Ensibuko y’Obuyinza bw’Empisa

Okutegeera tteeka lya jirikiti kikulu nnyo mu ngeri gye lyakolebwamu, gye lyakuzibwamu, era ne likyusibwa mu nkola zaalyo yonna. Ekiragiro kino lye tteeka ekkulu mu nsi yonna, nga kissaawo entegeka ya gavumenti, nga kifuga, era nga kikuuma eddembe ekyetaagisa. Okutaputa kw'amateeka y'enkola eyo kkooti, abateesiteesi, abafuzi, n'abayivu b'amateeka gye basalawo amakulu g'amateeka era ne bakwata ku nsonga z'amateeka. Singa tewabaawo kakwate kakwate ka ngeri y'okunnyonnyolamu lukalala lw'amateeka, amateeka gaago gaakyukakyuka mu biseera. Ekitundu kino kiraga engeri amateeka gye gaago, n'engeri gye gayinza okutaagonjola amateeka ago era n'enkola ya mateeka kugo gye gayinza okukyusibwamu.

K'ebe nga omulamuzi asalawo obutakkaanya ku nsonga z'abantu bokka, oba nga akakiiko ka bannakyewa ke kateeka amateeka agafuga, ssemateeka akakwasizza amateeka agagobererwa, n'enkola y'okutaputa ego ageetebwawo. N'olwekyo, okutegeera engeri y'okunnyonnyolamu amakulu g'ebigambo si kikulu eri bannamateeka n'abalambi b'amateeka bokka naye eri buli mutuuze ayagala okutegeera eddembe ly'obusobozi bwabwe n'obuyinza bwa gavumenti.

Enteekateeka y’Etteeka mu Ntegeka

Okuva mu Bill Okudda mu Mateeka: Ekkubo ery’Omunda

Ekiragiro kino kyakolebwa okuyitira mu nkola y'amateeka eyategekebwa mu ngeri ez'enjawulo mu nkola y'amateeka mu ngeri y'emu mu nkola y'enkola y'emu. Ekiragiro bwe kimala okuyingiza olukalala lw'ebiragiro, olukalala lw'abateeso, olutandika n'olw'obukulembeze. Ebbanga lino litandika n'ebitundu ebitegekebwa akakiiko akafuzi. Ebbali lino litandika n'emboozi ya bakkulu, ebitongole ebikola enzivvuunulizo, abakuguzaamu amateeka, gye bitandikiramu enzivvuunuzi, obujulizi obusinga obutongole obugattisiddwawo. Empandika y'obutongole obukola eyinza okuyisibwa mu n'empandika y'emu nga mukisenge kya gavumenti. Enkola eyo eyinza okukkirizibwa mu mateeka, singa wabaawo nga mu United States Congressionation oba mu Palamenti eya Bungereza, singa eyisibwa mu lukalala lw'ego, ate ne mu lukumete, olukiiko lwote ne olufulume. . proje lwotetetete, olunene lwokita lwote, olu

Ekkubo lino likakasa nti amateeka agateebwa ganoonyezebwa bulungi nga tegannateekebwawo. Kyokka, etteeka eryo terikoma singa etteeka liteekebwako omukono ku mateeka. Ekiragiro bwe kiba kimenya amateeka oba bwe kisukka ku mateeka agaawebwa gavumenti, liyinza okusoberwa mu kkooti era ne lisalibwa.

Ebitongole Ebyatongozebwa ku Bukulembeze

Ekiragiro kino kissaawo amateeka agafuga enkola y'okussaawo amateeka. Amateeka gateekawo ekkomo ku mateeka agatakoma ku kussaawo mateeka nga gateekawo eddembe ly'okusawula olulimi, okutandikawo eddiini, obutawa bukuumi bwenkana, oba okuteekawo ekibonerezo ekitakkirizibwa. Amateeka galaga etteeka erilina okuteekebwawo nga lissibwawo. Okussaawo amateeka bwe gaagala okuteekebwawo (okusooka, okulonda akalembereza, oba okulonda olukalala olw'amateeka agasingako obunene ag'okuwera, oba okugobererwa kw'ebika by'omusolo ng'okusasula emisolo gyeyongera oba okugobererwa. Nolwekyo, abakwasisa amateeka galina okuteekawo etteeka nga bagoberera ekkomera n'ebibanja. Okulemererwa okukola bwe kityo kiyinza okuva mu mateeka agateenzijibwa emyaka egiddirira, okufeeby’eby’obufuzi n'okumenya amateeka.

