Okulingana mu ngeri eyo kusimbyewo emitindo gya demokulase mu biseera bino, naye okuvvuunula kwakwo kukyali kwa mutawaana nnyo. Ekiragiro kino kiraga bulungi obusosoze okusinga obutuufu bw'enkola nga programu ezitegekebwa okugonjoolera ddala obusosoze obw'edda nga z'esobozesa ebibiina by'abantu eby'edda okukakasibwa. Entalo ezizingirwa mu kwewandiisa okw'omu mateeka tezikola ku by'okutongoola n'okulonda obuwandisi kyokka naye era n'okumanyira ddala ekyetaagisa okulingana kw'obuntu bwo. Ekitundu kino kinnyonnyola amateeka agafuga enkola y'okutuukiriza obusokefu mu Amerika ne mu mawanga amalala amalala, era ne kireetawo obuwabuzi mu bifo ebiyinza okukkirizibwa okukkirizibwa okubutuukiriza n'okumenya amateeka ng'okumenya amateeka ng'ago.

Emirala egy’Ebyafaayo egy’Obugenyi

Enjigiriza z'obufirosoofo ez'okulingana okw'omulembe guno zisibuka ku Kumanya okw'enjawulo. Abalowooza nga John Locke baawakanya eddembe ly'enzaalwa y'abantu bonna, ate Jean-Jacques Rousseau yawakanya nti obutaawukana mu bantu okusobola okuganyula buli omu. American Declaration of Independence yalangirira nti "abantu bonna baatondebwa nga benkanankana," naye abaawandiika ebiwandiiko ekyo baagoba abakazi n'abantu abadduse mu kisuubizo ekyo. Kyatwala ebyasa bingi eby'okukaluusana, n'okusasuza emirimu gy'abakazi, n'okugaziyasa eddembe ly'okujjanjaba abo abagwanira.

Mu kyasa ekya 2016 ekyasigirwamu olukalala. Abrown v. (54) baasaanyawo olukalala lw'enjigiriza, ne bagaana enjigiriza "yawulwamu ate yenkana". Ekitongole kya Civil Rights Act ekya 1964 ekyawerebwa mu bifo ebya lukale, emirimu, n'enteekateeka eza kawerebwa. Umutwe VII ow'eteeka mu nkola eyagaana obusosoze mu mirimu egy'enjereere olw'eggwanga, langi, eddiini, okwetaba n'obukaba. Wajjawo mangu nnyo nti okukoma obusosoze mu by'enkola tekusobola kuvvuunuka bizibu bya ntegeka. Prezidanyny Lydon B. Johnson yakwata amagezi gano mu 1965 Howard University okutongola, n'annyonnyola nti totwala muntu, amaze emyaka mingi, abadde afuuliddwamuwa, era n'amuleeta mu lunyiriri olutandikira ku ggwanga era n'agamba nti, ye yeewayusizza abantu abalala mu mazima, era nti akkiriza mu mazima gonna. Kino kyewayusizza mu by'ensonga ez'ebyapupukusobozesa okuwangula mu by'eby’eby’obufuzi."

Endowooza nti Ebintu Byajjawo Byokka mu Amerika

Ekigambo "ekikakasa obutuufu bw'ekitongole" kyasooka okulabika mu Drand Relagement 11246 ekyateekebwako omukono gwa Prezidenti Johnson mu 1965. Ekiragiro kyali kyetaagisa abazimbi ba gavumenti oku "bakkirize okukola nga bwe bakkiriziganyizza" okukakasa nti abasaba n'abakozi bayisibwa bulungi awatali kusinziira ku langi, langi, eddiini, okwetaba, oba ebweru w'eggwanga. Amagyeedenti gaasindikibwa ku ttabi ly'e Federal Contract Compaliance Programs. Mu myaka egiddako, enkssz'okukkiriza okukolebwa ku by'enjigiriza ebya waggulu, enkcuanymentations, n'obuteesoosommu obw'enjawulo.

Olw’okuba enkalala z’enjawukana ezisigiddwa ku mateeka zigobeddwa ku kkooti enkulu, mu kitabo The Ecult Protection Claus of the 14neth Amendment, okusobola okukakasa enkola z’amateeka ziteekwa okuba nga zisikiriza gavumenti era nga zikoleddwa okusikiriza abantu.

