Engeri Amatabi Gyosa Obusatu gye Gayiriramu Okufuga Amerika

Constitution eya United States etongoza gavumenti y'ensi yonna esobozesa okuyawula ab'obuyinza, nga eyawula obuyinza ku matabi asatu ag'enkanankana: enzikkiriza ez'amateeka, okuddukanya era n'okusala emisango. Enteekateeka eno yakolebwa mu bugenderevu okuziyiza obuyinza mu ttabi erimu, ekintu ekyaleetera abatandikawo obwetwaze okuba abanywevu mu kutuukiriza ebyamatwale ga Bungereza. Wadde nga buli ttabi lyemalirira ku limu ku buvunaanyizibwa obw'enjawulo, mpuku ze bakolagana mu nkola enkunkunaafu era ne k'ebipimo ebibakwatako, ebireetawo obutategeeragana ku buli lukalala lw'amateeka, amateeka, n'amateeka. Okutegeera ensonga zino zeetaagisa omuntu yenna okusobola okutegeera engeri obufuzi bw'obusobozi mu Amereka obwa Amerika gye bukolamu.

Abakulembeze b’Ettabi: Ŋŋaana y’Ekibiina Ekirabirirwa

Akatundu I ak'omu ssemateeka k'enkola z'amateeka mu kakiiko aka United States era nga ke kakola ng'ettabi erisooka lya gavumenti. Congress yibimeral, nga kaliko olukiiko olukulu (abali mu bitundu 100, ebibibiri ku buli ssemateeka) era n'Ennyumba ey'Ababaka (abantu 4435 abagabanyizibwamu abantu). ettabi lya gavumenti lirina amaanyi ga kasawo, lilangirira olutalo, litegeka amateeka gonna agafuga ensi. Naye mpuga n'obukulu bwalyo n'amatabi g'etteeka tegalina ngeri nnyangu okukolagana n'abantu.

Okussaawo Amateeka: Enkolagana Ennungi n’Awa Abakulu

Okukolagana okusinga okulabika wakati wa Congress ne denamenal kubaawo mu nkola y'okussaawo amateeka. Ekiragiro kino amateeka galina okuyisa enzivvuunuzi nga bwe gafaanana ate oluvannyuma ne gaweebwa Pulezidenti. Pulezidenti ayinza okugateeka mu mateeka, nga gago, oba okugaleka okubeera etteeka nga tegalina sigigigiginnya oluvannyuma lw'ennaku kkumi (Sande ez'okugatta awamu). Amaanyi gaveto geekebereza nnyo: Convension gayinza okukweka ebintu nga biri kubiri byokka nga mu nnyumba zombi, ekikongonombe ekya waggulu tekitera kutuukibwako. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu 2020 kakiiko akasukka mu Ssande'omukulembeze Trump'omukulembeze wa National Device Acce Acce Act, naye nga bino bye bikolebwa mu kifo kya 5% mu ku ebyo ebiri mu makomera ga n'amasazeempula.

Ng'oggyeko ebyo, omukulembeze w'eggwanga lino bw'aleeta amateeka n'enkyukakyuka mu kizimbe ky'ekibiina kya bannabyabufuzi, atandikawo okuzina okwa bulijjo.Awandiike eya gavumenti y'Ekigo II, ekitundu 3, kiba kiseera kya buwagizi Pulezidenti okulagira abantu okubaako bye yeeteekateeka. Naye okukolagana okw'enkalakkalira nga ku nkuŋŋaana z'Ennyumba entukuvu ezibeeramu obutebe obutebe obukulu oba okukozesa akakiiko akakulu akakulu akakulu akayitibwa pulezity .[1]

Okukozesa Entegeka n’Amaanyi g’Ebigula

Congress afuga embalirira y'enkola y'enkola y'okukuba akakiiko. Ekiragiro kiwa House of Desiclassis amaanyi gokka okuwa ebiwandiiko (Artle I, Chit7 7). Amaanyi ga nkozesa ya ntegeka kye kimu ku bigezo ebya waggulu ku b'ettabi lya gavumenti. Omukulembeze w'eggwanga awaayo embalirira embalirira y'enkola y'enkola y'embalirira y'amatabi buli mwaka, naye akakiiko akakiiko akakiiko akafuzi tekalina buyinza kugigoberera. Okuteesa kw'amaka ga bannaako kuyinza kuteekawo ebiwandiiko bya gavumenti, nga bakubawo obukulembedde ne k'okuteesa kw'empakaago.