Mu nkola za gavumenti, okutaputa kw'amateeka era kusalawo entegeka wakati w'eggwanga ne gavumenti z'eggwanga oba eza gavumenti z'ebukiikaddyo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Amateeka g'eby'obusuubuzi ga Amerika gannyonnyoddwa nga emirundi mingi, “‘to awa Congress amaanyi okutegeka eby'enfuna, ng'ate embaga ey'okutaano ereetebwawo obufuzi bwonna obw'okubiri. Enkaayanala zino ze nkulu nnyo mu ngeri amateeka gye gakolebwamu era ne gawerebwa.

Ebirowoozo by’Okunnyonnyola Amateeka

Abalamuzi n'abakungu ba gavumenti bandirowoozezza batya amakulu ga ssemateeka w'amateeka?

Okusookera Ddala n’Okuwandiika

Obusobozi bw'enkola ya demokulase bugamba nti amateeka gasaanidde okutaputa okusinziira ku makulu gaago aga bulijjo mu kiseera we baakkiririzibwa. Abanywa ku nsonga nti enkola eno efuga enfuga n'empanyisibwa ku nkola ya demokulase mu by'enkola eya demokulase, era nti enkola ya demokulase gye yateekebwawo mu nkola eya tekkripu. Enkola ya projective [, enjigiriza ekwatagana n'enjigiriza etegeeza nti, teyesigamya ku bigambo ebiko, era n'okuteekako ekigambo ekikongojjedwa mu mpandika y'empandika ya fayiro. Ekiramyawo tetegeeza nti, abasosebwa demokrati y'enkola ya Screnceal Sclaine.

Enteekateeka y’Obukulembeze

Okwawukana ku ekyo, olukalala lw'amateeka agafuga obulamu luwawa olukalala olw'enkyukakyuka mu mateeka olukalala olw'enkyukakyuka n'embeera. Abawagizi bo balaga ebyo ebisala ku nkyukakyuka z'ebifaananyi ebizikongodde nga Brown v. Akakiiko ak'Enjigiriza[ [1954]]] [194]], nga kekomyawo olukalala lw'eggwanga mu masomero, nga bawakanya nti okutegeera okw'olubereberye okw'Omuteeteko wa Claus tekuyinza kuvaamu ekyo. Mu ndowooza eno, abalamuzi bannyonnyola ebigambo ebigaziyitiddwa nga “omutendera ekyakaluuyiti n'ekibonerezo eby'ekiragiro". Abasekerezi bakkiririza ku mitindo gy'enkola ey'enkola eya bulijjo bagamba nti ekkiriza enkola yaabwe ey'okunnyonnyola enfunze.

Okuvvuunula n’Okuvvuunula

[[NKULA] Purpositis Kino kiyamba okuleetawo ennyinnyonnyola ya tteeka eggukako so si ebigambo ebya bulijjo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekigendererwa kya Free Scount Claus kiyinza okuba eky'okuleetawo enkola ya demokulase, okukulembera abalamuzi okusobola okukuuma ennyimirira yaffe ey'okwogera (ey'eby'obufuzi) okusinga endala (empandika oba enzitono). ] okutaputa amakulu gaabyo[ Kino kitegeeza nti, obwawula tebweyawuli obw'omu mateeka, obwawula amawanga, obugattika ne kikebera ebiva mu mpalo ezo."Ekko kiyinza okutegeeza nti Pulezidenti erina obuyinza obw'omu mawanga olw'engeri y'okugabangula amatabi, bwe gatabulamu.

Amagezi Amalungi: Engeri Ebyo Ebikwata ku Kkiiko Ezikola ku Nkiiko

Abalamuzi abasinga obungi bakozesa enkola eno nga bagezaako okunnyonnyola ensonga nga basoose kutegeera ebyo bye baawandiika, oluusi nga basooka kugiwandiikako, oluusi nga bagoberera ebyabangawo mu byafaayo, era oluusi n'ebyavaamu. Okulonda enkola ey'okunnyonnyola amakulu g'ebigambo kiyinza okukyusa ekiba kivudde mu musango ogumenyese. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekibuuzo eky'okuzuula obanga olukalala lw'amateeka kikuuma omuntu okuba n'obumu ku buwambe bwe buwangwa oba nga bukyali bwago, kyabuukiriziddwa ku bannaandiikizi (abaazudde eddembe erya ddyo erya ddyo). Ekiragiro kya kkooti enkulu ekikola ku lukiiko olukulu mu lukalala oluyitibwa Divertity of Columbia [FLT][2001] (2001]) kino kyayigibwa ekiseera kiwanvu okukuba empaka zamateeka agakola mu n'amateeka.

