwandiiko eky'amaanyi ekiwandikiddwa mu gavumenti era ne kiwandikibwawo olukuuti.
Enkomerero z’Olukiiko Olukulu
Ebiragiro ab'ekkomera mu kizimbe ekyo babadde bakubaganye ebirowoozo okumala emyaka mingi. Abawagizi bawaayiriza ba desenerikiti 20. Abo abatwala ekkomo eryo bassawo esmentiss. Abawagizi baakiri olukalala baateekako ekkomo ku bamemba abo. Abawagizi baakirizi baakaka nti okulonda kuyinza okukoma nga ekkomo lya mateeka. Abawagizi baakiri nti okulonda kuyinza okukomya obulyinja oba ekkomo eriva ku mateeka. Wadde nga tewali mateeka agakireetera bannaago okukoma ku ku kuyisa gavumenti gavumenti, era nga bawa obujulizi obwa nnamaddala bulaga nti okukuba ku mateeka, n'obujulizi obwa nnamaddala busobola okugobeesa obutuufu.
Empeera: Endagaano Ennnkyukakyuka n’Ebinaabaawo mu Biseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Okununulibwa ng’Obwannamunigina
Okulongoosebwa kw'amateeka tekukoma ku bintu ebyakolebwa edda ennyo; era kukolebwa ku mirimu egigaziya amakulu g'eddembe n'enkyukakyuka. Okuva ku bukuumi bwa gavumenti ne kiwandiikiriza okuzzaawo obutuuze, okuviira ku bakazi okulonda obululu, buli nzirukanya y'obuvubuka, kiraga nti buli nzivuunula y'amateeka eteekwa okukulira mu ggwanga. Enkola y'okukyusa ebeere ya ddembe ezibu mu bugenderevu, nga kyetaagisa ebitiibwa ebitutumu mu mayumba ga kakiiko akafuzi ga gavumenti era n'okutuutibwamu ebiva ku bukulu bwa gavumenti essatu. Obuzibu obwo bukakasa nti enkyukakyuka ez'amaanyi zirina okuba ekitundu ky'amateeka agasaze. Kyokka, enkyukakyuka zikkirizibwa mu biseera nga amakumi abiri mu myaka omusanvu bwe ziyitawo, ekyo abantu bakyusizaamu.
Abamerika bwe beeyongera okukaayana ku ngeri ezisingayo obulungi ez'okukuuma eddembe ly'abantu, “‘ ka kibe nga kivudde ku nkyukakyuka empya oba nga bafunye engeri y'okunnyonnyolamu ebyafaayo ebyabangawo kati, ebiba bitegeerekeka. Amaanyi g'ebiwandiiko bya mateeka tegali mu Byawandiikibwa ebyasooka kyokka naye mu busobozi bwaabyo obw'okuddawo. Okutegeera enzivuunula ezikuuma eddembe lyaffe leero kisobozesa abantu okulwanirira obutuufu bw'amateeka obw'ennaku.