Obulabirizi n’Okunoonyereza

Consert esobola okuddukanya obukulembeze bw'ettabi erikulu, nga mw'otwalidde n'okusigira obusawo, okusiiga omusingi, n'okunoonyereza ku bakwasiddwa. Omulimu guno gukebera amaanyi g'abakwanaganya nga gukakasa amateeka okukolebwa. Kkooti Supper ewandikibwa mu ngeri eyo mu Mcrain v. Daughherty[[FLLD] [1927], nga eteeka essira ku kiwandiiko ekyo okuwa obujulizi n'okumanyisa amateeka. Nkunoonyereza okw'eby'eby'empandika z'eby'obufuzi, nga mu Iran-Chontrectory, ne ku kakiiko aka Jjanwali 6 akawere akannyonnyola engeri akakiiko gye kayinza okuteeka mu mpisa ez'obutebenkenkenkera era ne mu ku bwo.

Kye Tuyinza Okukola

Ekiragiro kino kiwa ennyumba obuyinza bw'okugaana obukoma (Atecle I, Ekitundu 2) era n'Olukiiko olukulu olukulu olulina obuyinza okugezaako okuleeta emisango (Atucle, Ekitundu 3). Kino kye kigendererwa kya Consell ku prezidenti, omumyuka wa pulezidenti oba omulamuzi w'eggwanga. Wadde nga okusemba kuba nkola ya bya bufuzi, so si mumenyi w'amateeka, kyetaagisa okulonda abasinga obungi mu Nnyumba okuleeta emisango n'okulonda ebibiri mu kkooti okusingisa emisango. Bannabyabufuzi basatu bokka be baaweerezza akakiiko akawatooti akawaanyi n'okuggyawo. Ekitongole ky'ebyobufuzi kitera okubaamu endowooza y'ekibiina ky'ebyobufuzi: Andrew Johnson (1868), Bill Clin (w, 2019, ne 202). Tekukkiriza okutongola olukiiko lw'eggwanga okukimat'olukiiko olukulu.

Obukakafu ku Kulonda n’Okusala Obulango

Obulagirizi bw'Essomero lino n'ekifo ekikkirizibwa (Article II, Ekigaba 2) biwa ofiisi y'ettabi erya nnamba n'erya bannaakyewa. Prezidenti asala bannabyabufuzi, abalamuzi ab'omu ssemasaza (nga mw'otwalidde ne balamuzi Abalamuzi Abakulu mu Ssekukkulu), ababaka, n'abakungu abalala ab'omu kibiina, naye Olukiiko olukulu luteekwa okubeegattako kalulu. Kino kireetawo enkolagana ey'amaanyi: Pulezidenti alina okulonda bannamuneesi abakkirizibwa oba okulwawo oba okugaana. Ekiwandiiko kya Kootikko ekulu kyakyuka nnyo nga bwe kirabibwa mu ntalo mu lutalo olukwata Robert Bork (19877, ekyagaanibwa). Era, okukkirizibwa kwa Amymey Barr Barr Barr Barr 2020 mu ku kkomera kwa Ameenyirikiti eyo.

Ofiisi y’Ettabi ly’Omukulembeze: Mukulembeze w’Omukulembeze era Omukulembeze w’Omulala

Akatundu II kassa wansi w'obuyinza bwa Prezidenti era nga ye mukulembeze wa gavumenti, omuduumizi w'obuyinza era omukulu wa gavumenti. Ofiisi y'ettabi erimu omukulembeze wa Bumyuka, ebitongole bya kabhini (15), ebitongole ebyetongodde, ebitongole, ebitongole ebikola ku bubwe, ebitongole ebikola ku bukulembeze mu masaza. Ekiragiro ekyo kikolagana bulungi ne Congress ne kkooti era ne kkooti.