Okwejjukanya Okusala Omusango

[[NKULA] . Kwe kunoonyereza okw'ekika kya judicial kwe kufuga kwa kkooti okulanga amateeka oba ebikolwa bya bannakyewa. Okusooka, Marbury v. Madison[[FLT] [1803]] [1803]), obuyinza buno kye kintu ekiri mu matwale ga demokrati. K'empandikawa k'eby'amateeka kikakasa nti byonna gavumenti bye zikola bituukana ne tteeka lya jirikiti eya , naye era kireetawo ebibuuzo ebikwata ku kifo ekituufu eky'abalamuzi abateetongodde mu nkola ya demokulase.

Obulwadde n’Engeri gye Bwakola ku Bubonero

Ebyo ebisaze ebikulu bingi biraga engeri amateeka gye gakola ku ngeri gye gataputibwamu:

  • [[AKMENTI:0][[FLT]] Marbury v. Madison [1803] – akatongoza omusingi ogw'okulabirako n'okulabirako, nga galangirira nti Kkooti esinga obukulu erina obuyinza okukomya ebikolwa bya kakiiko akafuzi ebimenya amateeka ga tteeka.
  • [[NKULA][[AWULA][.'OKAFU] 'Brown v'. Boodi ey'Essomero[[FLT]] [1954]) – Keeyisizza ekiragiro eky'okukakaatika enjawukana mu masomero ga bantu mu langi kyamenya ekiragiro kya Claus Ekyenkanankanankanankana ne "Empandika ey'enjawulo ey'ekika kya Claus', n'ekyayinzizza ekiwandikiro oba omutwe 'empandika' n'empandika y'empandika ennukko n'empandika y'eyo.
  • [[NTANDIKO:0][[FLT]] ROE v.[[FLT]][[KIT:3]] – Yazuula eddembe okuva mu mateeka okuggyamu embuto mu nkola eya Claus Claus, okusalawo okwaleetera amakumi g'emyaka okuwakana mu by'obufuzi ne mu ngeri ey'okunnyonnyola.
  • [[Akawayiro:0][[NKULA]] Obergefell v. hodges[=2015] – obufumbo obw'obusosoze obw'omu butundutundu bwe bumu busobola okukuumibwa amateeka, nga butuukiriza enkola eya buli kimu awamu n'emitindo egigobererwa.
  • [[NKULA:0] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [202] – bwe kyabeewuubizidwa [[] Roe[ era ne [. Casey[] Kino kyaleetera emitwe gy'amasaza okubuuza ebikwata ku ku ku kuggyamu embalimba.] Kino kyalaga nti waliwo ennyinnyonnyola y'ekiragiro mu mateeka n'amalango g'okuyingiza ebizikwata ku by'akakiiko.

Obujulizi buno bulaga nti ennyinnyonnyola y'amateeka tekyuka; ejjawo oluvannyuma ng’ebitongole ebikola amateeka bikyusaamu.

Emirimu gy’Amaanyi g’Enzikiriza ez’Amazima

'O' - 'Lw'ekirabo' tekiri ku lukumbo. Kkooti ezikola ku musingi gwa stare decisis, ekisinziirwako era ne kitumbula obutebenkevu. Kyokka, kkooti enkulu yeefuga ku ngeri gye ziyinza okulondoolamu enkola zaayo singa zisangibwa nga zikontana oba nga zitakola. Amateeka amalala gatwaliramu enjigiriza ez'obwenkanya (okuyimirira, okukyusizako obutereevu) eziziyiza kkooti obutateekako endowooza oba okusalawo obukujjuzi. Amatabi ga by'obufuzi gayinza okusiikiriza ebisale ku kkooti nga gayisa amateeka, ne kkooti ezisala emisango, oba okuyisa enzijira okw'enjawulo.