Okusalawo okw’Oku Kkooti Enkulu

Alipoota eziwerako ziraga omuwendo gw’abantu abakkirizibwa mu Amerika okukkiriza okukola ekintu ekimu:

  • Ekirabo ekya Yunivasite ya California v. Bakke[FLT] (1978]): Mu kusalawo okwawulamu kkooti, yakitwala nti obutundutundu bw'enjawukana tebwava mu mateeka naye nnamba ya langi esobola okutwalibwa ng'emu ku nsonga lwaki abantu bangi bakkiriza. Omulamuzi Lewis Powell yannyonnyola emiganyulo gy'enjigiriza.
  • [[NT:0] United Selwood v. Weber (1979): Kkooti yawagidde kyeyagalire okussaawo enkola ey'okukkiriza ebifo ebitendekebwamu okusobola okutendeka abasomi abangi. Yazuula nti omutwe VII tewaasala dda kitongole ku nkola ezikoleddwa mu biseera eby'emabega ezibadde zitwalibwa ng'ekiseera obuseera era tewaayiriza bannakyewa kukyusa ddembe ly'abakozi abazungu lye balina.
  • City of Richmond v.J.A.C.C. Co (1989): Kkooti yakuba kampuni emirundi egisukka mu gumu mu kifo kya kampuni ewandikiddwa abazimbi batono nnyo. Yagoberera obujulizi obulaga obutuufu obw'edda obw'okusosola mu langi nga tebannanoonya eddagala eriyinza okukozesebwa.
  • [[NKULA] v. Bollinger [2003]): Kkooti eyo yawa obukakafu nti enjawukana zikulu nnyo mu buyigirize obwa waggulu. Yawagira enkola eya Kkolero lya Yunivasite ey'omu Michigan Law School ey'omu ssaza erya Michigan, eyatwala okukkirizibwa mu nkalala lw'eby'enjawukana nga "pluctor" obutakozesa butundu obutono obwa bulijjo.
  • [[NKULA]] Grazer v. Bollinger [2003]): yasalawo olunaku lwe lumu n'olw'olwo [ Olupapula lw'awamu, kkooti lweyasattulula ku sistemu eya yuniversite ey'oku Michigan ey'okuk'ebiwandikiro, oluva mu'enjjulufu gye luwandikira obutundu okuva mu biwandikiro ebigerekedwako. Enkola ya 'PUPUPU' teyagibwakolangako.
  • Fisher v. Yunivasite ya Texas (2013, 2016): Kkooti esooka yagamba nti kooti entono tezesemba kimala. Ku mulundi ogw'okutaano, olusemba olukumbo lwawagira enkola y'okukkiriza abantu ab'enjawukana mu ttivviiri za Texas, era ne Kkooti enkulu ewa obukakafu nti okuba nti okuba n'obusosoze mu langi ez'enjawulo kiyinza okusobozesa abantu okuzikkiriza okuzikkiriza okukola nga bwe kiba nga bwe kiragiddwa nti empaka zino tezisobola kuwa bukakafu nti empalo.[1] Singa enzigiro za yuniversiteesi tezisobola kubaako waawuka owa bulijjo.
  • Abanosoozesezza ku Fair Adacts v. Harvard & UNC (2023): Mu kusalawo okwakyusa ennyo enkyukakyuka ku nsi, kkooti yasalawo nti okukakaatika ekiwandikiro ku ttendekero kissa essira ku kukkirizibwa mu kutongooza enkola ya Claus aw'okutongoza ebikolebwa mu yunivasite. Abasinga obungi baakiri nti okutongoza programu ku Harvard ne ku Yuniva mu North Carolina tebyanguyira ddala kutuukiriza bulungi era tekuteekako bigendererwa ebyandibaddemu, byakozesa langi ng'enjereere mu nsonga ezimu, era nga byeyongeramu endowooza z'ebiva mu langi. obuvunaanyizibwa obw'okukkaafu mu kompuuti ezikkirizibwa okusobola okukebera amacala enziro.

Kkooti eno eraga engeri enkola z'enjawukana ez'enkula okukka wansi gye zigobereddwa ennyo mu kkooti, nga mu kusalawo kwa 2023 kwalaga nti omuntu takyasobola kukyusa langi.

Obutakkaanya mu Kuwakana

Okukaayana okukwata ku kweraga nti kituufu kuba kukontana wakati w’okwolesebwa okubiri okw’obwenkanankana: ekimu kiggumiza obwenkanya n’ebigwanira, ekirala okulingana okukkirizibwa mu ngeri ekkiriza ebiwandiiko.