Amaanyi ga Veto n’Eky’Okukwata Omutego

Mu kifo ky'okukakalako etteeka eryo, bannabyabufuzi bakozesa enkola eya kkansana nga bassa emikono ku kiwandiiko ekiba kiteekeddwawo nga bassa omukono ku mateeka agafuga amateeka. Nga bannabyabufuzi ab'omu kiseera kino bwe batabaganya etteeka eriba liwandiikiddwawo mu lukiiko olukulu. Ebyo bye bannabyabufuzi bassawo siginti y'okussawo etteeka eriyinza okunnyonnyola amateeka oba okulaga engeri etteeka gye lirina okugagobereramu. Wadde nga bannassawo bye bassa teeka mu teekako omukono ku mateeka bannannyini bye babadde bateekako mu nkola tewandikiro, babadde tebakozesezza kukyogera ku nsonga ezikwata ku bannakyemalira ku nkola y'obukulembeze, era nga n'ensonga ezisoomooza obukkirizisaamu.

Ebiragiro by'Ogufuga - Ekiwandikiro era n'Okubaako ne ky'okolawo

Bakoddoosa bannabyabufuzi batera okukozesa ebiragiro ebya bannabyabufuzi okulagirira enkola za gavumenti mu ngeri etali ya sistemu mpya. Ekiragiro kino kirina obuyinza ku mateeka naye nga kikakasibwa amateeka. Ebiragiro ebyo bikola bulungi ba pulezidenti okusobola okutuuka ku biruubirirwa bya gavumenti nga Congress ekigabaawumbiddwamu oba ekifugiddwa. Ng'ekyokulabirako, Prezidenti Franklin D. Rooseventel as . Rooset Kino kyawa ekiragiro ekya 90666 mu kiseera kya Ssematalo II, ne kiwamya Abajapandeka Amerika (oluvannyuma kiwandikibwawo oluseetuka lwayo mu kkooti enkulu mu [Foct:0] Kalumenvu. United States ). Mukulembeze w'eggwanga Barbackel akozesa ebiragiro okuzza ebigobeesaawo ebikolebwa mu nkola ya Dhokikaackaak (DCA). Kyokka, ebiragiro bya bannampalaaweedenti y'omu kkooti enkulud Kko, era ebivumikyuuni eyakyusibwa okuva mu n'envu

Emisingi gy’Emisango n’Essente Ebiri mu Buwandiike

Prezidenti ye mukola omukulu mu nkola y'abagwira, okuddukanya enziganya, okuteesa, n'okuweereza ng'omuduumizi w'eggye. Kyokka, gavumenti za Prezidenti, ezitali ya ggwanga zikeberwa ne kakiiko akategese: endagaano zeetaagisa olukiiko lw'ensi en'ebiri emirundi esatu okusemba, era Consert yokka y'esobola okuyisa mu ntalo. Obukyayi n'obufuzi bw'abafuzi b'eggwanga emitwe emingi okuva ku lutalo (nga tewannalaze) ku Kkomyawo nga kiragiro kya baserikaagaze eky'okutongoza Ekkulembedde nga wayiseewo 9/11. Kkompyuta y'obufuzi bw'omwaka gwa 1973, okugezaako okukomyawo omukulembeze wa gavumenti Nixon Niven, naye nga kutuuka kutuuka ku buwanguzi, nga bappolopulezidenti baanyezza ekko oba nga bannabyabuvuunya emirundi mingi.

Amaanyi Agava mu Kulonda n’Okuggibwawo

Prezidenti alonda abalamuzi ba gavumenti n'abakungu abawerako naye nga waliwo ekyetaagisa okusemba ekkomera. Abakulu b'ebitongole abasinga obungi batuukiriza ebigendererwa bya Prezidenti era basobola okuggibwawo awatali nsonga. Kyokka, Constitution terina kye yategeeza ku kuggibwawo, era kooti enkulu ekkiriza okukugira: ng'ekyokulabirako, ebitongole ebikyenyi gamba nga Federal Reserve oba Securence ne Exchange Commission ebisobola okumalirira ku bakko, era nga basobola kumalawo enjawukana wakati w'obuyinza n'okwefuga. Empandikaawumba z'akyewamakanda, okugattiranya enkola y'obukulembeze, era n'okunoonyereza (esobozesa ebitongole ebikola ku n'ebitongole ebikola mu n'ebitongole (ebinnyonnyola enkola zaabyo).

