Etandika: Empaka y’Amaanyi n’Okwawulayawulamu

Enteekateeka ya gavumenti ya Amereka eri ku musingi ebiri: enkola ya gavumenti ez'ensi yonna n'okwawula amatwale g'ensi. Nga bwe kitera okunoonyezebwa, emisingi gino gino ebiri gikwatagana buli kiseera, engeri amateeka gye gakolebwamu, nga gigobereddwa, era nga ginnyonnyolwa. [[FL:0]] Féderalisism[[] Essalment ['awula amaanyi wakati wa gavumenti y'ensi n'eby'ensi. Amasaza gaawula obuyinza ku gavumenti ez'ensi. [[FLT:] Amaawula obufuzi [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] obufuga, obufuga, obugazi n'amatabi g'egiremu gaawula obuyinza mu ggwanga lyonna. Okunoonyereza ku n'enkola y'enkola y'eby'eby'eby'eby'amateeka, n'okunoonyereza ebikwata ku n'enkola y'ensonga mu by'omulembe omukuguwamu, ne mu by'omululu omukuguwabunnafu mu by'enkola mu by'

Kiki Kye Tulina Okutunuulira ng’Obwa Nnamaddala?

Ku ntebe ya gavumenti eno, enkola y'obufuzi, nga n'obuyinza bwa nukuta obwayawulwa wakati w'obuyinza obwa buli kika ne ebibiina bya gavumenti eby'ekika ekimu, nga(mu Amerika,) zino ze gavumenti z'ensi. Okwawukana ku nkola ey'ekika amaanyi gonna mwe gali mu gavumenti ey'omu masekkati, oba okugattika, gavumenti we zibeera kumpi buli kirimaanyi, gavumenti zissaawo ekifo eky'ekimu ekisobozesa obumu n'obusosoze.

Ekiragiro kya Amereka kyassaawo entegeka eno nga kiyitira mu nteekateeka ez'enjawulo. Ekitundu 8 'FLT' Article'. Ekitundu 8 ' kiwandiika amaanyi ga kampanisiti, nga mw'otwalidde n'amaanyi ag'okuyingiza mu by'omusolo, era ne gayisamu enviro. Entegeka y'eby'obufuzi eteeka mu bukiika kkono obwa bulijjo mu kifo eky'amasaza aga gavumenti oba egaana gavumenti. Ekiragiro kino kisobozesa abantu okufuna obufuzi obw'emirundi ebiri.

Bannabyafaayo ne bannabyabufuzi balaga nti ebitundu ebitali bimu eby’obufuzi bwa Amerika byateekebwa mu nkola:

  • Federalism (c. 1789-1933): Emirundi egisinga obungi kigeraageranyizibwa nga "layer key cononist," ekiseera kino kyaggumiza embalirira ddala obuvunaanyizibwa obwali buweereddwa gavumenti n'eggwanga. Gavumenti y'eggwanga essira ku nsonga ezitali za ggwanga, enkuumi, n'obusuubuzi, ng'embeera z'eby'eby'obuyigirize bwe biri, wadde nga gavumenti zikolako ensonga ezisinga obungi mu buli kitundu.
  • Coftideration Federalism (c.-1960s):[ Kino kyakubirizibwa embeera y'eby'enfuna ey'amaanyi ne New Derector, era ne kiremesa ennyiriri eziri wakati w'emirimu gy'eggwanga n'egw'eggwanga. Gavumenti yateekawo ensimbi ezisobozesa programu ez'obukulembeze awamu okukola "keke ennungi" ey'obuvunaanyizibwa obumu.
  • [[NKULULA] New Federalism (c. 1970s-presente): Okutandikira ku Prezidenti Richard Nixon ate n'okweyongera mu ntegeka ezigoberera eziddako, okugezaako okukomyawo obufuzi obumu okudda mu bitundu ebibadde biwandikidwa kikyusa endowooza ez'omulembe guno. Amaderek'enkaanyi ezikola ne zigobererwa zikkiriza obuwagizi okusobozesa enteekateeka ez'ensi okuteeka mu nkola programu.