Emboozi Ezeeyambisibwa

Abawagizi bawa ensonga enkulu eziwerako:

  • [[NKUMBO:0] Ekiragiro ekifuga enkola ey'obwenkanya:[ Ekikolwa eky'ekiragiro kiyamba mu kugonjoola ebiva mu nkolanga ey'emabega. Kubanga obusosoze bwaleetawo ebizibu ebiva mu by'obugagga, eby'obuyigirize, ne ku mikutu egikolagana n'abantu, okukomya obusosoze mu biseera eby'omu maaso tekifuula kifo kya waggulu eky'okusososolwa.
  • [[Act:0] Enkola ey'okuleetawo enjawulo mu by'enjigiriza: Mu ngeri y'obuyigirize, ebisobozo ebitali bimu biyamba mu kunoonya ensobi mu bantu, okukendeeza ku ndowooza za basooti, era n'okuteekateeka abayizi basobole okukola mu bungi bw'omulimu. Kkooti Kino kyaleetera abayizi okukiraba nti okuganyula.
  • [[NKULA] Ebyokulabirako ebiragiddwa mu bantu era n'ebitongole ebirala: Ebyongerayo obutundutundu obutali bubadde bukozesebwa busobola okuganyula obuwangwa bw'abato era n'okugaziya emikutu gy'abakugu egiyinza okulemesa okuvvuunuka obuzibu.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKI] Akawayiro aka '-' kalina ennamba z'enkola eza bulijjo'enkola eya bulijjo'empandika eya [[FUT:1] eziraga nti abantu abali mu kitundu ekyo bassibwamu obwesige n'enkola ey'okukiwayira ddala.

Empaka ez’Okulwanyisa Obunafu bw’Omuntu

Abaziyiza basimba bifo ebiwerako:

  • [[AKMENT:0] Okusosola mu langi:[ Amateeka agafuga obutamanya byonna] gayinza okulemesa abantu abatali mu bibiina ebiba biwandiikiddwa, ne kiba nga kiyinza okumenya enkola ya Claus eya Claus.
  • [[Act:0] Obusobozi n'ebyo ebiba bituuse ku buwanguzi: Abawakanya bagamba nti bwe babaako kye bawangudde nga basinziira ku bisaanyizo ebikolebwa ku kibiina, kibamalako omukisa. Kino kiyinza okutakwatagana wakati w'abayizi n'ebibiina, ne kiba nga kiremesa enkola eyo okugonjoolera obuwagizi.
  • [[Act:0]Stigma:[ Singa okkiriza, oyinza okubuusabuusa ebisaanyizo bya bavubuka banno ne bakozesa, era ne weewaawo okubuusabuusa ng'okwo.
  • [[Act:0] Abantu abamu bawakanya ebika by'enjawukana ez'enjawukana:[ Bawakanya nti okukola ekyo kinyweza enjawukana mu langi era kikontana n'ekigendererwa ky'abantu abatamanyi langi n'ebyo ebikolebwa mu langi.
  • [[Act:0] Empandika ezisookedwako:[ Abaziyiza batera okusekerera enkola ey'okussawo enzijjuvu mu biyingizibwa oba mu mbeera z'eby'enfuna. Bagamba nti okulemererwa mu by'enfuna kisingako okuleetawo enjawukana mu langi yokka.

Engeri Endala ey’Okukulaakulanyamu Okuba ow’Ekisika

Wadde nga 2023 tewannaba kusalawo ku Kkooti ey'oku ntikko, kampuni ezimu zaatandika okunoonyereza ku langi eziyinza okukozesebwa mu bifo ebirala mu nsi ezitali zimu.