Bayiiya eby’Okukyusa Essaawa

Enkyukakyuka eyinza okubaawo okuyitira mu mikutu ebiri egisooka: enziganya ez'amateeka n'okumanyisa amakulu g'ebigambo nga zikozesebwa mu kunnyonnyola n'okugezako.

Ebirowoozo by’Okukyusa Amateeka

Ekiragiro kino kiteekamu enkola ey'okukyusa mu ngeri entegeke obulungi ennyo era nga y'etandiikiriza abantu bangi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Akatundu II ak'aw'omu Amerika kalina okulonda ebitundu bisatu mu nnyumba ne mu Ssemateeka era ne k'akyongerwamu n'ebitali bya njawulo. Ekiragiro kikakasa nti okutereeza ebintu kukolebwa okwo kulaga nti okukkiriri ku bunene era nti tekukolebwa mu buteefu. Mu byafaayo by'eggwanga lya U.S., obukawumbi 27 bwokka bwetaanyisifu bukkirizibwa, era n'ekkumi erisooka (Essomero ly'Eddembe) bweyongerako amangu ddala oluvannyuma lw'ebiwandiiko ebyasooka. Ensi endala zirina emilyango egy'enjawulo; India ekwetaagisa ebisinga obungi mu buli nnyumba ya Palamenti era n'ebiwandiiko ebimu.

Enkola ez'okulongoosa zikozeseddwa okugaziya eddembe ly'abantu (13, 14, 15, 19, Amereka), okukyusa entegeka z'ensi (22d Amereka era n'okusala kw'amateeka mu kkooti enkulu). Olw'okuba enkyukakyuka eyo nzibu nnyo, amateeka ga Amerika geeyongedde okumanyibwa mu kunnyonnyola amakulu g'enkola mu kifo eky'okukyusaamu.

Enkyukakyuka Egguka okuyitira mu Kunnyonnyola Ebikwata ku Lukiiko Olukulu

Mu kukola kino, amakulu g'enkola ya pulinsikiti gayinza okukyuka mu ngeri ey'enjawulo nga tegoberedde ebigambo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ekitongole ekiyitibwa Commerce Claus kyatapulibwa ng'ekyasa ekya 20 kinnaakomyawo, ate oluvannyuma ne kigaziwa mu kiseera kya New Deal ewandiikiddwamu esobole okusobozesa etteeka lya gavumenti okugaziwa, era oluvannyuma ne kinywezebwamu mu mbeera nga United States mu v. Lopez [19595]. Mu ngeri y'emu, enjigiriza ya “ccuelle n'ekibonerezo ekitategeerekeka obulungi” mu nteekateeka ey'e 8, tekkirizibwa kuyisaamu abaana n'obuvuzibwe.

Obusobozi buno obw'enkyukakyuka busobola okuleetera abantu obutatuukibwako kabi. Ekiragiro kibasobozesa okumanyira tekinologiya omupya n'enkola endala nga tewali kigezzaako kukyusaamu. Naye era kitegeeza nti akakiiko k'omu ku balamuzi kasobola okuggya ku ntegeka enkulu, ne kiviirako entalo ez'ebyobufuzi okugobererwa mu kkooti.

Omulimu gw’Ogukubiriza n’Okunnyonnyola Obutuufu Ebikwata ku Mulimu

Kkooti si ze zokka ezitaputa amateeka. Ekiragiro kino bwe kiba nga kisalawo obanga bassa tteeka oba banaateekako amateeka ku byuma ebifuga oba nga bannabyabufuzi. Ng'ekyokulabirako, ba prezidenti baatandikawo enfugendo ez'obuyinza obuyinza obwawumbiddwa okusobola okulaga nti obukulembeze bw'eggwanga butuufu n'okuggyawo abafuzi. Ekiragiro bwe kiba kisalawo ekiwandiiko ekyo kisalawo ekkomo lyakyo ku buyinza obwalyo wansi w'obusaanidde ne ekkomo lya Clausce oba ekkomo lyabwo.