Okutegeera embeera ezo kituyamba okutegeera engeri enkola y’obufuzi bw’ensi eyo gy’eyinza okutuukana n’embeera empya, era ekyo kikwata kitya ku buyinza obuli mu matabi g’eggwanga ago esatu.

Okwawukanya kw’Emaanyi: Ensibuko y’Ebitundu eby’Okufuga n’Ebitundu eby’Okubiri

Enjigiriza ey'okwawula ab'obuyinza yeesigamiziddwa ku bufirosoofo bw'eby'obufuzi obw'ekika kya Baibuli, naddala obwa Manteusquieu mu Emyoyo gy'Amateeka[. Abagandiigye ba Amerika, naddala James Madison, baateeka endowooza eno mu bufuge bw'amateeka ng'obukuumi eri obufuga. [[FLT:] Federalist No.[5:],, ebimanyibwa ennyo, "Ambrikiti ziteekwa okubuutizibwa." Ekigendererwa kyali tekireetaayinza kufuga matabi amalala.

Ekiragiro kyawulamu gavumenti y’ensi ne kigifuula amatabi asatu ag’enjawulo:

  • [[AK:0] LW'EB'obutunzi (Atuuti I): Lyakolebwa ku Nnyumba y'ababaka ne Olukiiko, ettabi lino likola amateeka, lilangirira entalo, litegeka eby'obusuubuzi, era lifuga enkola y'engantalo ez'ekisawo.
  • [[Act:0] Eb'oluganda ery'omu puligaanti (Atudi ey'okubiri): Bukulembeze bwa Prezidenti, ettabi lino lissawo amateeka, likola enkola ezitali za mu nsi endala, liragira abajaasi, era liteeka abakungu ba gavumenti.
  • [[AK'AMUT:0] Ekiragiro b'''''''''' Jodicial Branch (Artle III): Kooti enkulu n'ebiwandiiko ebitono ebifuga gavumenti by'efuga bannyonnyola amateeka, era ne bagobereza etteeka lyabyo, era ne bagonjooza enkaayana wakati wa gavumenti oba wakati wa gavumenti.

Buli ttabi lirina obuyinza obw'enjawulo naye enkola ya era n'empandika eza sente bikkiriza amatabi okukoma amalala. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Prezidenti asobola okussaawo amateeka agafuga ebitongole ebitegekebwa Congress, naye Consert esobola okukomyawo n'abantu abawera emirundi ebiri. Olukiiko lukakasa okulondebwa kwa prezida, ne kooti zisobola okumenya amateeka nga tegalina buyinza kufuga.

Engeri Obuwagguzi gye Buyambamu Omuntu Alekawo Amaanyi

Obufumbo tebwawukana bukwatagana n'eby'obufuzi obwawulamu n'obw'amaanyi.

Ettabi Erikola ku Bukulembeze

Ekiragiro kya gavumenti kikoma ku kussaawo omusingi gwa gavumenti ezibalirira. Mu mpandika eya gavumenti bbiri, Congress yasobola okukoma ku kusengeka mu bifo ebyateekebwa ku lukalala mu Kitundu I. Kyokka, okukulaakulana kw'obufuzi obwawulamu enkola ya communism kwagaziyizibwa ng'okunnyonnyola amateeka Commerce Claus [[[FLL:1] ne [[FL:] Nation] ne Fatherines [FLT]. Leero, amateeka gakireetera okuggyawo amateeka nga gatabaganya ab'obuyinza, okuleetawo obutategeeragana wakati w'obuyinza n'obufuzi bw'eggwanga. Kumpinda y'eby'enjigiriza, amateeka, n'amateeka agafuga, n'eby'eby'amateeka ebyanyiikibwanyiikibwanyi, era n'okugoobw'okufuga, amakulu g'okufuga, ebigobeetaawo mu ngeri y'ensonga enkulu mu nsonga y'ego-okkalse, era nga y'etasobola okugobereza ekiragiro eky'ensonga enkulu mu kkooti enkulu mu kkooti enkulu.[FF][5