  • Ebirowoozo ebiva ku nfuna y'obukkuse: Ebirondebwa gamba nga University of California, eyawerebwa okulowooza ku langi nga Position 209 mu 1996, bikozese enteekateeka eziwa abayizi abaagalira ddala okufuna ebifiibwako nga emirundi 76, abayizi abasooka mu mitendera egitali gimu, n'abayizi okuva mu bitundu ebisaanyewo.
  • Enteekateeka ez'okumpi: Ezitali zimu nga mwe muli Texas, Florida, ne California, zikoppye enfuze ezikakasa okukkirizibwa mu yunivasite eza gavumenti okwegatta ku yunivasite ezikola obulungi okuva ku buli siniya(an) enkola esobozesa essomero okuteeka obuyigirize obwa waggulu mu nkula y'enjawukana mu by'enfuna ne mu langi.
  • [[Act:0] Ebitundu bingi kati bitendeka abo abayingira mu magye olw'enjawukana ez'enjawulo okusobola okwekenneenya ebibakwatako nga basinziira ku mbeera ez'obulamu bwabwe.[1] Mu ebyo ebyabanga biwaliriziddwa nga tebisinziira ku nkula y'enkola eyo, obutundu obusooka bugamba nti abakungu baawerera ddala bannaabwe mu bya bulijjo.
  • [[Akawayiro:0]] Okugaziya piyipu eyo nga kiteekamu ssente mu masomero ne mu biwaawaatwa, kisobola okwongerako enkyuka mu ngeri gye basuubiramu abo abaagala okufuna obusosoze obw'ekika kya langi nga tebasoose kutegeera makulu gaabyo.

Okunoonyereza okumu kulaga nti okuteekateeka okusobola okuleetawo obusosoze mu langi ez'enjawulo, abantu aba langi ez'enjawulo ku buli kikumi tebakkiriza kugoberera langi ezizingirwamu.

Endowooza Abantu mu Nsi Yonna Gye Balina ku Kikolwa eky’Okukola ku Kigero eky’Okufaanagana

Amawanga mangi gagoberedde enkyusa zaago, nga gawa obujulizi ebyafaayo n’obulombolombo bw'amateeka.

South Africa

Oluvannyuma lw'okukoma, South Africa yateekawo enkola eya Prough Equity Act mu 1998, ekwetaagisa abakozesa okukomya enkola ezikkirizibwa ku “bibinja ebyassibwawo".""] ABABUGANDA, Abalawundi, Abayindi, abakazi, n'abantu abaliko obulemu. The BroadÍbax Black Economic Ecementmentmentmentmentmentmentmentment (BBBEE) eyongera ku by'okwaniriisa, okukuza obukugunja obukugunja, n'okugula obukugunjufu. Kkooti ya South Africa ewatuufu y'ence ekko ek'empanombe liwagira enkola zino, naye nga bakitegeera nti boogera ku by'obusika obusosoze obw'eggwanga. Kyokka, abawakawawaakiribwa bagamba nti Bbanga bee baganyulwa mu kibiina eky'enjawulo era nga tebatuuse ku bannaakulaakulaakulaakula.

Buyindi

Ekiragiro kino kibadde kigoberera enkola ya Buyindi ey'okuteeka mu kkomo. Kkooti enkulu ey'omu Buyindi yalagira nti wabeewo “akasolya”, nga tewateekebwawo abo abali mu bibiina ebiterekeddwawo abatuuse ku nkulaakulana mu by'enfuna. Enteekateeka eno esigala nga tewaliimu kkomo lya bannabyabufuzi, nga era nga n'abalala bagamba nti kkooti enkulu ey'e Buyindi eteekeddwa okuteekawo olusosokero mu“ssolya lwa siri nga mwetaafu. ”

Brazil

Mu mwaka 2012, Omukulembeze wa Bulaaya Dilma Reusseff yassa omukono ku tteeka eryali liragira ba yunivasite 50 ku buli kikumi ab'omu masomero ga gavumenti okutongoza abaana abaakulira mu ttendekero lya Brazil, nga kirimu obutundutundutundutundutundu bwa bannaggwanga {76ququas obuva mu Baddugavu, obuva mu bitundu ebirala, era nga n'abawagizi ba ggwanga nga basinziira ku ggwanga lyabwe. Okukwataganya kwa Brazil ku langi n'embeera y'abantu mu bya kika kya bulijjo kweyongedde nnyo.

Canada

Ekiragiro kya Canada essbowt Equty Act ekya 1995 kikwetaagisa abakozesa okussaawo enkola enzivuunula y'omulimu okusobola okulongoosa engeri ez'okukiikirira abantu ab'ebiti bina ebiragiddwa: abakazi, aba bulijjo, abantu abaliko obulemu, era n'abantu abatono abalabika. Okwawukana ku nkola y'Amerika, Canada tekozesa namba ezisukka mu namba; mu kifo ky'ekyo, abakozesa bassaawo ebiruubirirwa nga ebiteego eby'okutongozebwako. Kkooti enkulu eya Canada ewandiikiddwako nga programu ng'eb'eb'eb'eb'eb'enkanankanankanankana wansi w'omu Tchataster, era nga bakitegeera nti okwenkana okw'enkana okw'enjawulo kutera okwetaaga okukolebwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo.