Ettabi Erisalira Omusango: Kkooti Enkulu n’Amaanyi g’Okwejjukanya Okusala Omusango

Akatundu III katongoza ofiisi y'ettabi erina kkooti esingayo obukulu nga konvu. Kkooti esala emisango ennyonnyola amateeka g'ensi n'empandika eya Constitution, n'amaanyi gaalyo okunoonyereza ku nsonga.[1]First ewandiikiddwa mu Marbury v. Madison [1803]] [1] [183] era nga ke kakola omuzannyi anoonyereza ennyo mu ku nsonga za Konsoli ne Pulezidenti. Wadde nga ettabi lya judicary litera okunnyonnyonnyonnyolebwa ng'etwalidde mu bigambo bya division Hamianst mu mateeka g'omu Amerika agatali gamu.

Okunoonyereza ku Bukulembeze

Kkooti enkulu eyinza okuyisa etteeka erireetebwa Congress n'etalissawo kiyinza okugiremula. Amaanyi gano, nga tegyogerwako butereevu mu Mateeka, gaateekebwawo John Marshall mu Marbury v. Madison. Ebyokulabirako bingi: mu Roev. [. [[FLT]][FLT]][3][3]]), kkooti yasattulula amateeka agakugira okuggyawo embuto oba empanyi; mu [[FOLT:] n'ekitongole eky'Ebizinesikiti ekiva mu n'''''''''''. Ekiwandiiko ekipya ekijulirwa mu kkooti y'olukiiko olwo, ebijuliziddwa mu kkooti ebippya ebiba bikkirizibwa mu kkooti ebippya, ebiba byakyungibwa. [19]

Okwekenneenya Ebikolwa eby’Omulamuzi

Kkooti era zikebera ofiisi y'ettabi nga zekkaanya obutuufu bw'amateeka n'enkola. Singa enkiiko z'omu buyinza zisukka ku buyinza oba singa zimenya amateeka, kooti eyinza okuzikuba. Ng'ekyokulabirako, mu abavubuka bassawtonbown'etaaguse 'Agusaawaawaawa buli & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1952]], kkooti enkulu yasalawo nti Pulezidenti Truman atwala obusikiti bw'ekyuma mu kiseera kya Ssematalo Korea kubanga yayita mu buyinza bwe obukulu. [FLT.].[FLT.2][FLT.] [208], Kkootimenti, ya Nkuko ya Butebe bwa gavumenti mu kifo kyamu oluvannyuma lw'okukiziyiza mu mateeka geewanjula, wadde nga n'envumbo zaanyibwa mu n'envumbo za Busuubuzi. Kkolumooti z'enkola mu Nkuumi z'eggwanga.[FLT]

Okulonda ne Okulambula ku Luyimba

Prezidenti alonda abalamuzi ab'ensi yonna, naye Olukiiko lubakakasa, era abalamuzi balondebwa (nga bagoberera Empisa ennungi” okusobola okukakasa nti obwetwaze. Okulondebwa kuno kuleetawo kwa maanyi nnyo: Prezidenti ayinza okutegeka enzijanjaba okumala emyaka nga abalamuzi abalina endowooza emu ey'ekika eky'enjawulo. Olukiiko olwo bwe luba lufugibwa ekibiina ekikontana, luyinza okuziyiza oba okulwawo olukalala. Olutalo olukulu ku Kkonvu w'amateeka olukulu lweyongera, era n'okugaana okulowooza ku Mulamuzi Merrick Garland mu 2016 (wansi wa Prezidenti Obama) era n'okusala emisango gy'eby’ebyowamu mu 202020 okukajja okwawukana ku ngeri gye ku bikwata ku nkola y'eby’obufuzi.

Okuvunaana n’Amaanyi g’Ekizimbe ku Kkooti

Congress alina amaanyi mangi ku lukiiko olukulu olw'amateeka. Ku ludda olwa III, Consert eyinza okukoma ku nkola ya kkooti enkulu ey'ensi yonna. Ng'ekyokulabirako, kkooti esala omuwendo gwa kkooti (mu kiseera kino 939) era esalawo n'omuwendo gwa kkooti essaawa. Mu nkola eya 29Cardle, ekika kya III, , ekitongole kya kkooti enkulu kisobola okukoma ku ku kukugira obuyinza bwa kkooti, ate ne kikuwanirira. Wadde nga Court tatera kukozesa nnyo buyinza buno, okulumba okulina kye ku nsonga. Ekiragiro kya kkooti kiyinza okugaziyasa Kkootikko ([FLD:0]Ex'''''[FLD [FLD] [189]]), nga kikuggyewo obuyinza obuyinza obwa kkooti ezimu, era ne kibuumbula obuyinza ku nkola ya Kkootikko.