Obwakyusi n’Obw’Okugaba

Omukulembeze w'eggwanga alina okukakaatika amateeka g'ensi, naye mangi ku mateeka ago gagobererwa okuyitira mu ntegeka za gavumenti. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) eteeka emitindo gy'okuyonoonebwa kw'obutonde, naye enteekateeka eno ey'okukolagana awamu esobozesa obukulembeze bwa gavumenti okuba n'obuyinza obw'amaanyi mu by'ensi yonna, naye era eteekawo n'okuteekawo enkola ya gavumenti amateeka ageetaagiteekako obuyinza ku by'ensi yonna. Okukattululwa kwa gavumenti singa gavumenti kulemererwa okutuuka ku nkola eno. Okukattulukirwa kw'obuyinza wakati w'obuyinza bw'obuyinza n'obuyinza ku gavumenti ku by'obuyinza bw'ensimbi n'ensi mu myaka egyaka ku kulagira okulekawo, okukuza Ranje, n'okukusobozesa obutongole eby'okukulembedde mu mateeka. Kko aw'okukugirwa kw'eby'eby'eby'okusibawo akagwegwegwesa. Kko, Kko aw'ensonga enkulumalmo teyinza okugaana okuzza ekitongole ky'okulagira ku nsonga z'okusala

Ettabi Erisalira Omusango n’Eby’Eby’Obuwagguzi

Kkooti y'ekola mu kutema ensalo wakati w'obuyinza bwa gavumenti n'obw'eggwanga. Mu kunoonyereza, kkooti esalawo oba amateeka ga gavumenti gasukka ku bufuzi obwava ku Congress oba oba singa amateeka ga gavumenti gakontana n'amateeka oba n'amateeka. Etteeka eriri mu ggwanga likontana n'amateeka ga gavumenti oba n'amateeka. Etteeka eririmu likontana n'amateeka g'ensi, liba lya [[[FLT]]][FLC]]] [[FLT][125]] [18] lissaawo omusingi gwa gavumenti, era n'omusingi gwa gufuga oba gulina obuyinza obuzingirwamu, ate nga [[FLT:][5] .UMLT] v[FLT6][FL][5][FF] [195] [195] [195] [empalateempalaamu] ku mateeka alaga obuyinza obuyinza obuyinza okugogoongera okuzza obuvunaanyizibwa obw'obukyungibwa Claa, obuva mu mateeka, obutuufu,

Amaanyi Agali Awamu n’Obuyinza Obuliwo

Obudde buleetawo ebika bisatu eby'obuyinza: era nga bulina engeri ey'okusengekaamu amatwale (e.g., nga biwandiisa ssente, nga bikubiriza enkolagana ez'enjawulo), obuyinza obw'etaliiko kika[[[FL:] obufuga, obukkirizibwa, obutongole, obukkirizibwa, obugazi. Amaanyi ag'eby'obuyinza mu gavumenti, okukuba olukalala, okukolagana n'okuyingiza obupindu, okutandikawo obupimira ku by'obusuubuzi, n'okugaba mu nsonga ezisinga obungi. [mu ku nsonga ezireeteempaka z'eby'empaka bya gavumenti, ebitongole ebikola ebiwaawula, ate ng'ebyo ebiva mu mateeka gayinza okuawukana okuva mu birala ebirala mu mateeka ebirala ebiva mu mateeka amalala ag'ebitongole ebikola ebikola ebirongo.][F][3]