Bungereza

Act essaawa eya 2010 ekkiriza “ekikolwa kino eky'obusosoze” naye nga mu buwaŋŋana kigaana“obusosoze obwa nnamaddala.” Bakama baabwe n'aba yunivasite Abangereza bayinza okubaako kye bakola ekituukana n'ebiwandiiko ebivudde mu bibiina ebitwalibwa mu buwandike oba ebitendeka ebikolerwamu, naye tebasobola kukozesa butundutundu oba kusalawo okusinziira ku ngeri ez'enjawulo. Enjawulo eri wakati w'ekikolwa ekirungi n'okusosola mu ngeri ey'amaanyi ebawandikiddwawo ba poliisi.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Abantu n’Ekikolwa eky’Obukakafu

Ku kusalawo kwa Kkooti ey'omu Amerika ey'Empandika ey'oku ntikko nti gravity ewa obukakafu nti tewaliiwo buzibu bwonna.

Ebintu ebiyinza okukolebwako mu biseera eby’omu maaso:

  • Abamampuyi b'enkola eya [[FUT:0] Okweyongerayo okukiraba nti obuteesiteesi si kye kimu. Race, kisiyalo, ekika, ekikula, obulemu, n'empandika endala ez'enjawulo okusobola okuwewerebwa ku ndabika ya zo. Enkola ez'omu biseera eby'omu maaso ziyinza okuleetera ekiragiro okuteeka ekkomo mu ngeri enneekusifu ku nsonga.
  • Ennukuta ez'omuddisi mu kiwandike kyo zikkirizibwa okuzuula ebizirimu n'okukebera ebirengo ebyo. Era nga n'abantu abatamanyi makulu agali mu langi ez'ekika kya nukuta nga ziggiddwa mu kigambo ekitegeeza nti ekiwandikiro oba omutwe oba omutwe oba omulimu gwa kompyuta tebisobola kumanyibwa.
  • [[Act:0]] Ebikkubisidwa ebiyinza okukkirizibwa:[ Gavumenti ezimu ziyinza okuteekawo amateeka agakkiriza oba agaweramu okugaana enkola ey'okukkiriza. Ku kigero kya gavumenti, gavumenti zisobola okuteekawo ebiragiro ebipya.
  • [[Act:0] Kino kiraga nti endowooza y'abantu esobola okubaako kye zikola ku nsonga z'eby'obufuzi oba ez'amateeka. Endowooza z'abantu zikyuka mu mpawukano. Ebiwandiiko biraga nti Abaamereka baawukana, era nga bawagira enkola ey'okugattika obukwanguzi emitindo egikwata ku langi naye nga bawakanya enkola entuufu ey'okukwata empaka mu kugikkiriza. Endowooza abantu gye babaako zikwata ku nkola ez'eby'ebyobufuzi n'amateeka.
  • Ebyokulabirako ebisangibwa mu nsi nnyingi biraga nti tewaliiwo ngeri yonna ey'okweyisa nga yeeyimirizaawo. Ensi bwe ziyiga ebiva mu ebyo bannaabwe bye batuuseeko ne bye balemererwa okukola, tuyinza okulaba nti tutuukana ku nkola ez'ekika ekimu ezigatta langi eziva ku langi ezisukka mu emu.

Okulingana kusigala nga tekunnakolerwa. Mu ngeri zonna ez'enjawulo, ekikolwa eky'okukakasa kyekusobozesa okuvaamu, kye kimu ku bintu ebisingirayo ddala okulabibwa obutereevu, era nga kye kimu ku ebyo ebikyasinze okuwakanyizibwa(*) okusobola okuvvuunula omusingi ogw'okulingana. Ebitongole ebifuga enkola zino binaasigala nga bigoberera enkola eyaddawo mu nkola eya kiwandiiko, enkola ya kkooti, n'abakuutizi b'ebiruubirirwa ebikaka okumanyisa emitindo egikwata ku kwenkanankanankanankana. Okutegeera ebyafaayo, amateeka, n'empakaago ku buli ludda, kyetaagisa eri buli muntu yenna abeere n'aweeyambisibwa mu ku kuzimba ebibiina ebisobola okubeera n'obusobo bwonna.