Ebyokulabirako Ebirungi:

Empandika tezikoma bunene ku kutegeera bumanya oba ku kukwata ku ngeri gy'ofugamu ensi. Bino bye bimu ku ngero ebikozesebwa mu kukolagana wakati w'amatabi:

Afford Care Act (2010-2015)

AKAAKAAKAWANDIKA akalaga nti mu Democratic Congress mulimu okulonda abantu bokka naye n'ateekako omukono ku mukulembeze Obama. Mu bwangu, kkooti enkulu yawagidde nnyo amateeka mu NFIB v. Seberius[ (202), naye yakizuula nti Consementation teyinza kuwaliriza baagaziya Medicaid . Mu 2015, kkooti yaddamu okuwanirira ASA mu . Mutunzi w'empala, Kabaka Burwell[, mu kiseera kino okuvvuunula ebigambo ebikwata ku misolo. Mu kiseera ekyo, Pulezidenti Obama yakozesanga ebitongole okuddukanya emirimu gy'amateeka, era ne mu luvanyumal Republics Republications Requence, Requelinecration Requeland Republic.

Okutambula nga Bawera (2017-2018)

Ekiragiro kya Prezidenti Trump ekyakugiranga okutambula okuva mu nsi eziwerako ez'Abasiraamu kyabuulizi okuziyizibwa amangu ddala. Kooti za wansi, nga zoogera ku buyinza bwonna obwali mu mateeka ne ku Kiwandiiko kya Claus, byaziyiza ekiragiro. Ekiragiro Ninth stturt kyawagira ekiragiro kimu. Gavumenti yaddamu okussaawo ekiragiro naye ne kikomezebwawo. Oluvannyuma, Kkooti enkulu mu [FL:0] Trump v. Hawaii yawagira enkyusa ey'okusatu, era n'ezuula nti omukulembeze wa Bukulembeze alina obuyinza ku ku ku kitongole ky'okuyingira era n'okuvaako Clauscast. Kino kiraga engeri omukunguzi w'eggwanga gye yakoma okuziba olukulembedde mu kifo eky'okulongoosa oba okulagira obuwanjula.

Madison (103) – Foundational Interaction

Omusango guno gwava mu butaka bw'eby'obufuzi obwali buzze wakati wa Pulezidenti John Adams eyabanga avuddewo (Federalist) ne Pulezidenti eyajjako Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican). Adams yalonda abalamuzi abawera obungi mu ttumbi naye nga teyabwawo. Omubaka wa Jefferson, James Madison, yagaana okuyisa obukiiko bwa Marbury mu kkooti ey'oku ntik'oku ntik'omulembeko awaliwo mu kiseera kya 17889. Omulamuzi omukulu Marshall yassaawo enzikkiro nga alangirira nti ekitundu kya Judicaary Act kyali kikontana n'amateeka. Ekyo kyaviirako okusokkosebwa ne ku kkooti y'olukiiko olukulu.

Nixon (1974)

Kkooti enkulu yawangudde okusala omusango ogwo era n'egaana okuwa obujulizi. Nixon yakkiriza era n'egattira ku mukolo ogwo. Kino kiraga nti ab'obuyinza baawaliriza omukungu wa gavumenti okulangirira obubaka, era ne ku bakungu ba gavumenti bateekwa okuba nga bassawo enkola eyo ku bannabyabufuzi ne ku bannakyewa aba waggulu.

