Obusobozi bw'oyo avunaanibwa butwalibwa ng'enkola y'amateeka ga Amereka, nga bukakasa nti abantu baswala okuyolekagana ne gavumenti nga bakuuma enfuga era nga bakuumibwa ab'obuwanguzi. Mu mutima gwa busika buno, w'obusika obwa SCM busangibwa mu miteesiteesi ey'Ekkumi n'enamba. Ekiragiro kino kikuuma eddembe erikugira gavumenti nga kiyisa ettu abantu nga bagoberera enzige. Okunoonyereza ku nsibuko, ebitundu ebizikolamu, era n'engeri ez'okukwata ku nkola za tekinnambi ez'ekitongole ekiyitibwa SCY Proces Claus, kwe kusinziira ku ngeri gye kisinziirira ku ddembe ly'okusaliramu omusango.

Ensibuko y’Etteeka n’Enkomerero

Endowooza ekwata ku nkola ebaddewo ng'amateeka ga Amerika tegannaba kutandika, eggula okuva ku Magna Carta gye gawa obukakafu nti “tewali muntu wa ddembe alisumululwa... okuggyako nga ba mutabani we oba nga bagoberera amateeka g'ensi.” Etteeka ery'okutaano, eryakkirizibwa mu 1791, lyakola omusingi guno ogwa gavumenti y'ensi eno:“ Tewali muntu n'omu... aliggibwako obulamu, eddembe, oba ebintu ebirala, nga tewali ngeri ya kukwata mateeka.” Oluvannyuma lwa Ssematalo wa Cinoloji, ekiragiro eky'e 1450 kyagaziyasaamu amateeka ga gavumenti. Ebiva mu mateeka gano byonna, bissaawo enkola ey'ebiragiro bino ebibiri: enkola ey'enjawulo elagira obuteeteeka mu nkola y'okwegobeetaafu, oba ey'ebintu ebirala ebigobeetaago, enkola y'enkola ng'enkola mu gavumenti z'ewaze.

Ensengeka y'empapula ekolebwako mu buziba

Okusobola okunnyonnyola mu ngeri esaanira, gavumenti ereetera buli kaweefube yenna agaana omuntu obulamu, eddembe oba ekintu okusooka okukolebwako nga enkola emala. Mu misango egikwata ku bamenyi b'amateeka, kino kifuula eddembe eryateekebwawo okuwozesebwa mu bwenkanya. Kkooti enkulu enfunda n'enfunda yagamba nti, “ebisaanyizo ebisinga obutono” bizingiramu:

  • Nooti[[NKULU][[NKUMBO] ey'ensonga era n'ebinaakolebwako.
  • [[AGUMENTI] A [[KITANDIKA] mu maaso g'olukiiko olutaliiko ludda era olutali lwa lusobozese.]
  • [[Act:0] Mukisa okuwa obujulizi[[KITANDIKI] ne ku kuyisa abajulizi ab'ekyawula mu nnyiriri eziriraanyewo 'examine'.
  • [[AK'AMUTANDIKA]] Ekikiikirira [[KATANDIKWA:1] ekisobola okubeera eky'omu nnono eya bulijjo, bwe kiba nga kyetaagisa, kiryoke kigiwandikirako ekkomo.
  • [[Act:0]A kye kisalawo okusinziira ku bukakafu n'amateeka[[AK'AMUTANDIKA] bye biwandiikiddwa mu mboozi.

Ebiruubirirwa bino tebigobereddwa; bilongooseddwa mu bitundu bingi nnyo. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), kooti yagamba nti abo abaganyulwa mu by'obuyambi bwe bawulira, bagwanira okuwulira obulungi nga waliwo omuteesi asalawo. Wadde ng'ensonga z'abantu zejjukirwako zisengeke mu ndukusa, ekyo kyeyoleka nti kyeyoleka mu nkola egoberera z'omumenyi w'amateeka, naye nga kigwana kutuukiriza nkola egobeetaagisa.