Okusoomooza Okutali Kumu Okumanyisa Amateeka

Okunokolayo Ebimu ku Biri mu Biwandiiko ne kkooti

Mu matwale ga demokulase mangi, okutaputa kw'amateeka kutwalibwa ng'ekintu ekiba kikyasingiddwa ennyo. Okulonda okw'amateeka kuwakanyizibwa nnyo kubanga endowooza eya bulijjo eyinza okusinziirwako okuzuula ebiva mu kuggyamu ebbomu, eddembe ery'okukuba emmundu, essente, n'obuyinza ku matwale ga gavumenti. Enkola zino ez'eby'obufuzi zireetawo enkyuuka ku butuufu bw'okunoonyereza ku nsonga z'okusala emisango: singa abalamuzi batwalibwa ng'abazannyi ba ba ttisittaka mu kifo ky'okugoba obutundu mu by'obufuzi, era nga bassa obwesige mu bantu bannasayansi bwe bawandisizza obukubisi mu ku nkola endala. Abeekenneenya abamu bannyonnyola ennyinyoozi z'eby'obufuzi, era ne bawaliriza abasala emisango mu ngeri endala.

Tekinologiya n’Emitala gy’Ensi Empya

Enkulaakulana mu bya tekinologiya ereetawo ebibuuzo ebitegeeza ennyo ennyinnyonnyola ya gconst - comptample . Mu ngeri ki mu by'enkola eya dipulogitation gye kiyinza okukozesebwa mu kukebera ebifa ku mulembe oba ku mikutu egiragibwa ku mukutu gwa kompyuta? Kkooti ezo zikozesa bukwafumu obwo okugeraageranya amagezi agatali ga n'ago, naye okunoonyereza ku nkozesa y'enkola ya tekinologiya ku ngeri gye kiyinza okukeberaamu ebigambo ne k'enkola ya bulijjo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Kkooti Empali eyo efuga ennyinizo mu n'ebitundu eby'okuwuliziganya ne ku mikutu gy'ebyawuliziganya. Ek'obusobozi n'obuddevuzi bwa kompyuta kiziganya kizisobozesa okumanyisaamu abantu abamu.

Obuwanguzi n’Okugeraageranya Enkyukakyuka mu Nsi Yonna

Kkooti z'amateeka era ezifuga ensi zeeyongera okukakaatika endowooza z'abantu ab'amawanga n'ezo ezitategeera mateeka agafuga ensi yonna. Omuze guno oluusi guyitibwa nnyinyonnyola y'amateeka agafuga enfuga n'enkyukakyuka. Abawagizi bagamba nti emitindo gy'entegeka z'abantu gyegiriko mu butonde bwonna era nti okutunuulira gavumenti endala ez'ekika kya demokulase kiyinza okuwa amagezi ku mateeka ga demokulase. Abaziyiza bano bawakanya enkola za demokulase mu ggwanga erimu amateeka ga n'amasimu era bayinza okulondamu okukkira ddala ebiva mu buwandikiro ebire ebyabanga bitegekeddwawo. Kkootikko. Kkooti lya U. Kkootikko afuga enfuga enfugamasaza lya 'FLy'ewalimu'ewalimu ku nsonga nga [FLD [F2][FFOLD][200] R][5]

fundikira

Ekiragiro okunnyonnyola tteeka lya nukuta tekikola ng'omuze ogw'okunoonyereza; era n'abalala bakyusa engeri amateeka gye gakolebwamu, n'engeri gye gagobererwamu. Okuva ku kusalawo okuleetawo okusoomooza mu kkooti, emisingi gya mateeka gikola bulijjo. Okutegeera ennyinyonnyola ez'enjawulo ezikwata ku ntegeera(/esiqalo, enkyusa ya mateeka, okutambula mu mpalo, purposiism, purpositivism, n'abalala gye bafuga, ne projectivessssssss, nga balina enzijaamu ez'okunoonyereza ebisalisa oba eby'amateeka mu ngeri y'okwewalawuka obusokebereze. Enkola z'okukkulembedde mu mateeka okukyusiza mu nkola enfuze mu ku kulondoola n'okunnyonnyola mu bujjuvu amateeka, era n'okunnyonnyola mu ngeri enfumo yaatuufu y'enkola ya mateeka, era n'okusalawo ku n'enkola ya demooni.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, kebera ekitongole [ ekifuga amateeka g'ensi yonna mu by'enjigiriza ku lukalala lw'Amerika, okukebera ebifa ku Ekiwandiiko eky'Ennonowozeko ky'amateeka ekifuga amateeka oba okukebera ebisaliddwa mu kkooti enkulu ku k'ekiwandikiro ky'ekika