Ebyekebero n’Endowooza Ennuŋŋamu

Okunoonyereza okwa bulijjo mu matabi gano esatu kugattiddwako obukessi. Gavumenti ziyinza okusemba okulemesa abanyazi ba gavumenti nga ziyisa empalana ezimu. Nkumbula ziyinza okusemba ebizikwata ku nkola za gavumenti (kukugunja okw'enkola nga "nulliation," kubanga amateeka gaago gaago gayinza okuzikwata ku ssente ezizirimu. [[FT:0]] Nationalederation of Independent .[FLT][FFF:2]] [20], enkom'akkookerowo ne geetaagisa okussaawo enkambi.[19], kkooti ziyinza okusala oba embeera ezo zibeera nga zikola nga zikkirizibwa. [[FLT][FLT][3], era nga gavumenti tezisobola kuteeka mu kkooti y'eggwanga mu kugabanyinyinyinyinyinyinyirira ssente zonna ez'okugaba ebikozesebwa mu mu mu mu buyinza bw'amatabi ga gavumenti.

Okunoonyereza ku Buzibu Obubaddewo mu Biseera eby’Edda Obukwata ku Kugaba n’Okwawula Amaanyi

Enkola Empya n’Ekkyukakyuka mu Nsi

The New Deal Erate wansi wa Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt yagaziya nnyo ekifo kya gavumenti mu ntegeka y'eby'enfuna. Congress yayisa etteeka erisaasaanyiza ddala nga National Industrial Recoveration Act ne Agricultural Paract, ekyawa ebtabi obuyinza obwali tebubangawo ku by'enfuna. Ssaze ekyasooka kyasaanyawo programu z'omulimu wa New Deal , nga ebisukkulu eby'obufuzi obwa Congress Congress Commercional Claise, ne kiviirako okuleetawo enkalu y'ensonga z'eby'eby'enfuna ebyandibadde nga ebireetebwawo mu ggwanga. Olukiiko olwo lwasalawo okusobola okukyusiza mu ku nsonga z'eby'eby'enfuna oba okumenya amateeka. Olukiiko olwo lwasalawo olupya lwalekawo, era ne ku nsonga empya zikkiriza okumanyisa okw'eby'eby'eby'eby'enfuna. Olukiiko olwo lulawo, olwo lwolekawoolekawoolekawo, era ne kutegeka ensonga enkulu y'obuyinza okumanyika

Akakiiko Akagaba Eddembe ly’Abakungu ba Gavumenti n’Okuyingira mu Ntegeka

Mu 1950 ne 1960, okulwanirira ettuluba ly'eggwanga eryali lirina okugezesebwa mu by'enjawukana wakati w'eggwanga n'eby'okwawula obufuzi. Amatabi g'ebukiika ddyo gaakozesa enjigiriza ey'enkizo n'okuziyiza ebiragiro ebya gavumenti. ettabi lya gavumenti lyayanukula n'amateeka agafuga amateeka g'enkwambo gamba nga Civil Rights Act mu 1964 ne Voting Rights Rights Act of 1965, ebyateekebwa wansi w'obuyinza bw' Congress Congresmunicale ne Amerekation. Ettabik'obuyinza obwa baafuga nga Preziday Kennedy ne Johnson, bwakozesa amateeka g'ensi n'abakuumi ba National Servicessssssssssssssssss as scect of courtment Act of [Fograph:] mu 1965. [Fogn] Act of Resociatement of Resociatedmentments .[Fod Resorcerced Resorcercerced Resorricialitions