Obulungi bw’Okuwabula: Gidiyooni ne Wainwright

Oboolyawo omuyigirizwa asingirayo ddala mu Florida. Omunnamateeka omu mu Florida kubanga amateeka ga Florida agaafuga ensonga enkulu, Gideon n'asalirwa omusango. Okuva ku kkomera, yawa bbugwe w'olukiiko olukulu olw'okukwata ku nsonga, era n'ateekamu ekiwandiiko ekiraga nti Ekiwandiiko kya Amereka, era nti teyetongodde eri eddiini ey'okugoberera amateeka ga Claus. Kkooti eyo yakkiriza mu mateeka ga Florida kubanga omusango gwagookka ogwaweebwa ku nsonga ez'olufulube. Gavumenti, okuva ku lukomera, awadde ekiwandiiko eri Kooti enkulu, ng'agezaako nti, teri ku nsonga enkulu era nti teri ku mateeka ga Claagikolera ku nsonga enkulu. Braddy[F:3] [5]

Okugezesebwa okw’Amangu

Ekitongole kino kikakasa nti “okusibibwa kw'amateeka tekuyinza kukendeera ate n'okuteekebwawo ku bukuumi eri gavumenti okuyitira mu k'ekitongole ekya 144 Eccreated Procession Claus. Eddembe ly'oku ddyo lituukiriza ebintu bingi: okuziyiza okusibibwa obutalina kumanyibwa, okukendeeza ku kweraliikirira n'obuteekessi ebigenda mu maaso nga buli nsonga, era n'okukakasa nti obujulizi tebugenda bweyongera. Bark v. Willo[[FLM][12] [10], kkooti enkulu yakkiriza okugezesebwa kwa nsonga ennyanguyitibwa: obuwanvu bw'ensonga, olw'okulwawo, olw'okutuubirwamu, n'okusosola abawamukunguufu. Olwa oluyitindiro oluyitiddwawo, omwaka gumu luteebereberye kiteesose mu ku ku ku ku kulaga ssente ezibakebeetaa mu ku ku kukkulirwa. Gawootina, era olugamba olugamba olw'ensonga ennene olwo olwo lw'okuyisa

Okukuumibwa obutagwa mu Katego Kyonna

Ekitongole ekiwerera ddala ekyo kigamba nti tewali muntu n'omu “asaanidde kuteekebwako obulabe obw'emirundi ebiri olw'okubonerezebwa okw'okutta oba olw'okulwanyirizibwa.” Obukuumi buno bwatuuka ku masaza mu Benton v. Maryland[, akuuma omuwayirizi obutazza musango gwe gugenda guba gumenyebwa mu lukalala. Buli lukalala luteekwa okusalirwa omusango. Olukalala olwo luddamu nga lumaze okusalirwa olusemba olumu, oluvannyuma lw'okusembesemba omuwawaayitirwa, era ne mu mbeera entono oluvannyuma lw'okulangibwa nga tewali muwaabirwa awgidde. K'ensonga zonna eziyinza okukeberezebwa oba okukeberebwa obujulizi obw'oluko olw'okubiri. [FFF][FFFF: ekiteeso ekyo kikwesebwa oluvannyuma lw'okukozesebwa okukibwa akyusizza mu kkooti y'omumenyi w'omusango.

Okusinziira ku Busobozi Obusookerwako

Wadde ng'okussaawo amateeka ag'enkola kifuga omulimu gwa gavumenti[[FLT]]] Kino kyenkana ekikwasibwa omulimu gwa gavumenti, ekisobozesa omulimu ogwandikoleddwa okugifuga kisimbyewo ].] Ebiri mu mateeka agatakkiriza e ddembe ery'enkulu. Kkooti enkulu ewandisizza eddembe eriwera “okusinziira ku byafaayo by'eggwanga lino ne ku bulombolombo” ne kiba nti kiba nga kigwanira okubeeyungibwako. Ekiwaatwa, enkola egwanira okuziribwa, ey'okutulugunya oba okubonerezebwa.

  • [[AGUMENTI:0]] Ku ludda olwa obwama [ - Kino kiyamba mu Griswold v.Connecticut [1965] era ne kigaziwa mu [Roe v. Wade[[197]][-197]]][-197]] ne
  • [[NTANDIKA:0] Ogwa ddyo ku bugolokofu obw'omubiri[[[KATANDIKA]] – ekkomo liragirayingirira omubiri gw'omuntu mu birengo, gamba ng'okulongoosebwa oba eddagala erigattibwa (onaba Shashington v. Harper[)).
  • [[Act:0] Ekibala kyekimula osobole okukuza abaana [[[KITONDE]] – nga omugaati oguzingiramu okukomya obusika bw'omuzadde oba okuggya abaana mu maka.

Wadde ng’abanoonyereza ku nsonga ezikwata ku nsonga eyo bagezaako okuwakanya enkola z’abantu abalamuzi, bagumiikiriza ng’abawagidde abawanika okuziziyiza era ng’obuwagizi eri abantu kinnoomu obutagoberera mateeka ago aganyigiriza, nga mw'otwalidde n’ago agayinza okumenya empisa z'abantu abakulu oba agakugira eddembe lyabwe mu ngeri enyiiza obwenkanya obw’enkomeredde.