Obuzibu Obw’Omu Kiseera Kino n’Engeri Ebintu Gye Bizze Bitambulamu

Amatabi gaayongera amaanyi. Obukulembeze bw'ensi mu kiseera kino bweyongedde nnyo naddala oluvannyuma lwa New Deal ne Ssematalo II, era nga n'abayivu bangi bawakanya enkola y'ab'obuyinza.Olukiiko olukulu lusobodde okugobererwa okuyitira mu kulabirira n'okufuga ensimbi, naye bannabyabufuzi babadde bagoberera ebiragiro bya bannakyewa era ne babaako kye bakolawo mu bwangu. Mu kiseera kye kimu, abakungu ba disiturikiti bakola kinene mu kwetaaza emirimu gy'obukulembeze, naddala mu kiseera kya Trump ne Biden.

  • Enkizo ey'amaanyi ey'okugondera ekiragiro n'ey'okukolera mu bukulembeze: Abakulu ba Trump baagaana okukolagana n'enkola za House subpoenas, ekyaviirako obutasiima obuwandiike n'ensamba za kkooti. Kkooti esingayo obukulu mu Msp v. Mazars[ [20]) yassaawo ekigezo ekituukagana ne bannabyafaayo bya pulezidenti, naye enjawukana ne zisigalamu.
  • [[Akabonero:0] Amaanyi ag'obusobozi: Bannaakyemalira baasaba ekiragiro okukola nga tewali Consert.
  • [[AKMENT:0]] Okutongoza amaanyi ga by'enkola okukola amateeka:[ emirundi mingi kisobozesa okuwa ebiragiro ebiwa abakwasiddwa b'obuyinza ku bannaakyewa. Kkooti enkulu emesezza enkalu era n'okusalawo okwakayita okufaananako West Virginia v. EPA [202]] Kino kyazzawo ekigamba nti “enjigiriza y'eby'eby'obufuzi,” nga yetaagisa Kompuyuta okwogera bulungi ku nsonga ezizingirwamu ku by'eby'enfuna oba eby'obufuzi.
  • [[NKULA] Ekiragiro kino kisalawo okulonda abantu mu kifo eky'okulondamu abagenda okukwatibwa oba nti baawerebwawo oba nti baawerebwa. Olukiiko olwo lwasazeewo. Mu 2013 (“enkola ya kkooti ya nukuliya” ne mu 2013 (ekawayiro ka byuma bya nukuliya” ne kooti enkulu mu 2017, ne kiyongera obuwagizi ku bantu abasinga obungi. Kino kyongeddeko mu ntalo ez'ekiragiro ku kkooti era ne kikyusa okukolagana wakati wa kkooti.

Ebyokulabirako bino biraga nti amateeka ga Katonda gakyukakyuka, era amatabi gatandika okunnyonnyola ensalo z’obuyinza bwago nga gayitira mu nkola entegeke obulungi n’obufuzi obwa bulijjo.

Olugero: Obukulu Obuva mu Kwabulira ab’Eddembe Erya Nnamaddala

Enteekateeka y'okukebera ebitongole bya Amerika, ng'empaka n'empalana, eziyiza ettabi lyonna obutafuna buyinza. Esobozesa empalana, okwegatta, n'okuvunaanyizibwa. Okutegeera enkola eno nga /ww'okunoonyereza, okuva ku kunoonyereza okw'abalamuzi, okutandikira ku ntalo, okutuuka ku kukuuma abatuuze nga balina ebintu eby'okweyambisibwa okukebera emirimu gya gavumenti n'okusigira abakulembeze. James Madison yawandiika mu Federalist No. 51, “Ebbeetaagibwawo kiteekwa okubuusibwa okubuutikira mu matabi asatu.” Kino kisigala nga kibaddewo mu ku kutuukiriza muteekwateezesebwa kw'amateeka okusobola okukuuma eddembe n'okufuga amateeka mu Amerika.

Okusobola okwongera okusoma, kebera Ekitongole ekikola ku mateeka , ekiwandikiro eky'okuddaabirizaamu ekiwandikiro. Ekitongole eky'omu mateeka kinoonya obutereeze obwa bulijjo. Ekitongole eky'eby'eggwanga kigoberera enkola ya 'butongole' ne ku mukutu gwa [ gwa 'PULT] ne ku mu'omukutu gwa '[[FLT:]] omukutu gwa mu kifo ekya waggulu, ebikyungiddwa mu nsonga ez'ebyafaayo bya 'PULT'. [[FLT:] era ne '[FLT] Kino kibeera nga kiwandikiro kya waggulu'.[FLT'.'