Ensonga Ezikwata ku Kugabana Empaka n’Okwawula Amaanyi

Obujjanjabi n’Ekirabo Ekitayinza Kusaasaana

Ekiragiro Affordcuble Care Act (ACA) ekya mu 2010 kye kikyasinzeyo ekyokulabirako eky'enkola ey'okukina ku ngeri gavumenti gye zifugamu era n'engeri gye zawulamu amawanga. Congress yayisa ACACII mu nkola ya Ccookeementi ne gavumenti z'eby'obusuubuzi. Ofiisi y'eggwanga, okuyitira mu Kitongole ky'Obulamu n'Eby'abantu, yateekawo amateeka agafuga amateeka. ettabi eryasala olukalala mu ngeri nti: NFIB oba. Sebelius [[FLY:1], Kkooti enkulu yawagira obuyinza obwa Médicad naye n'ekuba wansi omusolo nga gukubisaamu ebiteeyambisibwa ebitongole ebitongole ebikola mu ggwanga. . Ekiragiro kino kisalawo kino kyaterekebwa mu miteerondo gy'ensi (ebamu ne mu mid'eronze). era nga waga ebitongole ebirala ebitongole bya gavumenti ebirala, ebibadde byeyongera okusobozesa okumanyisa obutongole ebitongole ebitongole ebiva mu bungi okugaba.[201]

Enkyukakyuka mu Bwengula n’Enkyukakyuka mu Nkyukakyuka y’Enkyukakyuka y’Enkyukakyuka

Etteeka erikwata ku mbeera z'obutonde liwa oludda oluwagidde okulekawo amatwale. EPA Act ekifuga embeera ey'okuteeka mu mbeera ey'okusiisira awantu awalala awalala awateekebwa etteeka eddembe n'egyewa, naye liwa olukalala okussaawo emitindo gy'eggwanga. Singa eggwanga ligaana, EPA eyinza okuyingira. Kyokka, engeri ezifuga za Trump ezisobozesa okussaawo amateeka g'obudde okuva mu bitundu //azo, ekintu ekiviirako okusala emitindo gy'obudde okuzza obutebenkenkera ku t'amasaza. Ekitongole kya Budde, nga kizza obudde bumanyibwa nga [[FLY:] nga ekifo ekikuutiddwa mu kkooti enkulu. California, okusobola okukebera ebitongole ebireetebwa mu bbanga.[3][5]

Obuzibu mu by'obuwangwa n'obuzibu mu ggwanga

Okulondawo mu ngeri ey'enjawulo kiwagirwamu gavumenti z'ensi yonna, naye gavumenti zeeyongedde okugezaako okukola nga zikola omulimu guno nga zikolera wamu n'abakwasisa ba gavumenti (nga mu SB 1070) mu Arizona) oba nga zisala ku buwagizi (nga mu mateeka ga California gatukuvu). Kkooti enkulu, mu [[FL:0]] Arizona v. United States[FL] [202], yakuba enteekateeka z'eggwanga ez'okuyingira mu nsi ez'okugoba, okulaga obukulu. Kyokka, obukwasisa bwa ofiisi y'ettabi ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga z'okukuza enkalu n'okuva mu ggwanga. Ekiragiro, obukulembeze bw'eggwanga buleeteempanya okulekawo n'okuva mu lutalo. Ebitongole ebitongole ebikola nga bisala esseke, ebitongole ebiva mu lutalo biwakanya okusaasaanya mu n'okuva mu n'okuva mu n'okuva mu ggwanga.

Ebiseera eby’Omu Maaso eby’Obuwagguzi n’Okwawukanya kw’Emaanyi

Ng'obuzibu obwa 21 bwe bulina mu Amerika, gamba ng'enkyukakyuka mu mbeera y'obudde, endwadde ezisaasaana, okulagira amagezi n'enkyukakyuka mu by'enfuna, okugatta awamu amatwale gannaalyo n'okwawula ab'obuyinza, kijja kweyongera okubaawo. Ebirowoozo ebitali bimu bisaana okutegeerwa:

  • Enjawulo n'obudde: Kino kyongera enkola z'eby'obufuzi ez'enjawulo, nga gavumenti zigoberera enkola eza langi n'enmyufu, ez'okulonda, ez'okukwata emmundu, ez'okukwata, ez'okukwata, ez'okukwata, ez'okungi n'ez'enjigiriza. Enjawuzi zino ziyinza okuleetera ekiragiro okumanyisa enkola y'eggwanga obutakkan'okwerinda mu by'eggwanga, naye era n'okusoosebwa kw'amateeka okuleetawo enjawukana mu ngeri ez'okuggyamu enzijjuvu mu nkola eyo.
  • Ekikola nga bannaawulamu era ne Uniterada Action: Bakozi bannaakyewa abo be kiwandikiro, era n'ebitongole ebikola enkola ey'okusengeka enzimba nga tewali kakiiko. Etteeka erifuga lifuuse kintu ekikulu ekifuula kkooti z'omulembe okukoba nga z'abakoba n'abakobayingi ba kye basazeewo. Okwawula amaanyi ku maanyi ne k'abalamuzi. Wabula, obunene obwa 'agwrainstem' kye kitera okukola ne k'okago.'''''''okussawawula ku nkola ezikolebwa mu nkola eno.[Fomt' ne 'osenti z'okusala emisango ku buli kibiina kya gavumenti bye kikozewa.'
  • [[NKULA] Kampuni ne Claus Claus: Obusuubuzi, obutuuti bw'amakompuku n'obusobozi bwa kompyuta bireetawo okubuusabuusa oba nga amateeka g'ensi n'agasaze. Akakiiko kalemesezza okuteekawo amateeka ageetaagisa mu buli nsonga za kika kya kya kakka mu nsi yonna, era nga ne gavumenti zirese egoberera amateeka agagibwawo ebyamaguzi. Ekiragiro kino kiyinza okuseeyisa etteeka nga California okusobola okutandika emitindo gyazo. Kkootikko esingira eyinza okumanyisa emitindo gy'obuyinza obwa gavumenti mu kiseera kya digiti ekya digiti.
  • Ekirango n'okumalirira mu ngeri ey'ekika kya: Gavumenti eteeka ekkomo ku mbeera z'obudde:[FLT] era eteeka ekkomo ku mbeera ezigoberera enkola za gavumenti. Enkola eno ezingiramu amatabi gonna asatu: engobe z'empandika, entegeka z'ekibiina, entongole y'empandika, n'empandika z'eby'empandika z'ekitongole enzikkiriza obudde.

Abasomesa n'abayizi balina okubeera nga bamanyi ebigenda mu maaso. Okukolagana n'ensulo enkulu gamba nga Constitution Annoted era n'okusalawo kwa kkooti enkulu okw'ensi n'okwawula ab'obuyinza, bikulu nnyo okusobola okutegeera engeri enkola y'obufuzi n'ey'obwawula obufuzi gye bikwataganamu ekiseera bwe kigenda kiyitawo.

fundikira

Enkolagana wakati w'obufuzi bwa gavumenti n'okwawula ab'obuyinza tekoma awo. N'olwekyo, emboozi ebeerawo eteekeddwa mu mateeka ga United States esobozesa okussaawo entegeka ez'enjawulo wakati wa gavumenti z'ensi ne gavumenti ez'ensi ez'enjawulo, ng'eby'okwawulwa kw'ab'obuyinza bwe bireetawo eky'enjawukana mu matabi g'ensi ssatu. Emboozi ezo zombi zikola olukalala olw'enjereere oluziziyiza omuntu yenna obutafuna buyinza bwa n'amaanyi mangi. Nga yeekenneenya ebyokulabirako eby'ebyafaayo ebikwata ku nkola ya New Deament ne Orcumentmentmentation, era ne Leattukko nga twekenneenya ensonga eziriwo mu kiseera kye kimu, ekireeteetera okulondoola eby'okusiirwako, n'okubusimba, zitumbula okusiima engeri emisingi gikolamu. Omuntu yenna ayagala okutegeera engeri y'obufuzi bw'ensi, ategeera bulungi omuteebbulaafu mu buyinza bw'amala amatwalo ge geekola, agoberera si ky'eky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekika ky'ekiro kino ekikulu.