Ensobi Eziba Zivunaanibwa Eddembe ly’Omuntu

Ebyo ebyasalibwawo kkooti enkulu bikyusizza eddembe ly'abo abawawaayiriza nga bissa mu nkola enkola eya poliisi n'etteeka erikwata ku kuwaabirwa gavumenti.

Map v. Ohio (1961): Empira y’Abamaleki

Nga [[NTL:0]] , obujulizi obufunibwa mu kunoonyereza mu bukyamu busobola okukozesebwa mu lukukusa olw'amateeka. Maka ga Dollree Mappe ganoonyezebwa awatali bukakafu bukwatagana n'okukuba bbomu; abasirikale baazuula ebintu eby'obuswavu, bye yasigirwa. Kkooti enkulu yazza omusango. Kkooti ennene tekkiriza nti ekiragiro eky'okukyusaamu KGawulamu okw'okubiri kiwat'amateeka, era nti okukasa obujulizi obwa bulijjo bukkirizibwa okuwanduukiriza obujulizi obwamenya amateeka.[1] Abakulembeze baawunzika obubalwawo obukyamu obujulizibwa mu mateeka okuyita obujulizi oba obujulizi obw'okunoonya obujulizi obw'ensonga.

Miranda n’Arizona (1966): Custodial Interrogocation Malabula

Oboolyawo ensonga emanyiddwa ennyo etegeeza okukwatibwa n'okubuulibwa, Maira v. Arizona yayogera ku mutemu ogusoosa. Ernesto Miranda, omwavu era omulwadde mu birowoozo, yayatula okubba oba okukwatibwa nga yaakamala ekiseera kiwanvu nga tategeezebwa nti alina eddembe okusirika oba okwebuuza ku munnamateeka. Kkooti esinga obukulu yasalawo nti okubuuza ebibuuzo mu ngeri eyo temufuula mutuufu; nno, ekitegeeza nti eddembe ery'okulagibwa mu ngeri emenya amateeka ku bufugenyi obukyamu, lirina kubula ku bwakyo obwa bulijjo. [[FLT:][FLT:] nga tasoose kubuuza nti, okulabula kwonna. “Ekya mu kkooti enkulu ekola mu ngeri y'obuwabukyusa. Olwose. Olwoseetuka olw'okubuuza ku nsonga enkulu, olwo oluvanyuma lw'ego, olwo oluseetuka lw'ensonga emanyiddwa mu kkooti y'emanyiddwa mu United States.[F.[5][5][5][3][5

Maryland (1963): Ebiwandiiko ebikwata ku kunoonyereza biwa obukakafu

Kino era kyetaagisa abawaabirwa okuteekawo obujulizi obulaga obulungi oyo aba avunaanibwa. Brady v. Maryland, kkooti yagamba nti okukomya obujulizi obwa kkooti n'empandika, oba okukebera ebiva mu buwandike, oba okukyogera, bitegeeza nti obujulizi busobola okuvaamu “bwewandikibwa nga bujulizi obw'omusango oba obw'ekibonerezo.” [[FLT:]] [FLT]] BRAdy[ amateeka geeyongera okukkulira abamenyi b'amateeka okulwanirira kyonna ekiyinza okuyamba abamenyi b'obuddukirizi. Okunoonyereza kulaga nti waliwo obujulizi obulaga obujulizi obulaga obujulizi, obuba bulaga nti obujulizi obuba buvuddemu. Okumenyamenyebwa kwalina obujulizi. [FFF]][FF]]

Batson mu Backy (1986): Okukendeeza obusosoze mu Bunnabbi

Omulamuzi bw'aba ow'okusala omusango mu ngeri etali ya bwenkanya, abakungu ba lukulwe baba tebasobola kuyisa bulungi balamuzi olw'enjawukana. Mu [FL:0] Batson v. Kentucky[, kkooti enkulu bakkiriza nti okusoosa okw'amaanyi okukifuula okukifuula olukumbo olw'okuvuganya okumenya empaka olw'empaka ku langi kukwata ku mukolo gwa Clasacale, era nti okusobola okukituukiriza n'okukituukiriza, olukalala olwo kiyinza okukkirizibwa mu kugituukiriza mu kugezesebwa okw'abamenyi b'amateeka. [FL:] Kkonsonteko: (1) Omuwayiti alina okuteekawo ensonga ey'okusosola mu langi; (2) omuwaabirowoozesezza omusango ateekwa okuwa abaddu abo abakibwa olw'okuvuganya; (3) omulamuzi asalawo oba ng'amalagiro oba nga bwe kuba nga bukyali mu nnukuta. [FF][5], obuwanvu: [FF][4], obutuufu, obutuufu mu ggwanga.[4][4]

Engeri Omusango gye Gukolebwamu mu Kkomero Erikozesa Obufuzi

Emisingi egiragiddwa mu misango emituufu egiba gigobererwa mu nkola y'amateeka leero.

Plea Bargaining ne Waiver Ebikwata ku Ddembe

Kkooti enkulu ewa obukakafu obusukka mu 95% okuva ku kwebuuza ku buteefu mu kifo ky'okulumiriza. Ebiruubirirwa eby'amaanyi bwe biva mu kusalirako omusango. Okusaba okw'omusango kusobola okulemesa eddembe ly'okuwozesebwa: eddembe ery'okunenya, okuwabula, okumeegugulera abalamuzi, n'okusirika. Kkooti enkulu ek'ewagidde nti, omuntu okusabiriza, obwannannyini, era n'okutegeera, okukalambira, okusobola okwolekagana n'ekibonerezo ekiwanvu singa asalirwa omusango gusibibwa lubeerera. [FLT:] Okuvunaanibwa kw'abawaabirwa, kusobola okukaka abawayitisingirwa omusango okulumirizibwa omusango.

Ebyazuulibwa n’Obukakafu Biwa Obumu

Nga wayiseewo , amateeka ag'okuvumbula okw'ekika kino gaawukana mu ngeri y'enkola y'emu nga gagoberera enfuga. Federal Marges of Criminal Procedure, zeetaagisa abawaabi b'oludda olubudda olubuddabuddabuya ebigambo by'oyo awandiikiddwa, n'ebiwandiiko bye byawandiikiddwa ku nsonga, wamu n'obujulizi obwakulembeddwamu. Amagamu mangi galina obugazi obwa “ fayiro enkalala". Ebiwandikiro ne k'ayinza okuzimanyaamu ebiragiro ebikuutiddwako, era n'otundu obwa dipulogulamu by'obubonero biyinza okulemesa omuwandibwa obulungi okutuuka ku nsonga. Emirimu giyinza okuzibulwamu ne gavumenti z'eyinza okumanyisaamu omulimu bwe ziyinza okumanyisaamu.

Okusasula Ekibonerezo n’Enjawulo

Ekiragiro kino kimaliriza nga kikakasizza nti ekituufu ekituufu tekikoma. Omutemwa ogw'omukaaga ogw'okukyusaamu gulina okugattibwa ku balamuzi. Wadde nga gwategekebwa mu ggwanga nga gukozese ebitongole ebya 144, era nga guyitira mu Kconsoledence(144).requres kigamba nti, ekibonerezo kyonna ekitongozebwawo kirina okusangibwa mu lukiiko olw'bhiitiitiitikwa kisingako obunene (]]Apprendi v. New Jersey[FLT], 2000]). Mu ngeri y'emu, [[FLL:2], amalambega mu ngeri yonna ekkiriza nti okusibibwa mu kkomera nga tewayimiriziddwamu ku kutuukiriza birengiro bya kika kya maanyi ebirengo, ebireetebwawo ku ngeri ey'obusosoze obw'enjawulo. Kyokka, awatali kukozesa obujulizi obutuufu, ayongera okunoonyereza ku nsonga eziba nga zikoleddwa mu nkola empya.

Okusoomooza Okutali Kumu Okujja Kukolebwa

Wadde nga wayiseewo ebyasa bingi nga kiyigiriza, ebisuubizo bya Katonda tebinnatuukirizibwa.

Obusosoze n’Enjawulo Ebiva mu Busosoze

Amerika esiba abantu abasukka mu 1.200 mu makomera, nga bajulirwa, era nga basala omusango ogusobola okumenya emitindo gy'enkalakkalira egy'okukwata abazungu. Obusosoze obwo tebulinga mu miwendo gya njawulo; bulaga obusosoze mu by'obupoliisi, okugoba, obujulizi, n'okusala omusango oguyinza okumenya ebbeesaawo obutuufu obw'ebiragiro. Kkooti esinga obukulu ekkiriza nti obusosoze mu b'abalamuzi, naddala, bufeebyawo obukyasiddwa mu kkooti z'amateeka. Wadde nga waliwo ekkomo eriko, era n'obuteekuukujjuzi bw'okusiba ekikeseera mu kkooti ezo zooleka obusosoze.

Eby’Okulwanyisa Ebitamala

[[NKULU:0] Gedeon Ekiragiro kino kivaamu obuwagizi singa munnamateeka alondeddwa atwalibwa mu buzibu, oba nga takola bulungi. Ofiisi nnyingi ezikuuma bannalukalala zibaamu obujulizi ebikumi ebiwera buli mwaka, nga zilekawo obudde butono okunoonyereza, okuteesa n'okuteesa n'okuteekateeka. Kkooti enkulu etaddewo ekisiba ekibaala ekya waggulu eky'okukakasa obuyambi obutakola ([Srickland v. Washington, 1984]), nga buli omu ku bwo obusoloozi obumala. Okuteesa kwa bannamateeka okusobola okugonjoola ensonga eziwera, oba okuzikolako.[5] era n'okugoberera enkola ya mu kkooti z'obukulembeze mu mateeka agamu (g. Florida, oba mu kubaako kye kiwaze mu by'obufuzi.) Florida, era ne mu by'eby'eby'obufuzi ebigobeegobeegoberebwawo. projeethentirikiti, ebibaddewo ebituufu bibadde bikolebwako.

Eby’Obukugu n’Ebigambo

Tekinologiya wa kompyuta aleetawo eby'akabi ku nkola ekolebwa abapoliisi. Okugeza: Agumenti ekozesa enkola ey'okusiiga akuuma obusibe bwa GPS, enkola eza glaise-selilet, n'enkola za mannya ag'omu maaso zisobola okulemesa ebisaanyizo eby'ennono okuzuula ebizingirwamu. Karbiter v. United States] [208], Kkooti N'ebiwandiiko kya Kkooti Nkulu kya tava nti okuyingiza obutoffisi mu kifo kino kyenkana kifuga kikola nga kyetaagisa okunoonyereza ekiwandiiko ekimala ku nsonga eziba nga tekkirisibwa. Abakunguziganya baleme okulonda ennyo obukwanjula ekiwandiiko ekyo oba okumanya ebibaliraanyizidwa mu ngeri gye babadde basuubira okuzuula. Abakungu abo abanoonya ekiwandiiko eby'edda, baleme kubaako obubonero oba okuzuula ebibaliraawula ku nkola ey'okulaga nti ebibaliragirwa mu n'ebyo ebibaliragirwa mu maaso eby'okulagirwa mu butuufu.[kulembe

Eteekateeka ebinaategekebwa bikolebwe mu biseera eby'omu maaso

Sseesitekiti eya Claus teyeggyako; kyetaagisa okulabira ddala mu kkooti, abawi b'amateeka n'abatuuze. Obusobozi bw'oyo avunaanibwa bukoma ku nkola ezibakwata. Mu kiseera eky'okwegayirira, okusibibwa mu bantu, n'okusala emisango mu ngeri ey'obwenkanya, okusoomooza kwe kukakasa nti enkola eyo esigala nga ya makulu. Enkyukakyuka eziwerako ziyinza okuyamba:

  • Ekiragiro kino kikebera enkola ey'okwerinda [ okukendeeza ku bye kiteeka mu byuma ebifuga engeri gye biwandiisa ebiba biwandiikiddwa.
  • [[AGUMENTI:0] Amateeka ag'okuvumbula[[[ZITOMBO:1]] era n'okuteekawo ebirengo [[[AKY'AWULA:2][[FLT]][[FLT]] ebigo ebigobererwa.
  • [[AK:0]] Akawayiro aka '-' kaleetera ekiragiro okuwandikawo ebiri mu nkola yaago akawayiro aka ' mu lukalala olw'amateeka, nga mwe muli n'okukakasibwa n'okutuuka ku muwawawa okusobola okukakasa obanga ebyannyonyola bituufu.
  • [[Act:0] Akawayiro kano kaleetera ekiragiro okuwereza n'okussawo programu ez'okunyanjula[[[NKUMBO:1] ne kkooti endala ez'ekika kya nviromenti okukendeeza ku busonga obuba buteekeddwawo ku mikutu egya wansi.
  • [[Act:0]] Okussawo akakwate ku bukakafu n'obujulizi ebifuga enkola y'okugobererwa mu kukuuma abantu aba bulijjo

Mukitundu kino, enkola ya Status Procession Claus eraga nti omuntu bw’aba ow’okuvunaanibwa omusango aba tavunaanibwa musango, naye era egamba nti omuntu bw'avunaanibwa omusango aba alina okuvunaanibwa nga bw'assa ekitiibwa mu muwawaayibwa, so si nga bwe kiba eky'okuyisibwa.

Okusobola okweyongera okusoma ku byafaayo n'engeri omulimu gye gulina okukolebwamu, laba [ Concesion Information enknaets, ebiwandike ebijjuvu ebya Gideon v.[[FLT:][FLT]][FLT]] [[FLT:]] [FLT:] [5]], ne [P] era n'empandika n'empandika n'empandika ezikyamu [[FLT].[FLT][FFLT:]